黄海区太平洋鲱鱼卵与早期胚胎卵膜的电镜观察

黄海区太平洋鲱鱼(Clupea pallasi)目前为黄海重要经济鱼类之一,但世代波动大影响产量。在研究发育与人工增殖的实验中,静水孵化率低,特别在静水发育中的胚胎,位于卵块中间或底层的卵,自尾芽期后即开始不同程度的发育缓慢或停止发育。只有卵块边缘的卵或孤立的卵,才易发育与孵化。其发育程度     

东、黄海渔业资源利用现状及前景

东、黄海鱼类资源历来为中国、日本及南朝鲜共同利用,1982年海区总产量达440万吨,其中,中国为256万吨,南朝鲜137万吨,日本55W吨。1986年海区产量已超过500万吨。在各国(地区)共同利用的主要经济鱼类中,大黄鱼、小黄鱼已下降到最低水平,带鱼亦已开始下降,乌贼在低水平上徘徊,海鳗、鲐鱼持平,只有绿鳍马面鲍自1974年来保持良好状态。东、黄海渔业生产对沿海各国(地区)的渔业来说均十分重要,今后必须采取有效措施,开展国际间对话,订立共同遵守的渔业协定,才能确保东、黄海渔业资源持久地为各国(地区)利用。本文全面介绍了利用东、黄海鱼类资源的国家和地区渔业资源开发利用的现状和动向。     

黄海鲱鱼世代数量波动原因的初步探讨

黄海鲱鱼(Clupea herengus pallasi Valenciennes,即青鱼)渔业在我国北方有悠久的历史,但盛衰交替,渔获量变动十分剧烈。即使在资源回升的近十余年内也是如此,如1970年前产量不足1万吨,1972年则跃增至17.5万吨,近几年波动在2万吨左右。黄海鲱鱼洄游分布和资源生物学调查研究的结果表明:     

应用VPA方法概算黄海鲱鱼的渔捞死亡和资源量

本文应用VPA方法概算黄海鲱鱼1967-1984年各年龄组渔捞死亡、资源数量和实际产卵的亲体数量,结果表明:(1)与太平洋白令海鲱和大西洋北海鲱相比,黄海鲱渔捞死亡高、世代渔捞寿命短;(2)由于世代数量波动剧烈以及捕捞强度过大,资源数量波动幅度很大,并直接影响渔获量;(3)1982年以来出现明显的补充型过度捕捞,实际产卵的亲体数量已下降到正常水平之下.因此,控制渔捞死亡,减少对产卵亲体的捕捞,仍是当前黄海鲱渔业管理中需要认真考虑的问题. 误差分析表明,自然死亡M值的估计精度是提高VPA方法计算精度的关键,文内对此提出相应的建议.     

长江口及其邻近海区的浮性鱼卵和仔稚鱼的生态研究

1985年8月—1986年10月(2,9月除外),在长江口海区进行了鱼卵、仔鱼调查。结果表明,该海区系由淡水鱼类、半咸水鱼类和沿岸、近海鱼类四种生态类型组成的鱼类生态结构,具有特殊复杂的生态特点;其种类组成和数量分布,皆受长江径流、台湾暖流及黄海冷水团等水系的相互消长、交换而形成的错综复杂的海况条件所制约。目前该海区的鱼类种间数量对比关系发生变化。历史上的重要经济鱼类数量极少,而作为它们的主要饵料之一的鳀鱼数量却占绝对优势。这与渔业上的过度捕捞和滥捕有很大关系。因此,以发展增、养殖事业来转化和降低捕捞强度,对保护鱼类资源具有重大意义。     

世界渔业发展现状和前景

六十年代末期以来,由于一系列生物及其他因素,世界渔业发生了重大的变化。由于秘鲁鳀鱼的大量捕捞(1200多万吨),全世界海产品的捕捞量以每年4％以上的速度持续地增长。但七十年代后半期,由于秘鲁鳀鱼捕捞量减少,大西洋一斯堪的纳维亚鲱鱼资源储量下降,200海里经济区的设立,也使得鱼类及其他水产品捕捞总量急剧下降。然而,新渔区的发现及传统捕捞区域中鱼类资源的恢复,使七十年代的世界渔获量     

荷兰人的鲱鱼 瑞典人的小龙虾

荷兰鲱鱼节鲱鱼多生活在北太平洋和北大西洋温带浅水中,春天,它们经常成群地聚集在欧洲和北美洲的海岸附近。鲱鱼是重要的经济鱼类,体内多油,并含有丰富的合成维生素D的原料。     

美国正在抓住发展海水养殖业的契机

据联合国粮食组织统计，全世界水产养殖业自１９７５年起以每年平均增长７％，每１０ａ翻番的速度增长，到１９８８年已达１４Ｔｔ，总价值约为２２５×１０［８］美元。由于世界三大鱼类──北大西洋鲱鱼、秘鲁■和南大西洋沙脑鱼产量的同时下降，使得近几年捕捞渔业产量一直徘徊不前。后来由于渔业资源的全部或部分恢复，渔业产量开始以每年２．５个百分点的速度缓慢增长。１９８８年全世界渔业产量为９８．０Ｔｔ，其中捕捞产量为８４．０Ｔｔ，其余的１４．０Ｔｔ为养殖产量。据１９７０年前后作的几项预测估算１９８８年渔业产量应为１…     

黄海区太平洋鲱鱼的孵化

黄海区太平洋鲱鱼(Clupea Pallasi Cuvec Val)在我国黄海北部有广阔的产卵埸,地方名称青鱼。本实验自1978至1981年。 本文实验材料,先后采自黄海北部,荣成沿岸海湾内;用人工授精方法,观察了发育与孵化,并做了各种实验。 鲱鱼为沉性卵,卵膜遇水或受精后,即产生粘性,粘着成块。为便于观察,在做人工授     

胶州湾及其邻近水域渔业生物多样性的调查研究

根据2003年10月-2004年5月逐月采集胶州湾及其邻近水域作业的定置网和底拖网具渔获物的分析与测定，记述了该海区出现的106种渔业生物，并进行了定置网和底拖网的渔获物组成的比较，分析了种类组成特点及生物多样性的季节变化情况。结果表明，本调查区域渔获物以小型低值鱼类、经济无脊椎动物和经济幼鱼为主，渔获个体偏小。据此提出了保护近海生物多样性与合理利用近海渔业资源的一些建议。本次调查还首次记录了我国黄海沿岸罕见的蛇鳗科鱼类一长吻沙蛇鳗Ophisurusmacrorhynchus，为青岛近海的渔业生物多样性的研究增添了新的资料。     

黄海南部小黄鱼洄游分布及种群结构特征

Monthly fishery survey data of the small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis in the southern Yellow Sea from2003 and 2013 were employed to evaluate the variation in the resource distribution and biological characteristics(especially body length and sex ratio) in the population on a decadal scale.The results indicated that the small yellow croaker migrated from the Shawai fishing ground to the Dasha fishing ground in spring and was mainly distributed in the central and western parts of the Dasha fishing ground in April and May.Larimichthys polyactis in the Dasha fishing ground migrated eastward to offshore wintering grounds in autumn and reached the central Dasha fishing ground in October and November.The small yellow croaker entered the western waters of the Shawai fishing ground in winter.A large number of age 0+ fish occurred in the Shawai and Jiangwai fishing grounds in October of 2003 and 2013.The body lengths of the spawning stock and wintering stock in 2013 were larger than those in 2003,and the monthly sex ratios(female to male) were significantly less than 1 in both years.The monthly distribution of this fish in the southern Yellow Sea was consistent with a previous finding that "the stock migrated between the wintering grounds in the west of Jeju Island and the Lüsi spawning grounds" but tended to move more northward,with the spawning grounds extending outward.In the past decade,body length variation experienced a decline after an increase,rather than a steady decrease.The sex ratio in the single-stick stow net showed a tendency to increase over the decade,but was either less than or more than 1 depending on the fishing gear;therefore,further studies should be conducted to determine the sex structure.     

近20年渤海叶绿素a浓度时空变化

浮游植物作为食物链的基础，对海洋生态系统具有重要作用。渤海作为我国最大的内海和重要渔业生物的产卵场、育幼场和索饵场，该区浮游植物研究具有重要意义。叶绿素a浓度是反映浮游植物生物量的重要指标。利用Google Earth Engine平台，对1997–2010年的宽视场海洋观测传感器(SeaWiFS)叶绿素a浓度数据和2002–2018年的水色卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪传感器(MODIS Aqua)叶绿素a浓度数据进行合并，并研究其时空变化特征。研究表明，近20年来，渤海全年叶绿素a浓度增加了14.1%，且增加显著。叶绿素a浓度在所有季节都呈现增加趋势；除11月外，其他各月都呈现稳定或增加趋势。从滦河入河口沿岸至渤海海峡的渤海中部，叶绿素a浓度增加较明显。同时也分析了海洋表面温度、风速和降水量数据。夏季渤海周边区域降水量和风速增加以及秋季海表温度的降低都有助于同季叶绿素a浓度的升高。渤海浮游植物可能受陆源营养物质输入影响较大。     

南海北部陆架区海域蓝圆鲹产卵场的研究

根据1997年12月到1999年6月在南海北部陆架区进行1a的4个季度共9个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查的资料,采用统计分析的方法分析了南海北部陆架区蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi性腺成熟度的组成及分布、季节变化和水深变化。结果表明,南海北部陆架区海域蓝的产卵场位于海南岛东部近岸海区和北部湾湾口海区;产卵期主要集中在春季,和历史资料相比产卵期有明显缩短;产卵水深增加,有外移的趋向。     

Inter-annual variability of North Sea plaice spawning habitat

Potential spawning habitat is defined as the area where environmental conditions are suitable for spawning to occur. Spawning adult data from the first quarter (January–March) of the International Bottom Trawl Survey have been used to study the inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat of North Sea plaice from 1980 to 2007. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to create a model that related five environmental variables (depth, bottom temperature and salinity, seabed stress and sediment type) to presence–absence and abundance of spawning adults. Then, the habitat model was applied each year from 1970 to 2007 to predict inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat. Predicted responses obtained by GAM for each year were mapped using kriging. A hierarchical classification associated with a correspondence analysis was performed to cluster spawning suitable areas and to determine how they evolved across years. The potential spawning habitat was consistent with historical spawning ground locations described in the literature from eggs surveys. It was also found that the potential spawning habitat varied across years. Suitable areas were located in the southern part of the North Sea and along the eastern coast of England and Scotland in the eighties; they expanded further north from the nineties. Annual survey distributions did not show such northward expansion and remained located in the southern North Sea. This suggests that this species' actual spatial distribution remains stable against changing environmental conditions, and that the potential spawning habitat is not fully occupied. Changes in environmental conditions appear to remain within plaice environmental ranges, meaning that other factors may control the spatial distribution of plaice spawning habitat.     

Bloom of the Yessotoxin producing dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae) in Northern Chile

Potential spawning habitat is defined as the area where environmental conditions are suitable for spawning to occur. Spawning adult data from the first quarter (January–March) of the International Bottom Trawl Survey have been used to study the inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat of North Sea plaice from 1980 to 2007. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to create a model that related five environmental variables (depth, bottom temperature and salinity, seabed stress and sediment type) to presence–absence and abundance of spawning adults. Then, the habitat model was applied each year from 1970 to 2007 to predict inter-annual variability of the potential spawning habitat. Predicted responses obtained by GAM for each year were mapped using kriging. A hierarchical classification associated with a correspondence analysis was performed to cluster spawning suitable areas and to determine how they evolved across years. The potential spawning habitat was consistent with historical spawning ground locations described in the literature from eggs surveys. It was also found that the potential spawning habitat varied across years. Suitable areas were located in the southern part of the North Sea and along the eastern coast of England and Scotland in the eighties; they expanded further north from the nineties. Annual survey distributions did not show such northward expansion and remained located in the southern North Sea. This suggests that this species' actual spatial distribution remains stable against changing environmental conditions, and that the potential spawning habitat is not fully occupied. Changes in environmental conditions appear to remain within plaice environmental ranges, meaning that other factors may control the spatial distribution of plaice spawning habitat.     

DISTRIBUTION AND SPAWNING SEASONS OF THREESPECIES OF TUNAS LARVAE INTHE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The present investigation a baled on the collection of the eggs and larvae in the past several years during March, 1964 to February 1965, January to October 1973, January 1975 to May 1976, and January 1978 to February 1979 respectively from the South China Sea. The plank-tonic larvae of Katsuwonus pelamis albacores and Auxis (hazard were examined for the occurrence and distribution in those waters. According to the occurrence of these larvae, one will be able to conjecture their activity area and spawning season of the adult species in the South China Sea. The main spawning season of the three species is from April to August in those years.     

东海鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)仔幼鱼游泳行为对输运和补充量的影响

采用物理环境因子,确定鲐鱼仔幼鱼运动和物理环境之间的响应关系,建立起了基于个体具有游泳行为的鲐鱼早期生长史模型。结果表明,具有游泳行为仔幼鱼前期对输运分布的影响不大,后期随着游泳能力的增强,逐渐在温盐梯度较大锋面,靠近暖水的一侧进行集群和滞留,并使向东北输运速度降低,输运到太平洋和日本海的幼鱼数量下降,所处水深降低,适应生长发育,死亡率降低。产卵场位置的变动使偏西产卵的集群受台湾暖流影响较大,导致集群偏西,主要聚集在偏北的台湾暖流水和长江冲淡水交汇区高温、高盐一侧。偏东产卵受黑潮影响较大,集群偏东,不形成大量聚集和滞留;在生存率方面正常产卵位置是最佳产卵位置。研究认为,物理环境和生物因素同样会对具有游泳行为仔幼鱼的输运和补充产生影响。     

春季东海有害藻华高发区仔稚鱼时空分布

根据2011年春季(3月29日—5月27日)海洋综合调查,对东海有害藻华高发水域(28°15′36″~30°30′16″N、121°52′36″~123°15′6″E)的仔稚鱼种类组成、时空分布以及主要优势种与环境因子的相关性进行了探讨。调查共采集到仔稚鱼27种,前几位优势种分别为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、鰕虎科sp.(Gobiidae sp.)、六丝钝尾鰕虎Amblychaeturichthys hexanema、小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis,该4种占据了总丰度的91.23%。优势种丰度和发育阶段组成的时空变化显示,日本鳀在调查期间有两次产卵小高峰,其仔鱼孵化后向岸漂流;小黄鱼和六丝钝尾鰕虎在此期间只有一次产卵高峰,其仔鱼在舟山群岛邻近水域进行保育。可以看出,调查水域及邻近水域是部分鱼类产卵,仔稚鱼保育、向岸漂流的场所或途径,是鱼类早期生活史中重要生境,一旦暴发有害藻华,补充群体将受到不良影响。多元分析结果显示,所选环境因子对几位优势种仔稚鱼的分布影响不大,推测产卵场位置和保育方式可能是更重要的原因。     

TAGGING EXPERIMENTS OF THE PENAEID SHRIMP IN THE BOHAI SEA AND HUANGHAI SEA IN AUTUMN SEASON

There exists obvious difference in recapture rate of tagged shrimp in various sea areas and years in autumn season, but the majority of them (98%) are recaptured in the releasing year. Although the main portion of each shrimp group in the Bohai Sea has separate distribution area, they intermingle in autumn season to search for food, thus forming a principal fishing ground located in the central Bohai Sea.Those shrimps wintering in south-central portion of the Huanghai Sea are generally divided into two populations. One is called the Korean population, inhabiting along the western coast of Koera, which is less in abundance and smaller in shrimp size; and the other is called the Chinese population, inhibiting along the Bohai Sea coast and the Huanghai Sea coast of China, which is richer in abundance and larger in shrimp size. The spawning grounds of the latter extend throughout the Bohai Sea and off the Huanghai Sea coast of China, from the Yalujiang Estuary area in the north to the coastal waters of Haiz     

基于个体模型的东海鲐鱼渔场形成机制研究

鲐鱼Scomber japonicus资源丰富,在我国近海渔业中占有重要地位。其渔场的形成受海洋环境的制约,本文确定鲐鱼运动和物理环境之间的响应关系,建立起了基于个体的东海鲐鱼生长洄游模型。结果显示,鲐鱼集群分布与捕捞生产渔场基本吻合,鲐鱼聚集主要受台湾暖流、大陆沿岸水、黑潮影响,往往集群在一定温度范围内并在冷暖交汇区温盐梯度大偏暖水一侧。在台湾暖流和沿岸水交汇的锋面附近、台湾暖流暖水舌前端、黑潮与中国大陆沿岸水形成的潮境区域均有大量的鲐鱼聚集,并形成渔场。产卵位置的变动使偏西产卵位置的鲐鱼由于受台湾暖流影响较大,鲐鱼会呈长带状大量聚集在台湾暖流和沿岸水的锋面附近,并使在台湾暖流暖水舌前端的聚集数量增多,而偏东的产卵的鲐鱼受黑潮影响较大,聚集分布范围较大,会使黑潮形成的锋面附近聚集数量增多,而使台湾暖水舌的前端的聚集量减少。正常产卵位置在生存率方面是最佳产卵位置。研究表明鲐鱼所处空间位置不同,会影响其集群的位置,用数值模型验证了物理环境会对鲐鱼的洄游和渔场的形成产生影响。