气象条件对大气波导的影响

在介绍大气折射基本类型及其对电磁波影响的基础上,概述了三种类型大气波导的形成机制,分析了不同天气系统、气象要素和天气现象对大气波导的影响,总结了易于出现大气波导现象的天气条件。研究气象条件对大气波导的影响,对于研究和预测电磁波在大气中的传播特性以及在军事上的应用都具有十分重要的意义。     

军用气象条件亟待改进的若干问题的商榷

对我军现标准气象条件的不足及带来若干问题、炮兵标准气象条件大气分层问题、气象通报互换问题以及现气象通报编制方法和提高气象诸元精度措施等问题进行了讨论。这对指挥自动化系统具有实际应用价值。     

对流发展局部气象条件的初步理论分析

分析了线性化后的小尺度动力学方程组出现不稳定解的条件,从而讨论了对流发展的局部天气条件,指出盛行风的垂直二次切变是一个稳定因子。同时指出,大范围对流云成排出现与风速垂直二次切变的存在有关。     

航空气象条件的三维联合概率预报

本文在“正态化转换”技术的基础上．利用机场地面信息化观测资料,采用Gringorten的计算方案,对佛山机场的能见度、云量、云底高进行了三维联合概率预报。其主要结论如下：三维概率预报的准确性比较高,其预报方案在实际的业务中是可行的。     

棉铃虫的气象预测初探

通过对历史资料的分析研究,寻找出与棉铃虫发生发展有密切关系的气象条件及生物因子,建立各代棉铃虫始发期及发生程度的气象预测模式。对1994、1995年的各代棉铃虫发生情况进行了预测检验,效果良好。1996、1997年投入业务预报服务,预报与实际发生情况相符,为棉铃虫的有效防治提供了科学依据。     

不同气象条件下湍流通量的研究

利用1989年12月－1990年1月在重庆市测得的三轴风速仪资料和气象资料，1990年7月－8月在天津测得的三轴风速仪资料、温度脉冲资料、气象资料、计算了不同气象条件下的动量通量、热通量、摩擦速度和特征温度。这对了解重庆和天津市郊不同气象条件下的近地面层的湍流通量特征是十分有益的。     

区域模式的嵌套边界条件研究

在对现今常用的几种嵌套边界条件进行对比研究的基础上，提出一种普遍边界条件，它可以在不同的假定转变成各种常用的嵌套侧边界条件。由此可清晰地分析对比各种常用嵌套边界条件作用时的优缺点以及应注意的问题。     

气象条件对广州地面O3浓度分布的影响

根据大量T106观测资料,统计出东亚地区影响广州天气的两大环流型,一类是偏西气流,另一类是偏东南气流,并在这两类天气类型环流型下利用Eta模式和中-β气象预报模式对广州流场进行模拟研究,得到影响广州地区的局地环流主要有三类:辐合气流型、辐散气流型和热岛型.选择典型的局地环流气象场作为高分辨化学模式的输入场,模拟得到不同气象条件下广州地区地面O3浓度的分布.分析结果表明:辐散型流场下广州市地面O3浓度最低,热岛环流型广州市地面O3浓度最高.分析了两个监测站(市中心和清洁区)地面O3浓度随时间的变化,并将实测值与计算值进行比较,发现无论是市中心还是清洁区O3浓度变化都具有明显的周期性,呈现出规律性的日变化趋势;而计算值与实测值具有相同的周期性变化规律,并在相位上保持一致.     

RESEARCH ON SURFACE O3 WITH METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND CONDITIONS IN NORTHEAST CHINA*

Surface O₃ concentration and its precursors have been observed at Longfengshan station,Heilongjiang Province for a period of one year from August 13,1994 to July 30,1995. Relationship between surface O₃ and the meteorological conditions during this period is analyzed in this study.Observation results show that diurnal variation of surface O₃ follows a pattern of double-peaks with amplitude of 27-28 ppb under fine days in summer and autumn.Although the diurnal variation is small(14 ppb),it is still detectable when it is overcast.Diurnal variation of O₃ is irregular under rainy days.Surface O₃ concentration rises when wind speed starts to increase at 0800 BT(Beijing Time)from 0 to 6 m s^-1in autumn,winter and summer.Relative high surface O₃ concentration is noticed frequently when S,SSW,SW and WSW wind are encountered at the station during all seasons.At 0800 BT and 1400 BT the surface O₃ concentration increases with the increase of global radiation accordingly during fine days in winter,spring and autumn.During fine days average peak of O₃ concentration in summer is 20 ppb higher than that in winter while the average peak of global radiation in summer is almost twice as high as that in winter.The average surface O₃ concentration under fine days in autumn at Longfengshan station is 14 ppb lower in comparison to the observation results from Lin'an station where Lin'an is at about the same longitude and lower latitude,with same environment,which is mainly caused by the difference of global radiation due to different latitudes in these two areas(difference of average peak global radiation about 100 W m^-2).     

ANALYSIS OF SEA-SURFACE DRAG PARAMETERIZATIONS IN OPEN OCEAN CONDITIONS

Data from the Surface Waves and Processes Program (SWAPP) are employed to test current sea-surface drag parameterizations in open ocean conditions. General trends in the data indicate that drag increases with increasing wind speed and wave height, and decreases with wave age. However, scatter in the data limits the use of these parameters and other wave dependent parameterizations for modelling efforts. Upon close inspection, it is found that during the onset of three wind events analyzed separately, each of these parameters correlate well with the drag coefficient. However, the dependence of the drag coefficient on each of these parameters varies markedly from event to event. The disparity appears most closely linked to the turning rate of the wind, indicating that temporal and directional effects may play an important role. A temporal lag of O(4) hours between the rise of the wind and subsequent rise in the drag coefficient is also noticed, further pointing out the complexity of the wind-stress system.     

草原垦荒行星边界层的数值研究

本文主要用修改的Nickerson等(1986)提出的中尺度模式,研究了在我国北方(49°19′N,119°55′E)草原开垦地所形成的行星边界层。其基本结果是:1)正午开垦地的“热岛”强度达4—6℃。下垫面的热力扰动可达700m高度,而对流扰动可达行星边界层顶,对流速度为1-2cm·s~(-1);2)一旦草原被大范围开垦,其边界层气候就会朝干热方向演变;3)灌溉可以减轻开垦地的“热岛”强度和旱情,但不能阻止气候的干热化过程,4)行星边界层内局地环流的方向在一昼夜内保持不变,即低层150—200m高度以下的气流由草原吹向开垦地,风速达2m·s~(-1)左右,上层为返回气流,速度略小于下层。草原上的湿气流在水平方向伸入开垦地可达30-50km。     

TURBULENCE STRUCTURE IN A STRATIFIED BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER STABLE CONDITIONS

Turbulence structure in stably stratified boundary layers isexperimentally investigated by using a thermally stratified wind tunnel. Astably stratified flow is created by heating the wind tunnel airflow to atemperature of about 50 °C and by cooling the test-section floor to asurface temperature of about 3 °C. In order to study the effect ofbuoyancy on turbulent boundary layers for a wide range of stability, thevelocity and temperature fluctuations are measured simultaneously at adownwind position of 23.5 m from the tunnel entrance, where the boundarylayer is fully developed. The Reynolds number, Re, ranges from 3.14× 104 to 1.27 × 105, and the bulk Richardson number, Ri,ranges from 0 to 1.33. Stable stratification rapidly suppresses thefluctuations of streamwise velocity and temperature as well as the verticalvelocity fluctuation. Momentum and heat fluxes are also significantlydecreased with increasing stability and become nearly zero in the lowest partof the boundary layer with strong stability. The vertical profiles ofturbulence quantities exhibit different behaviour in three distinct stabilityregimes, the neutral flows, the stratified flows with weak stability(Ri = 0.12, 0.20) and those with strong stability (Ri= 0.39,0.47, 1.33). Of these, the two regimes of stratified flows clearly showdifferent vertical profiles of the local gradient Richardson number Ri,separated by the critical Richardson number Ri cr of about 0.25. Moreover,turbulence quantities in stable conditions are well correlated with Ri.     

合肥市若干种疾病与气象条件关系的分析研究

通过调查2002～2004年安徽省合肥市第三人民医院入院的9 688例高血压、脑血管、心脏病、上呼吸道感染和慢性支气管炎病例,并与同期气象资料进行分析,发现有5种天气过程对以上疾病有较大影响.其中天气突变、低温阴雨、闷热、副高控制等天气系统影响是致病的外因;高血压和心脏病受季节性转换影响最明显;上呼吸道感染、慢性支气管炎在每年的8月、9月容易感染;脑血管疾病随时间变化较小.     

广州市大气污染与气象条件关系的统计分析

利用地面天气图、高空天气图（850hPa、500hPa）以及气象要素资料，统计分析了2002-2004年广州市10个典型的空气污染过程与各种天气系统以及气象要素间的联系，得出了秋冬季、春季和夏季广州市大气污染与各种天气类型的一些关系，并对地面各种气象要素与污染过程的关系进行了半定量分析，得出了广州市大气污染过程的一些天气概念模型及气象要素指标。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE PBL CONDITIONS OVER RECLAIMED GRASSLAND

PBL conditions over reclaimed grassland in North China(49°19′N, 119°55′E) are examined using the improved ver-sion of the model developed by Nickerson et al. (1986). Basic results are presented as follows: i) the reclaimed section, orthe "heat island", has noon intensity of 4—6℃, the surface disturbance can be felt at 700 m AGL and convectiveperturbance at the PBL top, with a convective speed of 1—2 cm / s; ii) once grassland is reclaimed on a large scale, thePBL climate will develop into further aridity; iii) irrigation can alleviate the intensity and dryness of the "island" but failsto prevent the climate from aridization; iv) the local circulation in the PBL keeps its direction unchanged in 24 hours, i.e.,wind blows toward the "island" at the height below 150—200 m at roughly 2 m/s and returns at higher levels with aslightly smaller speed. Further, moist flow can extend 30—50 km horizontally inside the reclamation.     

积云形成暖雨的条件

本文用积云暖雨模式,计算了不同云底温度、升速和微结构特征条件下,积云通过暖雨过程形成降雨所需要的云厚。计算结果同我国江西九江及世界不同地区的积云降水云厚实测资料相比相当一致。世界上一些有资料地区积云降水云厚的差别很大,按本文计算结果,升速往往起着主要的作用,其次是微结构特征和云底温度。文中用在九江观测到的积云升速和降水资料,得出了云作升速和积云降水云厚的关系,同本文计算结果大致符合。     

缺水地区节水农业的研究概况

本文根据我国缺水地区近年来对节水农业的研究成果，从基础理论研究、水资源管理，优化配水，节水工程建设、微灌技术的研究与应用、地面灌水技术的改进、地面覆盖节水技术、化学物质节水技术等方面，对我国缺水地区节水农业研究的现状进行了综合论述．我国缺水地区对节水农业的研究已取得了重大进展，但还必须进一步深化理论研究，开发利用新的节水技术，使农业生产向节水、节能、高效的方向持续，稳步发展．     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENCE SPECTRA IN DIFFERENT WEATHER PROCESSES UNDER UNSTABLE CONDITIONS

In this paper,the data chosen from measurements by supersonic anemometers in Tongxian County of Beijing in1990 are used to study characteristics of turbulence spectra in precipitation weather.Some turbulence parameters such asturbulence intensity,heat and momentum fluxes,friction velocity,M-O length and stability parameter are calculatedand their dependence on turbulence spectra in different stability conditions are analyzed.Some encouraging results areobtained and compared with others' results.     

套网格预报中几种边界条件的试验

采用国家气象中心五层原始方程业务模式，用单向自嵌套方法，对常用的几种侧边界条件进行了对比试验。结果表明：加密网络可以改善预报效果，在试验的几种边界处理方案中，以Ｄａｖｉｅｓ方案的效果最好，不需要采用其他技术处理，就能使边界附近不产生扰动，分析的等值线光滑，计算稳定性好，可以使业务预报更加可靠，效果更加理想。     

STRUCTURES AND CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE FOR A KIND OF ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS

With the method of phase plane, the P-coordinated equation sets have been derived that include no friction without the introduction of the kdv equation and the structure of atmospheric motions, conditions for existence and movement are studied for all individual solutions. The result shows that a weak high or low pressure system isjointly affected by the atmospheric static stability, latent heating due to condensation and sensible heating for the conditions for existence, state of movement, structural features.