1812年尼勒克地震断层及最大位移

通过野外考察和地貌变形测量等手段,研究了尼勒克1812年8级地震的地震断层的平面分组特点、活动性质、分段特征,讨论了地震滑塌构造、地震断层与重力滑坡的区别,分析了线性滑坡后壁与地震断层的潜在关系。在正确区分地震断层和滑坡后壁的基础上,确定了地震断层的最大位移。该形变带从吉仁台延伸到乔尔马以东,东西总长124 km,南北最宽处约28 km,地震断层断续展布97 km,最大垂直错距为15 m,水平位移为4 m。     

宁夏海原南华山北麓断裂带的冲沟断错与8.5级强震重复率

由于南华山北麓断裂带的新活动,使得南华山北麓菜园—乱堆子16公里范围内的21条冲沟发生明显断错,显示出左旋位移指向。本文研究了这些断错冲沟的地质地貌表征、断错冲沟的发育过程和断错量,并根据晚更新世以来沉积物的~(14)C年龄和区域冲沟的溯源侵蚀速率,计算出晚更新世以来南华山北麓断裂带的平均滑动速率为4.3毫米/年;同时,量测出1920年海原8.5级地震震中区地震断层的最位移量为6.9米。根据以上资料,估算出南华山北麓断裂带8.5级强震的重复率约为1600年     

汶川地震白沙河段最大地表水平位移量的成因分析

最大同震位移量是活动构造研究、断层活动特性判定和地震危险性分析的一个重要参数,它关系到地震危险区最大震级、地震复发间隔的确定等定量评估。地震地表破裂的同震位移分布十分复杂,影响因素也多种多样。汶川8.0级地震是一个以逆冲型为主的破裂事件,同震位移多表现为垂直位错,同时也存在右旋走滑位移,这与震源机制解的结果以及破裂面上擦痕所显示的运动方式基本一致。此次地震的最大同震水平位移量为4.5m,附近还有高达5m的垂直位移量。破裂的几何学和运动学分析表明,最大水平位移量可能是逆冲量沿不同方向破裂带分解以及断裂倾角变化的结果     

富蕴地震断裂带北部细部结构特征

以8级地震时的水平位移作为地震断裂带分段依据，富蕴地震断裂带北部引张段长17km，而且水平位移不明显。富蕴地震断裂带的主体走滑段水平位移显著，除大震时的水平位移外，发震构造具多期次活动特征。     

2001年昆仑山口西Ms 8.1地震最大位移讨论

最大位移是认识地震破裂机理和断层未来地震危险性的最重要参数之一。对 2 0 0 1年 11月 14日发生的昆仑山口西 8 1级地震地表破裂带最大位移的调查有多种结果。通过野外调查发现 ,本次地震地表最大同震水平位移 6 4± 1 4m ,位于库赛湖东北 (93 2 2 6 6°E ,35 7779°N) ,最大垂直位移 5 2± 0 2m ,与水平位移分布基本一致。影响本次地震地表破裂带地表位移测量的因素很多 ,其中断裂带多期活动、地震地表破裂带构造形式复杂 ,以及特殊的冰川冻土区地貌位移标志是主要因素。     

基于高分辨率地形数据的富蕴M8.0地震地表破裂带精细特征

同震地表破裂带的空间展布及形变特征是地球深部断层活动在地表的直观地貌表现,不但记录着地震破裂和断层运动的信息,还反映了区域应力和地壳运动状况.因此,开展震后地震地表破裂带调查对于了解发震断层的构造活动尤为重要.高精度地形观测技术可以获取前所未有的高时空分辨率的地球表面特征,为辨别历史地震地表破裂遗迹、提取地表同震位移、活动构造地质填图等提供高质量数据.文中选取富蕴1931年地震地表破裂带作为研究区,利用SfM(Structural from Motion)摄影测量技术生成分辨率为1 m的数字高程模型(DEM),详细识别地表破裂并测量冲沟的右旋位移.基于地表破裂的几何及构造地貌特征,将富蕴地震地表破裂带由北向南分为S1、S2、S3、S44段,其间以挤压隆起或拉分盆地相连接.沿破裂带共获得194组最新冲沟的右旋水平位移,得到1931年同震位移的平均值为(5.06±0.13)m.同震位移局部缺失或突变的区域与几何阶区的位置也有良好的对应关系.以上结果填补了对富蕴地震地表破裂精细形态研究的空白,也进一步展示高分辨率的地形数据在活动构造研究中良好的应用价值.     

1997年9月26日意大利Colfiorito地震：用SAR干涉和GPS模拟的同震地表位移

1997年翁布里亚—马尔凯地震序列的最大事件是9月26日M_W5.7(00:33GMT)和M_W6.0(09:40GMT)两个地震,它们引起震中周围大面积的严重破坏和地裂缝。我们给出了一个ERS-SAR差分干涉图,图中在Colfiorito盆地内部及周围可见9个干涉条纹,这对应于25cm的同震地表位移。GPS数据表明最大水平位移是14±1.8cm,最大沉降量为24±3cm。我们用这些测地数据和地震参数来估计断层面的几何特征和走滑分布。模拟的断层深度和最大滑动幅度对第一次地震分别是6.5km和47cm,对第二次地震分别是7km和72cm,这与由地震数据得到的很一致。     

中国地震及其衍生灾害之最

震级最大的地震据仪器记录,中国最大地震为1950年8月15日发生在西藏察隅的地震。震级为8.6。烈度最高的地震 1920年12月16日发生在宁夏海原的8.5级地震,震中烈度高达十二度。断层破裂长度最长的地震海原8.5级地震,形成巨大地表断层,长约230公里,最大水平位移14米。     

汶川Ms8.0地震北川附近同震和震后垂直位移特征

利用北川附近震前水准数据,以及2008年和2010年两条一等水准数据,得到了北川附近同震和震后垂直位移量,获得如下结果:北川附近的北川—映秀断裂的同震垂直位移量为4.711 m,断层上下盘最大位错量为5.1m,然而,位于平武县境内的青川断裂同震位错仅有0.064m.2008-2010年,汶川Ms8.0地震后北川附近的北...     

基于无人机摄影测量技术的地震地表破裂带定量参数提取 ——以1709年中卫南M7½地震为例

本文首先介绍了无人机摄影测量技术获取数字高程模型（digital elevation model,缩写为DEM）和地貌数据（正射影像）的作业流程,对比分析了三种不同质量密集点云生成的DEM在水平位置和高程上的差异;然后以1709年中卫南M7?大地震的主体地表破裂带为例,提取其上地震断层的垂直位错量和水平位移量。研究结果显示:高质量密集点云生成的DEM分辨率可达厘米级,且处理时间不需太长,其水平位置和高程与另外两种质量密集点云生成的DEM差异均小于0.100 m;基于高质量密集点云可生成6.33 cm/pix分辨率的DEM,提取1709年中卫南地震地表破裂带上地震断层的垂直位错量为（0.704±0.293） m,水平位移量为5.1 m,与前人的研究结果相吻合,因此可以代表该地震的同震位移,这表明无人机摄影测量技术能够获取地震地表破裂带典型场点的高分辨率地形地貌数据,并基于生成的DEM可进一步提取地震断层的定量参数。      

THE COSEISMIC VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1556 HUAXIAN EARTHQUAKE

Coseismic displacement plays a role in earthquake surface rupture, which not only reflects the magnitude scale but also has effect on estimates of fault slip rate and earthquake recurrence intervals. A great historical earthquake occurred in Huaxian County on the 23^rd January 1556, however, there was lack of surface rupture records and precise coseismic vertical displacements. It's known that the 1556 Huaxian earthquake was caused by Huashan front fault and Weinan plateau front fault, which are large normal faults in the east part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe Basin controlling the development of the basin in Quaternary. Here, we made a study on three drilling sites in order to unveil the coseismic vertical displacements. It is for the first time to get the accurate coseismic vertical displacements, which is 6m at Lijiapo site of Huashan front fault, 7m at Caiguocun site, and 6m at Guadicun site of Weinan plateau front fault. These coseismic displacements measured based on same layers of drilling profiles both at footwall and hanging wall are different from the results measured by former geomorphological fault scarps. It's estimated that some scarps are related with the nature reformation and the human beings' activities, for example, fluviation or terracing field, instead of earthquake acticity, which leads to some misjudgment on earthquake displacements. Moreover, the vertical displacements from the measurement of geomorphological scarps alone do not always agree with the virtual ones. Hence, we assume that the inconsistency between the results from drilling profiles and geomorphological scarps in this case demonstrates that the fault scarp surface may have been demolished and rebuilt by erosion or human activities.     

近场精确定位在卢龙MemLsub6.2地震发震构造研究中的应用

从1982年10月19日卢龙6.2级地震余震近场数字地震资料的391条记录中， 挑选出可用于精确定位的171条地震事件记录，采用Hypoinverse定位方法对45个事件进行了重定位. 精确定位的震中分布显示出一卧倒的反ldquo;Frdquo;形活动地震构造的形态， 两条NNE向断裂被一条WNW向断裂所截断，两组断裂呈脆性断裂常见的共轭状态产出， NNE向的断层正在相互贯通，卢龙附近的滦河河谷发育成了四面断裂包围的断陷盆地雏形. 卢龙地震的发震构造是一个走滑兼张性的断裂组合， 这样的构造与张家口——渤海地震带的整体活动习性相符， 也反映了张渤带作为一个二级地块的分界截断NNE向的一系列断层所起的作用.      

新发现的唐山地震大断层

在对唐山地面塌陷的研究中发现了一条与唐山地震相关的大断层,该断层至少长90km,地面垂直错距3m,明显具有铲形正断层特点。该断层倾向NW,可分为南、北2段。南段的确定主要依据震后地面形变野外调查、水准形变资料、航片解译和石油地球物理勘探资料;北段的存在则有强烈线状喷沙冒水分布以及地震反射测深资料作为证据。唐山地震主震的余震大致分布在该断层地表出露迹线的NW侧,这种位置关系显示了新发现的断层对唐山地震的控制性     

四川西昌1850年地震地表破裂特征研究

本文对则木河断裂带上各种地震地表破裂现象作了调查和时代方面的研究,结果表明,1850年西昌地震在西昌北的李金堡至宁南的松新间形成了长达90km的地震形变带。地震位错的最大水平位移为7m,垂直位移一般为0.5～2m,对地震形变带中的各种变形遗迹和地震地表破裂特征的研究表明,则木河断裂是这次地震的发震构造,震中位于大箐梁子一带,震中烈度达Ⅹ～Ⅺ。地震破裂的力学性质为左旋扭张,与则木河断裂晚第四纪以来的活动一致。地震破裂具有向南突出发展的不对称特点     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF FAULTS IN THE EPICENTER AREA OF JINGGU M6.6 EARTHQUAKE

The 2014 Jinggu M6.6 earthquake attacked the Jinggu area where few historical earthquakes had occurred and little study has been conducted on active tectonics. The lack of detailed field investigation on active faults and seismicity restricts the assessment of seismic risk of this area and leads to divergent view points with respect to the seismotectonics of this earthquake, so relevant research needs to be strengthened urgently. In particular, some studies suggest that this earthquake triggered the activity of the NE-trending faults which have not yet been studied. By the approaches of remote sensing image interpretation, structural geomorphology investigation and trench excavation, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the faults in the epicenter area, which are the eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin and the Yixiang-Zhaojiacun Fault, and drew the conclusions as follows: (1)The eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin originates around the Naguai village in the southeastern margin of Yongping Basin,extending northward across the Qiandong, Tianfang, and ending in the north of Tiantou. The fault is about 43km long, striking near SN. The linear characteristic of the fault is obvious in remote sensing images. Structural geomorphological phenomena, such as fault troughs, linear ridges and gully dislocations, have developed along the faults. There are several dextral-dislocated gullies near Naguai village, with displacements of 300m, 220m, 146m, 120m and 73m, respectively, indicating that the fault is a dextral strike-slip fault with long-term activity. In order to further study the activity of the fault, a trench was excavated in the fault trough, the Naguai trench. The trench reveals many faults, and the youngest strata offseted by the faults are Holocene, with ¹⁴C ages of(1 197±51)a and(1 900±35)a, respectively. All those suggest that it is a Holocene active fault. (2)The Yixiang-Zhaojiacun Fault starts at the southeast of the Jinggu Basin, passes through Xiangyan, Yixiang, Chahe, and terminates at the Zhaojiacun. The total length of the fault is about 60km, and is a large-scale NE-trending fault in the Wuliangshan fault zone. Four gullies are synchronously sinistrally dislocated at Yixiang village, with the displacements of 340m, 260m, 240m and 240m, indicating that the fault is a long-term active sinistral strike-slip fault. A trench was excavated in a fault trough in Yixiang village. The trench reveals a small sag pond and a fault. The fault offsets several strata with clear dislocation and linear characteristic. The thickness of strata between the two walls of fault does not match, and the gravels are oriented along fault plane. The offset strata have the ¹⁴C age of(2 296±56)a, (3 009±51)a, and(4 924±45)a, respectively, and another two strata have the OSL age of(1.8±0.1)ka, (8.6±0.5)ka respectively, by which we constrained the latest paleoearthquake between(1.8±0.1)ka(OSL-Y01)and(378±48)a BP(CY-07). This again provides further evidence that the fault is a Holocene fault with long-term activity. (3)Based on the distribution of aftershocks and the predecessor research results, the 2014 Jinggu M6.6 earthquake and the M5.8, M5.9 strong aftershocks are regarded as being caused by the eastern margin fault of Yongping Basin, which is part of the Wuliangshan fault zone. The seismogenic mechanism is that the stress has been locked, concentrated and accumulated to give rise to the quakes in the wedge-shaped area near the intersection of the SN and NE striking faults, which is similar to the seismogenic mechanism in the southwest of Yunnan Province.     

1985年新疆乌恰地震烈度与发震构造

１９８５年乌恰地震发生在新疆乌恰县城东南４０ｋｍ的克孜勒苏河谷中。震中烈度为Ⅸ度,地震类型为主震－余震型,余震具有波伏衰减的特征。乌恰县城和乌帕尔镇大多数房屋倒塌或遭到破坏。主震在极震区内克孜勒苏河谷阶地上产生了一条地表破裂带,其长为１５ｋｍ,宽为１００￣８００ｍ,由地震断层、挤压脊和地震裂缝组成。１９９５年乌恰地震的发震构造是卡兹克阿尔特逆掩断裂。该地震应属褶皱类型地震,这类地震产生的震害具有上     

b值预报的物理基础

本文遵循地震的断层成因学说, 根据断层宏观剪切破坏条件, 导出了震区应力水平的单一物理参数.详细研究了地震活动的物理过程.由于缺乏必要的原始资料, 对地震序列进行确定性研究存在巨大的困难.就目前情况而论, b值预报可能是估计地震危险性的一个有效方法.本文提出了几种物理模型, 详细研究了b值变化的物理背景, 导出了b值与震区地质构造条件和应力水平之间的关系.利用本文的结果, 可以较好地解释实际观测中发现的b值变化的规律, 以及它的变化范围.倘若在今后的观测中能得到进一步的证实, 这些结果对地震预报会有更多的参考价值.      

2011年10月16日新疆精河县5.0级地震震害特征及发震构造

通过对新疆精河5.0级地震现场调查,分析了灾区局部场地效应及房屋震害特征,对震害特点进行了较为全面的分析总结。震害调查显示,灾区房屋主要以老旧的土坯房为主,地震作用使本身老旧的房屋裂缝加宽,破坏加重。同时,受局部场地差异影响,灾区房屋震害具有明显的南北分带的特点。另外,根据地震现场考察,此次地震的发震构造为库松木楔克山前断层,该断裂是发育在北天山山前逆冲推覆体前缘的一条全新世活动断层,沿断裂断错晚更新世以来的各级地貌面和沟谷阶地,并在地表形成断层陡坎和古地震地表变形遗迹。     

LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE CENTRAL SEGMENT OF THE DARI FAULT AND RESTUDY OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1947 M73/4 DARI EARTHQUAKE,QINGHAI PROVINCE

Bayan Hara Block is one of the most representative active blocks resulting from the lateral extrusion of Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic. Its southern and northern boundary faults are characterized by typical strike-slip shear deformation. Its eastern boundary is blocked by the Yangze block and its horizontal movement is transformed into the vertical movement of the Longmen Shan tectonic belt, leading to the uplift of the Longmen Shan Mountains and forming a grand geomorphic barrier on the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. A series of large earthquakes occurred along the boundary faults of the Bayan Hara Block in the past twenty years, which have attracted attention of many scholars. At present, the related studies of active tectonics on Bayan Hara Block are mainly concentrated on the boundary faults, such as Yushu-Ganzi-Xianshuihe Fault, East Kunlun Fault and Longmen Shan Fault. However, there are also some large faults inside the block, which not only have late Quaternary activity, but also have tectonic conditions to produce strong earthquake. These faults divide the Bayan Hara Block into some secondary blocks, and may play important roles in the kinematics and dynamics mechanism of the Bayan Hara Block, or even the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. The Dari Fault is one of the left-lateral strike-slip faults in the Bayan Hara Block. The Dari Fault starts at the eastern pass of the Kunlun Mountains, extends eastward through the south of Yalazela, Yeniugou and Keshoutan, the fault strike turns to NNE direction at Angcanggou, then turns to NE direction again at Moba town, Qinghai Province, and the fault ends near Nanmuda town, Sichuan Province, with a total length of more than 500km. The fault has been considered to be a late Quaternary active fault and the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake was produced by its middle segment. But studies on the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault are still weak. The previous research mainly focused on the investigation of the surface rupture and damages of the 1947 M73/4 Dari earthquake. However, there were different opinions about the scale of the M73/4 earthquake surface rupture zone. Dai Hua-guang(1983)thought that the surface rupture of the earthquake was about 150km long, but Qinghai Earthquake Agency(1984)believed that the length of surface rupture zone was only 58km. Based on interpretation of high-resolution images and field investigations, in this paper, we studied the late Quaternary activity of the Dari Fault and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake. Late Quaternary activity in the central segment of the Dari Fault is particularly significant. A series of linear tectonic landforms, such as fault trough valley, fault scarps, fault springs and gully offsets, etc. are developed along the Dari Fault. And the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is still relatively well preserved. We conducted a follow-up field investigation for the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake and found that the surface rupture related to the Dari earthquake starts at Longgen village in Moba town, and ends near the northwest of the Yilonggounao in Jianshe town, with a length of about 70km. The surface rupture is primarily characterized by scarps, compressional ridges, pull-apart basins, landslides, cleavage, and the coseismic offset is about 2~4m determined by a series of offset gullies. The surface rupture zone extends to the northwest of Yilonggounao and becomes ambiguous. It is mainly characterized by a series of linear fault springs along the surface rupture zone. Therefore, we suggest that the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake ends at the northwest of Yilonggounao. In summary, the central segment of the Dari Fault can be characterized by strong late Quaternary activity, and the surface rupture zone of the 1947 Dari earthquake is about 70km long.