STUDY ON FREQUENCY CODING ANTI—INTERFERENCE SYSTEM FOR DATA TRANSMISSION IN SHALLOW WATER ACOUSTIC CHANNELS

Achieving reliable underwater communication in shallow water acoustic channels is a difficult because of the random time-varying nature of multipath propagation,severe amplitude fluctuation,and spatial variability of the channel conditions.This paper describes a new signal processing technique-frequency coding and decoding by means of real-time measurement of signal width,jamming and suppressing multipath interference and using redundant coder.The application of the technique to thd model ZTY-1 status monitor for underwater system of seabed is introduced in this paper.The main principle,the technique specifications and the key techniques of the system are discussed here.Theoretical estimations and experimental results proved that the performance of the system is excellent.The method can be used for some other related low-data-rate data transmission detecting in shallow water acoustic channel.     

Underwater image enhancement based on the dark channel prior and attenuation compensation

Aimed at the two problems of underwater imaging, fog effect and color cast, an Improved Segmentation Dark Channel Prior (ISDCP) defogging method is proposed to solve the fog effects caused by physical properties of water. Due to mass refraction of light in the process of underwater imaging, fog effects would lead to image blurring. And color cast is closely related to different degree of attenuation while light with different wavelengths is traveling in water. The proposed method here integrates the ISDCP and quantitative histogram stretching techniques into the image enhancement procedure. Firstly, the threshold value is set during the refinement process of the transmission maps to identify the original mismatching, and to conduct the differentiated defogging process further. Secondly, a method of judging the propagating distance of light is adopted to get the attenuation degree of energy during the propagation underwater. Finally, the image histogram is stretched quantitatively in Red-Green-Blue channel respectively according to the degree of attenuation in each color channel. The proposed method ISDCP can reduce the computational complexity and improve the efficiency in terms of defogging effect to meet the real-time requirements. Qualitative and quantitative comparison for several different underwater scenes reveals that the proposed method can significantly improve the visibility compared with previous methods.     

Real-Time Position and Attitude Estimation for Homing and Docking of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Based on Bionic Polarized Optical Guidance

As an important tool for marine exploration, the autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV) must home in and dock at a docking station(DS) to be recharged, repaired, or to exchange information at set intervals. However, the complex and hostile underwater environment makes this process challenging. This study proposes a real-time method based on polarized optical guidance for determining the position and attitude of the AUV relative to its DS. Four polarized artificial underwater landmarks are positioned at the DS, which are recognized by the AUV vision system. Compared with light intensity, the polarization of a light beam is known to be better maintained at greater propagation distances, especially in underwater environments. The proposed method, which is inspired by the ability of marine animals to communicate, calculates the pose parameters in less than 10 ms without any other navigational information. The simulation results reveal that the angle errors are small and the position errors are no more than 0.116 m within 100 m in the coastal ocean. The results of underwater experiments further demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, which extends the operating distance of the AUV beyond what is currently possible while maintaining the precision of traditional optical guidance.     

Landslide data mosaicking based on an airborne laser point cloud and multi-beam sonar images

Landslides are one of the most disastrous geological hazards in southwestern China. Once a landslide becomes unstable, it threatens the lives and safety of local residents. However, empirical studies on landslides have predominantly focused on landslides that occur on land. To this end, we aim to investigate ashore and underwater landslide data synchronously. This study proposes an optimized mosaicking method for ashore and underwater landslide data. This method fuses an airborne laser point cloud with multi-beam depth sounder images.Owing to their relatively high efficiency and large coverage area, airborne laser measurement systems are suitable for emergency investigations of landslides.Based on the airborne laser point cloud, the traversal of the point with the lowest elevation value in the point set can be used to perform rapid extraction of the crude channel boundaries. Further meticulous extraction of the channel boundaries is then implemented using the probability mean value optimization method. In addition, synthesis of the integrated ashore and underwater landslide data angle is realized using the spatial guide line between the channel boundaries and the underwater multibeam sonar images. A landslide located on the right bank of the middle reaches of the Yalong River is selected as a case study to demonstrate that the proposed method has higher precision thantraditional methods. The experimental results show that the mosaicking method in this study can meet the basic needs of landslide modeling and provide a basis for qualitative and quantitative analysis and stability prediction of landslides.     

An Approach to Underwater Image Enhancement Based on Image Structural Decomposition

Underwater imaging posts a challenge due to the degradation by the absorption and scattering occurred during light propagation as well as poor lighting conditions in water medium. Although image filtering techniques are utilized to improve image quality effectively, problems of the distortion of image details and the bias of color correction still exist in output images due to the complexity of image texture distribution. This paper proposes a new underwater image enhancement method based on image structural decomposition. By introducing a curvature factor into the Mumford_Shah_G decomposition algorithm, image details and structure components are better preserved without the gradient effect. Thus, histogram equalization and Retinex algorithms are applied in the decomposed structure component for global image enhancement and non-uniform brightness correction for gray level and the color images, then the optical absorption spectrum in water medium is incorporate to improve the color correction. Finally, the enhanced structure and preserved detail component are recomposed to generate the output. Experiments with real underwater images verify the image improvement by the proposed method in image contrast, brightness and color fidelity.     

DESIGN OF MODULATION AND COMPRESSION CODING IN UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC IMAGE TRANSMISSION

This paper describes the design of modulation, compression coding and transmission control in underwater acoustic color image transmission system. This design adapts a special system of modulation and transmission control based on a DSP(Digital Signal Processing) chip, to cope with the complex underwater acoustic channel. The hardware block diagram and software flow chart are presented.     

Characteristics of sound pulse transmission in shallow sea and correlation detection

Statistical characteristics of sound pulses and some typical marine noises in a shallow sea were analysed. With special requirements for underwater telemetric and telecontrolled devices in mind, a specific signal processing scheme (digital correlation accumulation) is put forward. Theoretical analyses on some underwater acoustic instruments showed this signal processing scheme is applicable to a shallow acoustic channel with variable spatiotemporal characteristics, multipath pulses and high noise level, and may be of general significance for underwater acoustic telemetry and telecontrol.     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北地区长3致密砂岩沉积微相与储层非均质性

在对岩心、测井、分析化验等资料综合分析的基础上,结合区域地质背景与地震砂体预测,对鄂尔多斯盆地渭北地区长3油组沉积微相特征及其与致密砂岩储层非均质性的关系进行了研究。研究表明:该区沉积微相以纵向多期叠加、平面快速变化的浅水辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相为主。叠加河道砂体厚度在8~23.5m之间,各单期河道砂体厚度差异较大;在工区东、西部河道规模差异大,顺河道方向河道宽窄快速变化。叠加河道砂体的物性、含油性非均质性强,受单期河道规模影响较大。单期厚度较大的河道砂体中下部物性、含油性整体较好,单期厚度较小的河道砂体受钙质胶结和泥砾影响,物性、含油性整体较差。平面上,水下分流河道展布控制了物性、含油性分布,水下分流河道越宽,砂体规模越大,单期河道砂体越发育,物性、含油性越好,平面非均质性越弱。      

Underwater Object Recognition Based on Deep Encoding-Decoding Network

Ocean underwater exploration is a part of oceanography that investigates the physical and biological conditions for scientific and commercial purposes. And video technology plays an important role and is extensively applied for underwater environment observation. Different from the conventional methods, video technology explores the underwater ecosystem continuously and non-invasively. However, due to the scattering and attenuation of light transport in the water, complex noise distribution and lowlight condition cause challenges for underwater video applications including object detection and recognition. In this paper, we propose a new deep encoding-decoding convolutional architecture for underwater object recognition. It uses the deep encoding-decoding network for extracting the discriminative features from the noisy low-light underwater images. To create the deconvolutional layers for classification, we apply the deconvolution kernel with a matched feature map, instead of full connection, to solve the problem of dimension disaster and low accuracy. Moreover, we introduce data augmentation and transfer learning technologies to solve the problem of data starvation. For experiments, we investigated the public datasets with our proposed method and the state-of-the-art methods. The results show that our work achieves significant accuracy. This work provides new underwater technologies applied for ocean exploration.     

复杂断块油田单砂体级高分辨率层序地层特征——以呼和诺仁油田贝301区块南屯组二段为例

单砂体级精细井间连通关系制约复杂断块油田的开发,以高分辨率层序地层学和现代沉积学为指导,综合应用钻井、测井、录井、地震及分析化验资料,建立海塔盆地呼和诺仁油田贝301区块南屯组二段(简称南二段)单砂体级高分辨率层序地层格架,刻画单砂体级沉积微相展布规律.结果表明:研究区南二段主要发育于扇三角洲前缘沉积环境,随着基准面的下降,水下分流河道的宽度和厚度增大;反之,水下分流河道的宽度和厚度减小.有利砂体主要分布在可容纳空间较小的中期基准面旋回附近.该研究成果为类似区块精细油藏描述提供有益参考.     

内蒙古雅布赖盆地红柳沟中侏罗统沉积相及沉积环境研究

野外考察发现,雅布赖盆地红柳沟发育一套较完整的中侏罗统扇三角洲沉积地层。其中沉积亚相有扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘及前扇三角洲亚相;沉积微相包括辫状河道、天然堤、决口、沼泽、水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、河口坝、席状砂等沉积微相。从沉积构造特征分析可以看出,河道沉积发育于水动力条件较强的沉积环境,扇三角洲前缘河口坝沉积发育于强与弱水动力条件交替出现的沉积环境,而前扇三角洲则在比较稳定的水动力条件下沉积。对野外6个泥岩样品的微量元素化验结果用蜘蛛图解分析处理,得到样品所含微量元素V、Sr、Rb、B相对富集,而Zr、Cr、Ni相对亏损。通过对该地区样品w(Fe2+)/w(Fe3+)及气候指数计算表明,当时为弱氧化、半干旱的沉积环境。     

东营凹陷永安镇油田沙二段三角洲相储层构型及剩余油分布

针对油田三角洲储层精细表征及剩余油挖潜,以东营凹陷永安镇油田沙二段三角洲储层为例,利用地震、测井、地质等资料,研究三角洲储层沉积旋回、层次界面等不同层次构型要素,界定和划分构型单元,建立三角洲储层构型模式,分析构型单元对剩余油分布的控制作用.结果表明:三角洲前缘水下分流河道发育是单一河口坝边界识别的重要标志;构型单元韵律变化是造成剩余油局部富集的重要因素,正韵律水下分流河道砂体中上部剩余油相对集中,反韵律河口坝砂体下部剩余油富集.该研究可以为老油田剩余油挖潜、提高油气采收率提供指导.     

Underwater topography detection of Taiwan Shoal with SAR images

Under suitable conditions of tidal current and wind, underwater topography can be detected by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) indirectly. Underwater topography SAR imaging includes three physical processes: radar ocean surface backscattering, the modulation of sea surface short wave spectrum by the variations in sea surface currents, and the modulation of sea surface currents by the underwater topography. The first process is described usually by Bragg scattering theory because the incident angle of SAR is always between 20°–70°. The second process is described by the action balance equation. The third process is described by an ocean hydrodynamic model. Based on the SAR imaging mechanism for underwater topography, an underwater topography SAR detection model and a simplified method for its calculation are introduced. In the detection model, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model — the shallow water model is used to describe the motion of tidal current. Due to the difficulty of determining the expression of SAR backscattering cross section in which some terms can not be determined, the backscattering cross section of SAR image used in the underwater topography SAR detection is pro-processed by the simulated SAR image of the coarse-grid water depth to simplify the calculation. Taiwan Shoal, located at the southwest outlet of Taiwan Strait, is selected as an evaluation area for this technique due to the occurrence of hundreds of sand waves. The underwater topography of Taiwan Shoal was detected by two scenes of ERS-2 SAR images which were acquired on 9 January 2000 and 6 June 2004. The detection results are compared with in situ measured water depths for three profiles. The average absolute and relative errors of the best detection result are 2.23 m and 7.5 %, respectively. These show that the detection model and the simplified method introduced in the paper is feasible.     

Matched field localization based on CS-MUSIC algorithm

The problem caused by shortness or excessiveness of snapshots and by coherent sources in underwater acoustic positioning is considered. A matched field localization algorithm based on CS-MUSIC (Compressive Sensing Multiple Signal Classification) is proposed based on the sparse mathematical model of the underwater positioning. The signal matrix is calculated through the SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) of the observation matrix. The observation matrix in the sparse mathematical model is replaced by the signal matrix, and a new concise sparse mathematical model is obtained, which means not only the scale of the localization problem but also the noise level is reduced; then the new sparse mathematical model is solved by the CS-MUSIC algorithm which is a combination of CS (Compressive Sensing) method and MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) method. The algorithm proposed in this paper can overcome effectively the difficulties caused by correlated sources and shortness of snapshots, and it can also reduce the time complexity and noise level of the localization problem by using the SVD of the observation matrix when the number of snapshots is large, which will be proved in this paper.     

非线性函数协方差传播的Stein Monte Carlo方法

基于泰勒级数展开的近似函数法在求解非线性函数的中误差时需要进行复杂的导数计算,已有的Monte Carlo法虽然可以避免导数运算,但在模拟次数的选择上不具有客观性,且无法直接控制模拟结果。因此,将Stein两阶段法融入非线性函数的协方差传播理论中,并与Monte Carlo方法结合,设计了一套非线性函数协方差传播的Stein Monte Carlo算法流程。将该方法用于二维多项式函数和GNSS基线向量的协方差传播计算中,实验结果验证了其有效性,为非线性模型协方差传播的计算提供了一种新思路。     

ON LONG-WAVES BREAKING Ⅱ.IN A HALF INFINITE CHANNEL WITH BOTTOM SLOPE

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.     

海洋涡旋移动特征的区域划分方法及应用分析

为了合理有效地分析和挖掘海洋涡旋移动数据中的规律和模式,本文以基于空间交互性流聚类的区域化方法为基础,提出了一种海洋涡旋移动特征的网格区域化方法。该方法以网格为统计单元,对涡旋移动数据进行组织,通过图论模型构建海洋涡旋的移动网络图,然后采用基于平均邻接的层次聚类和基于模块度的划分2个步骤,实现涡旋移动特征的区域划分。基于该算法,对1992-2011年中国南海海洋涡旋移动数据进行算法实验,结果表明,南海海洋涡旋按照其移动频繁性特征可分为越南东南部（R1）、越南东部-巴拉望岛（R2）、南海北部（R3）3个区域。其中,R1区域包含了南海西南部深海盆地区的涡旋活跃条带;R2区域体现了南海中部涡旋向西移动的活动规律;R3区域则包含了南海北部东北-西南走向条带。3个区域内冷涡和暖涡具有明显的季节性变化特征：R1和R3区域冷暖涡变化相似,暖涡在夏秋季移动最多,冬季最少,而冷涡则相反,夏秋季移动最少,随后逐渐增加,并在春季达到峰值;R2区域暖涡在春季移动最多,而冷涡在夏冬移动最多,春秋移动相对较弱。     

ROV based underwater blurred image restoration

1　Introduction　TheROV (RemoteOperatedVehicle)isakindofsystemthatcanbeusedforunderwatermeasurementanddetection (Caimi,1996 ;KevernandLeGall,1991) .Inthispaper ,theirradianceofthelightre flectedbythetargetthroughwaterbodiesindifferentconditionsissimulatedbyacomputer .Underdiffer entwaterconditions,therelationbetweentheirradi anceandthedistanceispresented .Thenthemaxi mumdetectiondistanceofthedetectorcanbeob tained .WealsorestoretheunderwaterblurryimagesusingtheWienerfilterbasedonthesimula…     

基于深度生成模型的河道砂建模方法

在传统的河道砂体建模方法中,基于目标建模的方法难以条件化,多点地质统计学难以再现连续河道砂体的形态,导致建模成果难以直接应用于油田生产。深度生成模型通过深度学习,可以生成足够精确的河道砂体模型,能再现复杂的河道砂体形态,很好地满足井点条件,弥补了传统建模算法的不足。在建模过程中,首先基于目标模拟方法与计算机匹配操作建立了20 000个河道砂体模型与对应的条件集,并结合变分自编码（VAE）与生成对抗网络（GAN）的理论,建立深度生成模型,其中包括分类器、编码器、解码器与判别器。将条件数据与真实模型输入深度生成模型中得到对应的河道砂体模型,通过大量的训练建立了可以生成满足井点条件的河道砂体的生成器,最后将井点数据输入生成器中建立相应的河道砂体模型。研究结果表明,深度生成模型建模算法与传统建模算法相比不仅展现出了连续、清晰的河道砂体,并且在给定的条件下可以生成多个河道砂体模型。该建模方法克服了传统河道砂建模方法的不足,为河道砂体储层建模提供了新的解决思路,建立的河道模型可为油田开发提供参考。      

On Long-waves breaking II. in a half infinite channel with bottom slope

The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal ocean into shallow estuarine waters, often produces asymmetries of velocity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking. Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth, consideringnth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottom slope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location are estimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtained can also be easily applied to the case considering wind stress.