基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究

运用GIS技术和景观生态学理论方法,以安徽省淮南市潘集区市级投资重点土地整理项目为例,选取3类景观指标,对项目区内土地整理前后的土地利用现状和景观格局变化情况进行研究。结果表明： 景观类型中水田斑块占绝对优势,斑块分维数、形状指数呈下降趋势,表明斑块形状趋于规则和简单; 斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块面积增加,最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低; 平均分维数和平均形状指数增大,表明景观形状较整理前变得规则,但总体形态变得复杂; 多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,表明在增加了景观分布均匀程度的同时降低了景观的多样性,景观类型有所减少。     

眉山市东坡区景观生态信息初步分析

利用景观生态学格局分析方法,将东坡区景观分成耕地、林地、草地、水体、建筑用地和裸地景观六大类。通过遥感影像判读解译,得到上述六类景观基本形状数据。通过计算得到各景观的斑块总面积指数、景观类型所占景观面积的比例指数、斑块数指数、最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积指数、景观破碎化指数、景观优势度指数和多样性指数等景观格局数,初步分析2000年和2007年该区景观格局变化,为经济开发和环境保护提供科学依据和决策支持。     

浙西低山丘陵区景观格局变化的高程分异研究——以桐庐县为例

国内外学者对于景观格局的地形分异研究,经历了从景观类型分布高程差异到景观指数高程分异研究的过程,目前处在景观格局静态地形分异阶段。本文利用浙江西部桐庐县1996、2004的土地利用现状图和DEM数据,对其1996-2004年景观格局动态演变特征的高程分异规律进行研究。研究对桐庐县1996、2004年的土地利用现状图进行处理获得景观类型分布图,通过1∶10000的DEM数据的分带操作,生成不同高程带的景观类型分布图。选取斑块密度、景观形状指数、分维数、破碎度、香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数等景观格局指数,并在ArcGIS和Fragstats的支持下,计算出各带两个年份的景观格局指数并作对比分析。结果表明:研究区景观格局演变具有明显的高程分异特征,不仅表现为景观类型分布的变化与高程变化相关,而且体现在景观格局指数的变化值随高程上升而增减的趋势也有一定的规律性:景观水平上所有指数变化的剧烈程度大致与高程呈负相关关系,景观类型水平上各景观类型的破碎度、和斑块密度变化程度随海拔升高趋于缓和。     

基于植被分布特征的森林景观建模方法

在虚拟地理环境中如何快速地生成具有特定空间格局的森林景观是一个具有挑战的问题。现有的研究主要以模拟或随机的方式确定树木的位置,但难以反映每个树种的分布特征。本文提出了一种基于图的中性景观模型,根据指定的景观指数生成特定组成结构和空间配置的森林景观。模型将格网随机划分为若干不规则的区域,并将其转化为对应的区域邻接图,通过源节点的受限生长生成特定大小和形状的图斑。相比其他中性景观模型,该模型在可控性和灵活性上具有优势,能对每种类型的景观特征分别进行表达。最后根据模型生成的森林景观确定树木的位置与种类。本方法不仅能为植被场景的可视化提供合理的植被分布,而且能反映森林景观的空间分布特征,为虚拟森林环境中的林业规划决策以及植被分布规律认知提供一定的支持。     

基于DEM地形信息量的景观格局预测——以珠海市为例

针对传统景观格局分析方法的数据局限性,该文提出了一种基于数字高程模型地形信息量的景观格局预测分析方法。结合信息熵理论,利用数字高程模型计算地形信息量,研究不同分级地形信息量下景观格局特征的变化特征,以及不同景观类型在不同地形信息量等级的分布特征,对具有相似地形特征的区域建立利用地形信息量对其景观格局特征进行预测分析的方法。该文选择珠海市地形特征相似的两个区域进行了试验分析,对珠海市斗门区建立基于数字高程模型地形信息量的景观格局预测方法,预测在相似地形特征下南坪镇的景观格局特征,并以南坪镇真实的景观特征进行验证。实验结果显示,基于数字高程模型地形信息量的邻域景观预测分析方法不仅能正确预测分析不同地形信息量下的景观分析指数,同时也能正确预测不同景观类型的空间分布特征。     

京津冀地区土地利用及典型城市景观格局分析

利用京津冀地区2000年、2007年的TM影像和2013年的高分一号影像,采用监督分类并结合目视解译方法,对其整体的土地利用情况和北京、天津、石家庄、唐山4个典型城市的景观变化作定量分析。结果显示,近13 a来,京津冀地区的耕地数量在持续减少;城镇工矿用地面积在不断增加,其转入来源主要有耕地、林地等;林地、水体的年变化率出现先增加后减少的趋势,而草地、未利用地、盐田的变化趋势与之相反。在城市景观格局中,由于城市不同、发展类型不同,斑块数量、斑块密度变化各异,多样性指数、周长面积分维数和分离指数随时间变化逐渐上升,表明近13 a来京津冀城市景观的破碎度上升、斑块形状的复杂性增加。     

吉林省近20年景观空间格局动态变化研究

利用1980、1995、2000年三期遥感影像，在GIS与RS技术支持下。解译提取了吉林省20a景观类型空间信息，选取景观多样性、破碎化、分维数等景现指数分析吉林省景观格局的时空动态演变。     

城市道路网元胞模式分析的网络景观指数分析法

道路网元胞的组成及其配置构成了特定的网络景观,受启发于元胞和景观格局中斑块的相似性,借鉴景观格局分析中的景观指数分析法,提出了一种城市道路网元胞模式分析的新方法——网络景观指数分析法。该方法基于道路类型生成不同类别的元胞,计算网络景观指数,并通过相关分析与因子分析挖掘主要因子,进而解释主要因子及代表指数在道路网模式分析中的含义。应用该方法计算了中国34个城市街道网络的24个指标,发现了4个主要因子:元胞的空间分布与多样性、元胞最大尺寸与延展性差异、元胞平均延展性和元胞平均尺寸与形状复杂度。反映到道路网中,描述了道路的集聚与分散特征、道路类型的多样性、道路网的规则程度等特征。     

基于RS和GIS的桓仁县乡村聚落景观格局分析

运用RS和GIS技术以及景观分析方法,以辽东山区桓仁县典型的6个乡镇乡村聚落为研究对象,选取乡村聚落斑块数、斑块面积、斑块密度、平均斑块面积、面积加权平均斑块分维数等5个景观指数,从乡村聚落用地、规模、形态、分离度4个方面进行景观空间格局分析.结果表明,桓仁县乡村聚落的景观格局具有用地比重偏少,聚落斑块数量多、平均斑块面积小,聚落规模在0.743～1.292hm2之间,形态分布稀疏零散,分形指数小、斑块稳定,分离度大等特点.说明在这种乡村聚落景观格局作用下,必然导致自然景观缺乏高度连接,聚落周边自然生态环境受到侵扰和破坏.     

剑门关丹霞地貌类型景观格局时空变化研究

基于遥感和GIS技术,以SPOT数据作为主要的数据源,分别提取了1990年、2000年和2010年剑门关局部地区丹霞地貌类型景观格局信息,通过计算多种景观指数,分析了不同坡度、坡向和时空上丹霞地貌类型景观格局的变化情况。研究结果表明丹霞地貌景观格局变化随坡度、坡向等因子的不同表现出差异性,国家政策和人类活动影响是其景观格局变化的主要因素。     

Landscape characterisation of the forests of Himalayan foothills

Deforestation and degradation are important aspects of landscape dynamics and have global significance. Quantification of landscape pattern using landscape metrics help in characterisation of landscapes and thus overall health of the forest cover. Himalayan foothills are one of the most important and fragile landscapes. Developmental activities and depdendence on the forest resources have altered the spatial pattern of these natural landscapes to a great extent. These changes in the landscape were analysed using satellite data from 1990, 2001 and 2006. The vegetation type maps of Dehradun forest division were prepared by supervised classification technique in order to study the landscape dynamics. Patch density, edge density, shape index, cohesion index, interspersion and juxtaposition index, normalised entropy, and relative richness are some important landscape metrics used in the study for quantifying the characteristics of landscape. The landscape metrics analysis and transformation analysis show that the forested areas are getting degraded and physical connectedness between the patches have also decreased making them isolated. The study demonstrates the importance of geospatial tools for monitoring the impact of disturbances on the forest ecosystem health, which can further help in landscape management.     

Landscape characterization of Sariska National Park (India) and its surroundings

Landscape characterization gives an overall information on the status of Land Use and Land Cover(LULC),changes in its composition and the impact of natural and human influences operating at different spatial and temporal scales.This information can be used to monitor changes in natural forest resources and protected areas,delineate potential conservation areas and can serve in effective management of ecologically fragile landscapes.In the present study,geo-spatial tools were used to characterize the landscape of Sariska National Park and its surroundings.Satellite data was used to prepare LULC maps for 1989 and 2000,change detection analysis and computation of landscape metrics.Climatic data,field records and modeling tools were used to map the po-tential spread of two invasive species,Prosopis juliflora and Adhatoda vasica.The results show that the forest area increased from 1989 to 2000,indicating better management practices.Landscape metrics(PAFRAC,PLADJ and AI)also support this argument.Improvements in the degraded forest can further enhance this effect.The entire reserve however is suitable for the invasion of P.juliflora and A.vasica but is more pronounced in Boswellia serrata and Anogeissus pendula-Acacia catechu(open)forests.A detailed landscape characterization map can help forest managers to make important policy decisions concerning issues such as in-vasive species.     

Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity—A comparison among Greek landscapes

This paper investigates the spatial heterogeneity of three landscapes along an altitudinal gradient and different human land use. The main aim was the identification of appropriate landscape indicators using different extents. ASTER image was used to create a land cover map consisting of three landscapes which differed in altitude and land use. A number of landscape metrics quantifying patch complexity, configuration, diversity and connectivity were derived from the thematic map at the landscape level. There were significant differences among the three landscapes regarding these four aspects of landscape heterogeneity. The analysis revealed a specific pattern of land use where lowlands are being increasingly utilized by humans (percentage of agricultural land = 65.84%) characterized by physical connectedness (high values of Patch Cohesion Index) and relatively simple geometries (low values of fractal dimension index). The landscape pattern of uplands was found to be highly diverse based upon the Shannon Diversity index. After selecting the scale (600 ha) where metrics values stabilized, it was shown that metrics were more correlated at the small scale of 60 ha. From the original 24 metrics, 14 individual metrics with high Spearman correlation coefficient and Variance Inflation Factor criterion were eliminated, leaving 10 representative metrics for subsequent analysis. Data reduction analysis showed that Patch Density, Area-Weighted Mean Fractal Dimension Index and Patch Cohesion Index are suitable to describe landscape patterns irrespective of the scale. A systematic screening of these metrics could enhance a deeper understanding of the results obtained by them and contribute to a sustainable landscape management of Mediterranean landscapes.     

Performance evaluation of land change simulation models using landscape metrics

This study proposes a landscape metrics-based method for model performance evaluation of land change simulation models. To quantify model performance at both landscape and class levels, a set of composition- and configuration-based metrics including number of patches, class area, landscape shape index, mean patch area and mean Euclidean nearest neighbour distance were employed. These landscape metrics provided detailed information on simulation success of a cellular automata-Markov chain (CA-Markov) model standpoint of spatial arrangement of the simulated map versus the corresponding reference layer. As a measure of model simulation success, mean relative error (MRE) of the metrics was calculated. At both landscape and class levels, the MRE values were accounted for 22.73 and 10.2%, respectively, which are further categorised into qualitative measurements of model simulation performance for simple and quick comparison of the results. Findings of the present study depict a hierarchical and multi spatial level assessment of model performance.     

A new landscape metric for the identification of terraced sites: The Slope Local Length of Auto-Correlation (SLLAC)

This work presents the potential for high-resolution remote sensing data (LiDAR digital terrain models) to determine the spatial heterogeneity of terraced landscapes. The study objective is achieved through the identification of a new parameter that distinguishes this unique landscape form from more natural land formations. The morphological indicator proposed is called the Slope Local Length of Auto-Correlation (SLLAC), and it is derived from the local analysis of slope self-similarity. The SLACC is obtained over two steps: (i) calculating the correlation between a slope patch and a defined surrounding area and (ii) identifying the characteristic length of correlation for each neighbourhood. The SLLAC map texture can be measured using a surface metrology metric called the second derivative of peaks, or Spc. For the present study, we tested the algorithm for two types of landscapes: a Mediterranean and an Alpine one. The research method involved an examination of both real LiDAR DTMs and simulated ones, in which it was possible to control terrace shapes and the percentage of area covered by terraces. The results indicate that SLLAC maps exhibit a random aspect for natural surfaces. In contrast, terraced landscapes demonstrate a higher degree of order, and this behaviour is independent of the morphological context and terracing system. The outcomes of this work also prove that Spc values decrease as the area of terraced surfaces increases within the investigated region: the Spc for terraced areas is significantly different from the Spc of a natural landscape. In areas of smooth natural morphology, the Spc identifies terraced areas with a 20% minimum height range covered in terraces. In contrast, in areas of steep morphologies and vertical cliffs, the algorithm performs well when terraces cover at least 50% of the investigated surface. Given the increasing importance of terraced landscapes, the proposed procedure offers a significant and promising tool for the exploration of spatial heterogeneity in terraced sites.     

公路走廊带景观破碎度的空间分异研究

近年来,我国公路对自然生态环境的影响随着通车里程的增加而日益显著。在公路选线的过程中,全面分析拟建公路走廊带内景观破碎度的空间分异特征,可有效减少公路修建对生态环境的不利影响。本文利用遥感分类技术和GIS(地理信息系统)空间分析方法,以湖南长湘公路走廊带某段土地斑块和景观分类为基础,借助斑块密度指数、最大斑块指数和相似邻近比指数,在斑块类型水平和景观水平两个层面全面分析公路走廊带内自然林地景观、农业景观和城乡建设景观破碎度的空间分异特征。结果表明:长湘公路走廊带内景观破碎度高的地区主要分布在大型斑块边缘、平原地区以及公路沿线;自然林地景观和农业景观的破碎度较低,城乡建设景观的破碎度较高;城乡建设景观的破碎度与公路相关性最强,表现出顺应公路走向的条带状蔓延特征。该研究成果可为公路选线方案的制订和完善提供环境影响方面的参考。     

Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City,China

Since there is an increasing demand for integrating landscape ecology and urban planning theories to study complex urban ecosystems and establish rational and ecological urban planning, we introduced a new concept-urban functional landscapes which can be reclassified based on detailed land use data to fulfill the various urban functions, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure purposes. In this paper, urban functional landscapes were defined based on urban land use data produced from Pleiades images, and then landscape metrics and population density were combined to identify the urban functional zones along an urban–rural gradient. The features of urban functional landscape patterns and population density were also analyzed, and their relationship has been explored. The results showed that the pattern of urban functional landscapes and population density in the urban functional zones (Urban center, Urban peripheral area, Landscape barrier, Satellite city and Far-suburb) along the urban–rural gradient in Xiamen doesn't totally conform to the classical theories in spatial and social aspects. Urban functional landscapes is potential of acting as bridges between the landscape ecology and urban planning theories, providing scientific support for rational urban landscape planning and urban land use policy making.     

Landscape transform and spatial metrics for mapping spatiotemporal land cover dynamics using Earth Observation data-sets

Analysis of Earth observation (EO) data, often combined with geographical information systems (GIS), allows monitoring of land cover dynamics over different ecosystems, including protected or conservation sites. The aim of this study is to use contemporary technologies such as EO and GIS in synergy with fragmentation analysis, to quantify the changes in the landscape of the Rajaji National Park (RNP) during the period of 19 years (1990–2009). Several statistics such as principal component analysis (PCA) and spatial metrics are used to understand the results. PCA analysis has produced two principal components (PC) and explained 84.1% of the total variance, first component (PC1) accounted for the 57.8% of the total variance while the second component (PC2) has accounted for the 26.3% of the total variance calculated from the core area metrics, distance metrics and shape metrics. Our results suggested that notable changes happened in the RNP landscape, evidencing the requirement of taking appropriate measures to conserve this natural ecosystem.     

玛河流域景观生态风险评价与时空分异

以玛纳斯河流域作为研究区,结合特殊的干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠系统(Mountain-Oasis-Desert System简称MODS),综合考虑遥感影像数据光谱信息和纹理特征,将研究区分为耕地、林地、草地、水体、裸地、居民地、工业用地和冰川/永久积雪等8个景观类型,利用FRAGSTATS软件计算景观指数,引入生态风险的指数,将研究区划为低、较低、中、较高、高生态风险区五级,评估其景观格局的生态风险时空变化特征。结果表明:1)1990—2015年间,玛纳斯河流域景观变化主要表现为耕地、建设用地的增加以及水体、冰川/永久积雪面积的缩减;2)玛纳斯河流域的景观生态风险等级空间分布具有明显的差异,较低风险区的面积变化较为明显,低、较低生态的风险区比重有所上升,除此以外,林、草地类型各生态风险的等级所占比重的起伏波动具有明显的差异。建议应当合理地利用土地资源,尽量保护林地、草地等景观脆弱行较低的原生景观类型,禁止为开垦耕地而破坏林地、草地;增加土地的利用效率,更要对高等、较高生态风险区加强监管。