浙西低山丘陵区景观格局变化的高程分异研究——以桐庐县为例

国内外学者对于景观格局的地形分异研究,经历了从景观类型分布高程差异到景观指数高程分异研究的过程,目前处在景观格局静态地形分异阶段。本文利用浙江西部桐庐县1996、2004的土地利用现状图和DEM数据,对其1996-2004年景观格局动态演变特征的高程分异规律进行研究。研究对桐庐县1996、2004年的土地利用现状图进行处理获得景观类型分布图,通过1∶10000的DEM数据的分带操作,生成不同高程带的景观类型分布图。选取斑块密度、景观形状指数、分维数、破碎度、香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数等景观格局指数,并在ArcGIS和Fragstats的支持下,计算出各带两个年份的景观格局指数并作对比分析。结果表明:研究区景观格局演变具有明显的高程分异特征,不仅表现为景观类型分布的变化与高程变化相关,而且体现在景观格局指数的变化值随高程上升而增减的趋势也有一定的规律性:景观水平上所有指数变化的剧烈程度大致与高程呈负相关关系,景观类型水平上各景观类型的破碎度、和斑块密度变化程度随海拔升高趋于缓和。     

基于3S的湿地景观格局动态变化研究——以银川平原为例

文章应用1991年的TM图像和2006年的ETM图像,将研究区湿地类型分为自然湿地(包括河流湿地、湖泊湿地、灌丛湿地)和人工湿地(包括水塘、输水渠、水产池塘),提取研究区两个时期的湿地景观,并应用斑块数量、斑块面积、破碎度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数和分维数指数分析了研究区的湿地景观变化情况。结果表明:从1991年到2006年,银川平原的湿地斑块数量和面积减小幅度很大,在研究时段内银川平原自然湿地的面积均大于人工湿地,但是自然湿地占有比例下降,人工湿地比例上升。从景观格局来看,1991年到2006年间,银川平原湿地景观的破碎度和优势度指数降低,多样性指数和分维数指数略有增加。     

京津冀地区土地利用及典型城市景观格局分析

利用京津冀地区2000年、2007年的TM影像和2013年的高分一号影像,采用监督分类并结合目视解译方法,对其整体的土地利用情况和北京、天津、石家庄、唐山4个典型城市的景观变化作定量分析。结果显示,近13 a来,京津冀地区的耕地数量在持续减少;城镇工矿用地面积在不断增加,其转入来源主要有耕地、林地等;林地、水体的年变化率出现先增加后减少的趋势,而草地、未利用地、盐田的变化趋势与之相反。在城市景观格局中,由于城市不同、发展类型不同,斑块数量、斑块密度变化各异,多样性指数、周长面积分维数和分离指数随时间变化逐渐上升,表明近13 a来京津冀城市景观的破碎度上升、斑块形状的复杂性增加。     

西北内陆干旱区河流绿色走廊湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应研究——以车尔臣河下游为例

应用"3S"技术,通过选取景观的多样性、优势度、破碎度和斑块形状等空间格局指数对车尔臣河下游绿色走廊1975~2007年近32 a间湿地景观格局变化进行研究,并对景观格局变化产生的生态效应进行了分析.结果表明:1975~2000年,湿地面积与斑块数量小幅度增大;2000~2007年,湿地面积与斑块数量大幅度减小,斑块平均面积与斑块密度持续减小,斑块形状趋于复杂,景观格局的多样性减小,优势度与破碎化程度增大.在各湿地类型中,河流湿地面积变化幅度较小,湖泊湿地面积大幅度增大,沼泽湿地面积大幅度减小.     

城市景观格局及其时空变化研究

基于Erdas Imaging9.0、Arc GIS9.3以及Fragstats 3.3软件平台,对吉林市1991年、2006年TM遥感影像进行土地利用变化分析,研究斑块尺度以及景观类型尺度上的景观特征指数,从而揭示景观格局特征变化和时空演变规律。结果表明,2006年吉林市景观整体较1991年具有较低的破碎度、多样性和聚集度,建筑用地、水域、水田面积增加,旱地、林地面积减少,其中旱地和村庄2类景观变化比例最大。     

基于RS与GIS的雅安市土地利用景观格局变化分析研究

本文以TM遥感影像等为数据源,借助RS与GIS技术,选择了能反映研究区景观空间格局的景观指数,分析研究了雅安市2000年至2007间的景观空间格局动态变化。从两期景观指数对比得出:林地是研究区景观基质类型,研究期内景观异质性降低,破碎度呈减少趋势。     

基于RS与GIS的雅安市土地利用景观格局变化分析研究

以TM遥感影像等为数据源,借助RS与GIS技术,选择了能反映研究区景观空间格局的景观指数,分析研究了雅安市2000年至2007间的景观空间格局动态变化.从两期景观指数对比得出:林地是研究区景观基质类型,研究期内景观异质性升高,破碎度增大.     

基于GIS的长白山景观格局演化信息图谱分析

景观格局是若干生态系统的综合体,受地貌、气候和其他外界多种因素的干扰,是模拟和预测地理要素变化趋势的基础。地学信息图谱理论为景观格局研究提供新的方法。基于RS和GIS技术,分析了20世纪70年代后期以来长白山地区景观格局图谱的时空变化规律。利用1977年MSS、1985年、1999年TM影像时间系列的遥感数据,建立空间信息库,选取景观/斑块类型面积、斑块所占景观面积的比例、平均斑块面积、斑块个数、破碎度指数、分维数、优势度指数等指标,对长白山景观空间格局的动态演变进行了分析。分析了长白山地区近30年来的景观结构变化,建立长白山景观格局演化的信息图谱。景观格局与过程的变化表明,人为活动对景观格局产生的影响,已成为景观格局变化的主要驱动因子。     

眉山市东坡区景观生态信息初步分析

利用景观生态学格局分析方法,将东坡区景观分成耕地、林地、草地、水体、建筑用地和裸地景观六大类。通过遥感影像判读解译,得到上述六类景观基本形状数据。通过计算得到各景观的斑块总面积指数、景观类型所占景观面积的比例指数、斑块数指数、最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积指数、景观破碎化指数、景观优势度指数和多样性指数等景观格局数,初步分析2000年和2007年该区景观格局变化,为经济开发和环境保护提供科学依据和决策支持。     

基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究——以重庆市北部新区为例

在RS和GIS技术的支持下，以1997年、2000年和2002年TM图像为数据源，利用平均斑块面积、分维数、块斑伸长指数、景观多样 性指数、蔓延度和破碎度指数等景观特征指标，从多个层面对重庆市北部新区区域景观特征及其动态变化进行了研究。结果表明，在5 a时间内，区域景观特征发生了很大变化，已经从城乡过渡带景观演变为快速城市化的城市景观。主要表现为各类城市建设用地不断扩 大，呈现出空间集中化的特点，耕地和绿地在区域发展过程当中扮演着用地来源的角色，逐步被蚕食、分割，区域生态环境遭到破坏。     

厦门市景观格局的尺度效应分析

在景观生态学研究方法的指导下,本文利用遥感和GIS技术,采用半变异函数分析,选取多样性指数和斑块密度,对厦门市不同幅度下的景观格局进行探讨。首先选取出厦门市景观格局研究的最佳幅度,然后在此基础上,对最佳幅度下的景观指数进行克里金空间插值分析,研究厦门市景观格局的空间异质性特征。结果表明,3km幅度是研究厦门市空间变化的一个比较好的幅度,3km幅度下,景观多样性指数可分为三个区域,斑块密度可分为三个层次。     

Spatial pattern of urban functional landscapes along an urban–rural gradient: A case study in Xiamen City,China

Since there is an increasing demand for integrating landscape ecology and urban planning theories to study complex urban ecosystems and establish rational and ecological urban planning, we introduced a new concept-urban functional landscapes which can be reclassified based on detailed land use data to fulfill the various urban functions, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure purposes. In this paper, urban functional landscapes were defined based on urban land use data produced from Pleiades images, and then landscape metrics and population density were combined to identify the urban functional zones along an urban–rural gradient. The features of urban functional landscape patterns and population density were also analyzed, and their relationship has been explored. The results showed that the pattern of urban functional landscapes and population density in the urban functional zones (Urban center, Urban peripheral area, Landscape barrier, Satellite city and Far-suburb) along the urban–rural gradient in Xiamen doesn't totally conform to the classical theories in spatial and social aspects. Urban functional landscapes is potential of acting as bridges between the landscape ecology and urban planning theories, providing scientific support for rational urban landscape planning and urban land use policy making.     

Dynamic Change of Landscape Pattern at Jilin Province from 1980 to 2000

By using remote sensing images from three periods (1980, 1995, 2000) and with the support of GIS and RS, the spatial information of landscape elements of Jilin Province from 1980 to 2000 was interpreted and extracted. Using models of landscape indices such as diversity, fragmentation, and mean patch fractal dimension, dynamic spatio-temporal changes of landscape patterns of the province were analyzed. The results: ① cropland and forestland were the main landscape types, and forestland became a landscape matrix; ② in the study area, landscapes were distributed unevenly, and there was low heterogeneity, a simple ecosystem structure and a tendency of irrational landscape patterns. There were also simple spatial shapes of patches and strong self-similarities, and in terms of dynamic change analysis, patch shapes tended to be more simple; ③ from 1980 to 2000, holistic landscape fragmentation was low and changed slightly. As far as landscape elements were concerned, the fragmentation of grassland, water area, land for residential area and factory facilities was relatively low; land distribution for residential areas and factory facilities was dispersed; and cropland and forestland were most concentrated-an indication that the trend will continue. Comprehensive effects among human activity, local policy, regional climate and environmental change led to the results.     

沈抚“同城区”生态空间遥感自动识别及动态检测研究

以辽宁省沈抚新城区为研究对象,选择2006、2010及2014年Landsat影像为数据源,利用面向对象方法提取城市生态空间信息,并对研究区内的景观格局动态特征和多方向变化特征进行了相关计算和分析。结果表明:1)多方向变化分析研究区南部城市增长最多,沈抚新城发展中抚顺区域推进较快,不断向沈阳方向发展;2)绿地整体的增加和城市建筑增加呈显著正相关,沈抚新城生态空间结构逐渐靠拢,并向着规划中的打造浑河景观带的目标努力;3)2006~2014年期间,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数呈增加趋势,散布与并列指数和蔓延度指数逐年递减,说明沈抚同城化过程中景观具有均衡性和规划性。     

Quantifying spatiotemporal dynamics of agricultural landscapes using remotely sensed data and landscape metrics

This study focuses on the spatiotemporal dynamics of agricultural lands and differences in rapidly developing urban and declining rural counties in Iowa, USA between 1984 and 2000. The study presents an analysis of land-cover maps derived from Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite imagery and different landscape metrics using FRAGSTATS and IDRISI software. The study provides evidence of both loss of croplands and change in fragmentation between 1984 and 2000. Fragmentation in agriculture-dominated areas increased with the development of urban centres and diversification of land uses. Fragmentation of landscapes, including agricultural land, was found to be higher in the urbanized counties, but was stable or even declined over time in these counties. In contrast, in the context of remote rural areas, agricultural landscapes experienced rapid increase in fragmentation and farmland loss. The urban–rural gradient analysis used in this study showed that the highest fragmentation occurred on the city edges. These findings suggest that farmland fragmentation is a complex process associated with socio-economic trends at regional and local scales. In addition, socio-economic determinants of landscape fragmentation differ between areas with diverging development trajectories. Intensive cropland fragmentation in remote agricultural regions, detected by this research, should be further studied and its possible effects on both agricultural productivity and biodiversity should be carefully considered.     

高分辨率遥感影像的景观格局分析

以景观生态学理论为研究基础,以高分辨率遥感影像等为数据源、利用RS和GIS技术,将梅州城市规划区的土地利用类型分为耕地、林地、草地、城镇用地及公路用地、湖泊水面、河流水面、裸地、滩涂等9类,并从景观的基本构成、景观水平的破碎化与多样性、不同景观斑块的空间格局特征等进行了研究分析;并提出对研究区合理规划土地开发利用的建议...     

An analysis of changes in the urban landscape composition and configuration in the Sancaktepe District of Istanbul Metropolitan City,Turkey using landscape metrics and satellite data

Changes in landscape composition and configuration patterns of Sancaktepe Municipal District in the Asian side of Istanbul Metropolitan City of Turkey were analysed using landscape metrics. Class-level and landscape-level metrics were calculated from the land cover/land use data using Patch Analyst, an extension in the Arc View GIS. The land cover/land use data were derived from classified satellite images of Landsat Thematic Mapper of 2002 and 2009 for Sancaktepe District. There was evidence of increase in agglomeration process of built-up patches as indicated by the increases in mean patch size, decrease in total edge and number of patches between 2002 and 2009. The urban expansion pattern experienced overall was not fragmented but concentrated due to infilling around existing patches. Changes in Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index and Area-Weighted Patch Fractal Dimension Index indicated that the physical shapes within built-up, forest and bareland areas were relatively complex and irregular. A conclusion is made in this study that spatial metrics are useful tools to describe the urban landscape composition and configuration in its various aspects and certain decisions whether to approve a specific development in urban planning could, for example, be based on some measures of urban growth form or pattern in terms of uniformity and irregularity, attributable to the dynamic processes of agglomeration and fragmentation of land cover/land use patches caused by urban expansion.     

西双版纳橡胶种植特点及其对热带森林景观影响的遥感研究

利用遥感技术研究西双版纳橡胶分布格局、时空动态及其对热带森林景观的影响。研究表明： 西双版纳橡胶种植既有明显的地域分布和地带分布差异特征，也有很高的时空动态度； 橡胶种植对土壤侵蚀作用不明显，但是使周边环境破碎度加大，热带森林异质性自然景观向单一人工斑块化景观发展； 西双版纳橡胶种植获得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益，也对热带森林的稳定性和多样性造成威胁。     

Application of landscape ecology and remote sensing for assessment,monitoring and conservation of biodiversity

Landscape ecology, inter alia, addresses the question as to how altered landscape patterns affect the distribution, persistence, and abundance of a species. Landscape ecology plays an important role in integrating the different scales of biodiversity from habitat patch to biome level. Satellite remote sensing technology with multi-sensor capabilities offers multi-scale information on landscape composition and configuration. Advances in geospatial analytical tools and spatial statistics have improved the capability to quantify spatial heterogeneity. Globally, landscape level characterization of biodiversity has become an important discipline of science. Considering the vast extent, heterogeneity, and ecological and economic importance of forest landscapes, significant efforts have been made in India during the past decade to strengthen landscape level biodiversity characterization. The generic frame work of studies comprises preparation of national databases providing information on composition and configuration of different landscapes using multi-scale remote sensing techniques, understanding the landscape patterns using geospatial models to elicit disturbance and diversity patterns and application of this information for bioprospecting and conservation purposes. Studies on hierarchical linkage of multi-scale information to study the processes of change, landscape function, dynamics of habitat fragmentation, invasion, development of network of conservation areas based on the understanding of multi-species responses to landscape mosaics, macro-ecological studies to understand environment and species richness, habitat and species transitions and losses, landscape level solutions to adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change are a few of the future challenges. The paper presents the current experiences and, analyses in conjunction with international scenario and identifies future challenges of Indian landscape level biodiversity studies.     

长沙市景观破碎化时空分异特征研究

基于2000年长沙市1:10万土地利用图,利用ERDAS软件对1989年、2006年的遥感图像进行解译;在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS和景观格局分析软件Fragstats支持下,以城镇建设空间重心为中心,分别选取东西、南北景观样带(40 km×8 km)和8个不同半径的同心圆缓冲区,用斑块密度、边界密度、平均斑块分维数...