民乐-山丹地震的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆

利用青藏块体北缘地区2001～2003年GPS水平运动资料和1988—2003年跨断层短水准流动观测资料，借助改进的负位错模型及断层形变应变强度比一时变曲线，研究了与2003年10月25日民乐-山丹Ms6．1，Ms5．8地震孕育有关的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆异常。分析表明，在昆仑山Ms8．1大震引起的大区域形变调整-短期松弛-开始恢复的背景下，民乐-山丹地震震源位于可能反映应变能积累加速的块体边界压性锁定段之间的剪应力强度增强段北侧；距震中最近的石灰窑口跨断层短水准流动场地在震前3个月呈现显著应变强度比异常，而震前10余天至数月内整个监测区异常个数、震前3个月相对近源区异常集中与局部增强均是对这两次地震的某种预示。     

2022年门源M6.9地震前孕震区跨断层形变异常特征及其机理

跨断层形变测量在寻找地震前兆信息和强震预测预报工作中做出了重要贡献。2022年青海门源M6.9地震前,祁连山—海原断裂带上的跨断层短水准资料有着显著的前兆异常。本文基于截至2021年12月的跨断层短水准资料,利用时序分析法、形变异常强度分析法和垂直形变累积率分析法等,提取震前异常的时空演化特征,探讨震前中短期断层活动情况及其变形机理。结果表明,在NE—SW向挤压和NW—SE向水平剪切共同作用的动力学背景下,震源区垂直形变趋势累积处于高值,具有一定的应变能累积背景;在震前5年时间,靠近震中的断层运动发生偏离线性的“迟滞”现象,且在震前2年内异常空间分布具有向震中迁移集中的特征,表征靠近震源区地壳应力快速积累,应力局部化增强;震前半年内,距离震中60～120 km范围多个场地表现为一致性的、与挤压受力背景相反的张性异常变化,这种异常现象指示近震区应力积累到一定程度后发生微动态调整、断层局部出现预滑动等变化。     

华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动

根据断层形变求解的华北地区异常参数和应变累积率, 研究了华北主要断裂带的断层形变异常及其应震特征。 同一断裂带上的形变异常与该带上的地震有较好的对应性。 河套—张家口—蓬莱活动构造带上发生的强震, 北京地区的断层形变异常参数在总体上几乎都有明显的前兆性异常。 山西带北部的断层形变异常参数对山西断陷带及其延伸部位上的强震同样有较好的反映。 断层应变累积率反映了应力的积累程度, 其值相对较大时, 测点所在地区的地震较活跃, 反之亦然。     

景泰5.9级地震的断层形变异常及中短期预报

初步研究了2000年6月6日甘肃景泰5.9级地震蕴育过程中近源区及外围地区断层形变异常的时空分布特征:震前断层形变异常分布范围广、异常形态复杂，断层形变（应变）类信息指标图象异常区明显．不同地域断层形变异常形态及幅度存在显著差异，与异常所处的构造部位密切相关:海原断裂带西段出现的，，相断层形变异常，显示了近源区断层运动由准线性走向非线性的过程，与断层形变（应变）类信息指标高值异常区相配合，反映蕴震区应变积累程度高；而构造汇聚部位的六盘山断裂带等远场区较大幅度的突跳尖点异常，并不反映所在地的应变积累，而可能是蕴震过程区域构造应力场增强的一个标志．在此基础上，结合对景泰5.9级地震中短期预报经验教训的初步总结，研究和探讨了断层形变异常在震情判定中的应用．      

岷县漳县6.6级地震前区域地壳运动变形背景与断层形变异常特征

利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震区所在的青藏块体东北缘地区的区域水准、GPS、流动重力和跨断层短测线等地形变监测资料,结合地质构造、动力环境和已往的研究结果,分析了不同类型资料反映的震前区域性地壳变形背景、断层形变异常特征和可能的机理.结果认为：（1）岷县漳县6.6级地震前西秦岭、六盘山等构造区不同程度地存在着GPS水平挤压闭锁高应变积累、垂直隆升异常高梯度带和重力升、降差异剧烈变化等中长期背景;（2）震前到震时发震断裂附近及其外围相关构造区域断层形变异常在空间和时间上的起伏波动变化显著,尤其是汶川地震以来的波动变化在一定程度上反映了与本区构造比邻的龙门山断裂带剧烈右旋错动对本区的影响,与本次岷县6.6级地震过程有关;（3）本区有地形变监测资料积累以来缺乏6级以上震例,虽然存在不同程度的中长期形变背景异常,但何时进入短期-短临阶段确实很难把握,需要不断积累总结和探索提高.     

4·20芦山7.0级地震预测思路及过程回顾

2013年"4.20"芦山7.0级地震前,四川跨断层形变资料在紧邻发震断裂的鲜水河、安宁河、则木河断裂带上出现了偏离正常背景的长、中、短期异常,长期异常以断层张性活动为主,中短期以趋势转折为主,短期则以鲜水河中北段压性活动为主,且据此做出了较准确的短期预测。文中将对该次地震的预测思路及过程进行回顾,展示长、中、短期预测依据及过程,为未来强震的短期预测总结经验。分析结果认为:1)跨断层短水准、短基线的突变加速异常对强震发生的时间有着较好的短期预测意义;2)综合利用跨断层前兆异常出现的时序特征、流动重力高梯度带及差异性变化进行分析,提取其异常交会部位,对强震的发生地点有着较好的预测效果;3)跨断层形变异常持续时间的统计对于强震发生的震级有一定的指示意义;从断层活动特性来看,"4.20"芦山地震前,巴颜喀拉块体向SE的运动速率可能大于川滇块体东边界,导致龙门山北段、鲜水河中北段、则木河断裂带断层挤压推拉活动加剧,龙门山南段、安宁河北段"闭锁",各个断层活动方式产生明显差异,但又相互牵制、相互调整,并在运动形式上相互转换,从而使高原与盆地过渡地带的脆性岩层产生破裂,发生强震。     

动态地壳形变与川滇地区成组强震活动

初步分析了1982年以来川滇地块的地震,存在2组强震活动,即1988～1989年澜沧、巴塘、小金地震,1995～1996年孟连、武定、丽江地震.研究了川滇地区跨断层短水准、短基线、连续蠕变观测资料在这2组强震前中期-短期的形态异常和年速率动态异常.震前形变异常场地震数的比例在云南地区为0.33～0.42, 而四川地区较低.部分场地出现的异常时段有一定的同步性.文中对跨断层形变异常图像与成组强震关系作了初步的讨论.     

呼图壁M_S6.2与精河M_S6.6地震前的地形变异常特征

利用2012—2018年跨断层流动水准观测资料,提取北天山地区的断层形变趋势累积率和灰色关联度指标,结合2009—2017年GPS速度场数据,分析呼图壁M_S6.2与精河M_S6.6地震前的地形变异常特征。结果表明:①呼图壁地震位于GPS压性变化最高值区边缘,断层形变趋势累积量较大的测线相对集中在震区附近;精河地震位于压应变较高值区和增强区,震区附近也出现巴音沟、伊宁等跨断层高逆断趋势累积背景异常。②2次地震中,震级较大的精河地震前跨断层灰色关联度指标异常较为显著,震中周边半径200,300,500 km范围内均出现"逆断加速"中短期-短期异常;且距震中越近,异常幅度越大。     

垂直形变趋势累计率在川滇地区的应用

本文在研究形变趋势累计率的基础之上,对数据处理方法进行了局部改进,将跨断层场地布设较多的川滇地区作为实验区,利用精密水准测量分析该地区的垂直形变异常强度,并结合川滇地区震例开展研究。分析发现强震发生前后一段时期,震中附近形变异常强度几乎保持一致,但在震前（1、2个月左右）会发生较大改变,震后逐步恢复到与震前相同的情况;强震主要发生在形变异常强度值变化较大区域附近。垂直形变趋势累计率在中短期的映震效果较好。     

丽江7.0级地震前形变场动态演化与孕震信息提取研究

本文用分段速率整体动态平差法，处理了滇西水准监测网８０年代以来的水准复测资料，并进行了形变速率多面函数拟合和垂直形变场信息分离。研究了１９９６年２月３日发生于滇西水准监测网北部的丽江７０级地震前，形变场动态演化和信息分离得到的垂直形变剪切变形、扩张变形、体积变化及准加速度等信息指标分布变化特征。结果表明：８０年代中前期，在滇西的丽江、永胜及其附近地区出现的大规模形变速率高梯度带和信息指标高值分布所反映的剧烈垂直差异运动，是丽江７０级地震前１０余年孕震应变能开始快速积累的显示；而１９８５～１９９２年形变场趋势转折与垂直差异运动显著减弱，可能意味着孕震能量积累到一定程度后，孕震区处于相对闭锁阶段。在此基础上，结合丽江７０级地震前区域地震活动分析和不同地区强震孕震形变对比，进一步研究了强震前形变场非均匀态特征和孕震信息的识别提取，得出了一些用大地形变进行强震中期预测的有益结果。     

Fault deformation anomaly and intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M_s=5.9 earthquake

IntroductionOn June 6, 2000, an earthquake of MS=5.9 occurred in Jingtai county, Gansu Province. The epicenter (37.1(N, 104.0(E) was located in Maomaoshan-Laohushan zone of the western segment of Liupanshan-Haiyuan fault along the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, where is the middle-eastern part of crustal deformation monitoring area of Gansu-Ningxia- Qinghai region. There are more than 50 spanning-fault mobile monitoring sites in the earthquake area and its vicinity (Fig…     

Fault deformation anomaly and intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M s=5.9 earthquake

The time-space distribution characteristics of fault deformation anomaly in the near-source region and its outlying zone in the seismogenic process of the Jingtai M _s=5.9 earthquake occurred on June 6, 2000 in Gansu Province is studied preliminarily. The distribution scope of fault deformation anomaly before the earthquake is wide, the anomaly shape is complicated and the pattern anomalous zone of fault deformation (strain) information index is obvious. The shape and amplitude of fault deformation anomaly in different regions differ significantly, which is closely related with the tectonic location of anomaly. The fault deformation anomaly of α, β, and γ phases along the western segment of Haiyuan fault zone shows the process from the quasi-linearity to non-linearity of fault movement in the near-source region, matches the high-value anomalous area of fault deformation (strain) information index, and reflects the high strain accumulation in the seismogenic region. However, the anomaly of abrupt jump and cusp with a large amplitude occurred in the areas far from the earthquake, such as Liupanshan fault zone which is the tectonic convergent section does not reflect the strain accumulation of its location, maybe it is a sign that the regional tectonic stress field is strengthened in the seismogenic process. Based on the above-mentioned facts and combined with the preliminary summary of experiences and lessons in the intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M _s=5.9 earthquake, we study and explore the application of fault deformation anomaly to earthquake judgment. Foundation item: National Key Basic Research Development Program (G1998040703 and G1998040705), and State Scientific and Technological Project of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (96-913-09-01-02-03 and 96-913-09-02-02-03), China.     

2021年甘肃阿克塞5.5级地震前区域地壳变形异常特征分析

为研究2021年甘肃阿克塞5.5级地震前震中周边的地壳变形运动特征,根据CMONOC提供的GPS观测资料,通过GPS速度场、面应变率场和站间基线时间序列分析,探讨了震前的地壳变形特征。研究结果表明,震中处于发震断层西南侧远场速度大、近场速度小且断裂两侧速度场方向明显不同的位置,同时位于与发震构造类型一致的面应变率场的压缩高值区,即挤压应变累积区。跨发震断裂的基线长度在震前3年多时间出现的转折变化,表明震前发震断裂两侧左旋走滑速率明显减缓;而断裂两侧的挤压速率有所加快则反映出本次地震前震中区域存在一定程度的应变能积累。研究结果有助于认识该地震的孕震过程,并可为相似构造类型区域的强震预测提供参考依据。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前后地壳垂直运动的负位错模型

利用昆仑山口西8．1级地震震区外围格尔木一五道梁300km长水准测线在1979,1991和2002年3期垂直形变资料,借助研究改进的负位错模型获取发震构造及其相关断裂的运动、变形特征及应力应变积累部位和强度,对与此次大震有关的区域构造形变背景及可能的震后影响进行了研究。结果表明：1991～2002年相对1979～1991年垂直差异运动及应变积累加速增强的特征与昆仑山口西8．1级地震孕育有关;且这样的一个地壳垂直运动加速过程可能还未因地震发生而结束,发震构造相关的断裂构造部位仍有发生较强地震的可能。     

Analysis of Abnormal Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the Menyuan MS6.4 Earthquake by GPS Continuous Data

In order to study the characteristics of crustal deformation around the epicenter before the 2016 M_S6.4 Menyuan earthquake, the GPS continuous stations of the period from 2010 to 2016 were selected according to the observation data of the tectonic environment monitoring network in Chinese Mainland. The deformation characteristics of the crust before the earthquake were discussed through inter-station baseline time series analysis and the strain time series analysis in the epicentral region. The results show that a trend turn of the baseline movement state around the epicenter region occurred after 2014, and the movement after 2014 reflects an obvious decreasing trend of compressional deformation. During this period, the stress field energy was in a certain accumulation state. Since the beginning of 2014, the EW-component linear strain and surface strain rate weakened gradually before the earthquake. It shows that there was an obvious deformation deficit at the epicentral area in the past two years, which indicates that the region accumulated a high degree of strain energy before the earthquake. Therefore, there was a significant background change in the area before the earthquake. The results of the study can provide basic research data for understanding the seismogenic process and mechanism of this earthquake.     

汶川Ms8．0级强震震前龙门山断裂带断层形变异常分析

概述和分析四川汶川Ms8．0级强震的发震构造及其地质背景,从断层形变的角度研究这次地震前形变场的异常变化情况。结论是：汶川地震区的地形变前兆异常是客观存在的,在某些局部区域甚至是非常显著的;流动短水准观测资料反映出了震前龙门山断裂带局部区域的加速活动;从现有形变资料出发,要实现如此大地震的预报仍然缺乏根据和把握。     

Study of the Relation Between the Features of Fault Deformation Tendency Anomaly and Earthquake Activity in the West of China

Using the tendentious accumulation rate of crustal deformation,DC,the spatial distributionfeatures of deformation across fault in the West of China was studied;the regional patterns ofdeformation accumulation induced by fault activity was established and its seismogenicmeaning was discussed.The types of fault deformation evolution in the time domain and thefeatures of change of large extent anomaly in fault deformation which occurred in 1995～1996was analyzed comprehensively.It was indicated definitely that 1995～1996 is the turningpoint of fault network activity in the West of China since the 1990s;it is closely related to thechange of main seismic active regions in the West of China,i.e,the alternation of strong/weak stages and the change of action range of tectonic stress field in the Qinghai-Tibet blockand its environs;and hence it is of medium-and short-term precursor meaning for the changeof the overall pattern of earthquake activity in the West of China in the year 1996.On such abasis,a preliminar