青藏高原横波分裂的观测研究

１９９１年７月－１９９２年６月，中、美两国合作在青藏高原架设了１１个宽频带数字记录的ＰＡＳＳＣＡＬ临时地震台站，它们分布在青藏公路沿线和青藏高原东部地区．利用这些台站记录到的高质量数据，对远震的ＳＫＳ波进行分析和计算，在多数台站观测到了ＳＫＳ波分裂的现象．用ＳＣ方法计算了青藏高原所记录到的ＳＫＳ波分裂的参量，即快波偏振方向φ和快、慢波的到时差δｔ，探求台站下地幔介质的各向异性．φ从南（拉萨）往北（至格尔木）有一趋势变化，从南边的北东方向渐变至北边的近东西方向．快、慢波的到时差在高原上向北渐渐变大，在不冻泉达到最大；再往北至格尔木又迅速减小．认为在印度板块和欧亚大陆的碰撞挤压下，雅鲁藏布江以北青藏高原下面的上地幔物质在区域构造应力场的作用下，沿东西方向发生形变以至流动，它使上地幔中橄榄岩的晶格排列方向平行于物质形变或流动的方向．     

中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性研究

为了深化对中国大陆及邻区上地幔介质形变强度和方向的空间变化图象、各向异性和剪切波分裂、各向异性以及应变、应变和构造过程关系的认识，我们以剪切波在分层各向异性介质中的传播理论为指导，以分裂剪切波观测为基础，借助数字化地震资料和高分辨率的信号处理技术，给出了对136次地震的分析结果，得到了20个台站下面的上地幔各向异性介质的变形强度和方向的空间变化图象；并结合已有研究结果，对中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性特性及其起源问题进行了讨论．      

岩石圈主要各向异性矿物的CPO特征及其对岩石圈动力学研究的启示

地震波各向异性主要受岩石中矿物晶格优选方位(Crystallographic Preferred Orientation,CPO)的影响,橄榄石的CPO控制着上地幔的地震波各向异性。将岩石中矿物的CPO与全岩地震波各向异性相结合,可以解释在全球不同构造单元观测到的地震波各向异性,从而进行构造变形和动力学过程分析。文中在总结岩石圈主要各向异性矿物的CPO和各向异性特征的基础上,以青藏高原东南缘岩石圈地幔包体为例,对其显微组构和地震波各向异性进行研究,结果显示青藏高原东南缘岩石圈地幔的构造环境发生改变,岩石圈地幔无法解释观测到的剪切波分裂(SKS)地震波各向异性,需要考虑其他各向异性来源。由此可见,研究岩石圈地幔矿物的CPO对合理约束地球物理测量资料和分析岩石圈变形特征至关重要。     

华北地区韧性剪切带几种岩石的波速各向异性高温高压实验研究

对华北地区韧性剪切带几种代表上、中、下地壳深度的糜棱岩及其围岩在高温高压条件下进行纵波速度测定及各向异性研究．对实验样品的纵波速度测定得到以下结果：１．沿糜棱岩面理方向的纵波速度大于与面理垂直方向的纵波速度，差值为０．１５-０．３０ｋｍ／ｓ，各向异性为３％-５％；２．糜棱岩的纵波速度低于其围岩的纵波速度，差值为０．１０-０．４５ｋｍ／ｓ；３．中地壳角闪岩相糜棱岩的纵波速度各向异性高于上地壳绿片岩相糜棱岩和下地壳麻粒岩相糜棱岩的各向异性；４．地震波速各向异性与糜棱岩矿物优选定向有关．     

1994年1月3日共和、兴海6．0级地震灾害评估

１９９４年１月３日共和、兴海６．０级地震灾害评估叶建青，陈铁流（青海省地震局）１地震基本参数和地震烈度１．１地震基本参数发震时间：１９９４年１月３日１３时５２分３６．０秒震中位置：３６．１°Ｎ，λ：１００·１°Ｅ震级：Ｍｓ＝６．０级１．２地震烈度宏观...     

腾冲地区近震S波分裂研究

本文利用布设在云南腾冲地区的15个固定和流动地震台站记录的近震波形数据,采用剪切波分裂分析方法得到了593对高质量的各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,腾冲火山区地震台站下方的近震各向异性的慢波延迟时间为0.02~0.37 s,平均延迟时间0.2 s.结合已有接收函数地壳各向异性研究结果,推测研究区地壳各向异性的主要贡献源自中上地壳.研究区不同台站的快波偏振方向变化很大,似乎反映了构造和区域应力场的共同作用.其中腾冲火山断裂西侧多数台站的快波偏振方向呈近N-S向,而东部多数台站的快速偏振方向呈NE-SW向,与区域主压应力方向一致,暗示研究区中上地壳各向异性主要是受主压应力引起定向排列的裂隙所致.基于近震走时得到的研究区平均VP/VS为1.68,推测腾冲火山区地壳应力场的局部变化可能与上地壳中富含气体的中酸性岩浆膨胀活动有关.另一方面,在腾冲火山区外围个别台站(MIZ、MZT)观测到了快波偏振方向与主压应力、已知断层等构造走向不一致的现象,暗示其各向异性是构造或构造和区域应力场共同作用的结果.     

中国内蒙古高原及周边地带岩石圈三维速度结构

我国内蒙古高原和其周边地域地壳与上地幔的专门研究尚属空白，然而全区又为第四纪以来的沙漠所覆盖，地表地质构造亦不十分清晰。本文利用了一种测量面波频散信号的新技术；即适配滤波频时分析和改进的分格随机反演理论与方法从混合路径中提取了４°×４°的计１８个网络中每一个网格单元的纯路径频散，并依据频散反演出该区地表与上地幔的剪切波三维速度结构。结果表明：１．该区地壳为成层结构，Ｍｏｈｏ界面埋深平均为３７±３ｋｍ，并向东减薄，断裂分布与构造迹线在深部均有显示，并存在着一系列北北东向，近北东向和北西向的断裂，且断抵上地幔顶部。２．上地幔亦为成层结构，地幔低速层平均埋深为８５±１０ｋｍ，南部地区则较深，地幔低速层速度均偏低。３．该区地幔盖层似一＂楔板，体向北插入。４．沙漠地带与造山地带相比不论是地壳厚度，还是地幔低速层埋深，前者均比后者浅约±５ｋｍ，该区有着良好的油气前景。     

青藏高原东部上地幔各向异性及相关的壳幔耦合型式

对国家数字地震台网和云南、四川、甘肃、青海区域数字地震台网, 以及布设在川、滇、藏地区的宽频带流动地震台网共116个台站所记录的远震SKS波形资料作偏振分析, 采用叠加分析方法求得每一个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快慢波的时间延迟, 获得青藏高原东部及其邻近地区的上地幔各向异性图像. 将该地区全球定位系统(GPS)的观测结果与上地幔各向异性分布相结合作地壳-地幔耦合变形的分析, 研究表明青藏高原内部和高原外部的云南地区具有不同的壳幔变形特征, 在高原的东缘地区(大致位于川滇西部的26°~27°N之间)存在一个壳幔变形的横向过渡带. 过渡带以南地区的快波偏振方向从滇西南的S60°~70°E逐渐转变到滇东南的近东西向, 以北的滇西北部和川西南部, 快波偏振方向为近似的南北向. 高原内部表现为强壳幔耦合型, 高原外部则属于壳幔解耦型. 这一横向过渡带与地表的断裂走向不一致, 但在地壳和上地幔, 其地球物理场(如: 地壳厚度, 布格重力异常和构造应力方向等)都具有横向过渡的特征. 该横向过渡带邻近东喜马拉雅构造结, 在板块边界动力学上有着重要的意义.     

上地幔各向异性研究综述及在川滇地区的研究思路

简要介绍了地球介质各向异性研究的发展历程，重点介绍了国内外有关上地幔各向异性的研究工作及成果；阐述了上地幔各向异性的起源及其地球动力学意义；较详细地分析了上地幔各向异性研究的各种方法及其优缺点；论述了川滇地区各向异性研究的意义和目的，并提出了整个研究工作的内容和步骤。     

青藏高原东北缘地区Pn波速度的横向变化

搜集整理了中国国家地震台网和区域地震台网记录的Pn波到时资料，利用层析成像方法分析了青藏高原东北地区上地幔顶部P波速度及其各向异性的横向变化．结果表明，该地区Pn波的平均速度偏高，为8.09 km/s；构造上稳定的柴达木盆地下面，上地幔顶部Ｐ波速度较高，而构造上比较活跃的山西地堑地区波速则较低．1920年发生海原大地震的地区，上地幔顶部是Ｐ波速度偏低的地区．一个值得注意的结果是，与天山挤压带上地幔顶部Ｐ波速度偏低的情况不同，在青藏高原东北缘的祁连山现代挤压变形带地区，上地幔顶部是Ｐ波速度偏高的地区．鄂尔多斯地块下面，波速度不均一，存在高低速的变化．这与该地块四周皆有强地震活动、地块本身可能有整体的构造运动有关．      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.