磁拱脚点缓慢运动引起的磁场演化和日冕加热

Heyvaerts和Priest最近提出了一个线性无力场演化的简化模型来定量计算磁拱脚点做缓慢的剪切运动所引起的日冕加热。由于他们在能量的计算中漏掉了一些二阶项,并且保留了导致位移无界的磁场的线性演化项,本文对他们的工作进行了修正,同时还对脚点运动引起的磁拱无力场演化进行了进一步探讨。本文主要结果如下:(1)得到的加热效率(即耗散能量在光球供给能量中所占比例)比Heyvaerts和Priest所得结果大。(2)磁拱无力场的无耗散线性演化是不可能的。(3)由磁场位形具体说明了非线性无力场发生磁力线重联的可能性,并指出最容易发生磁力线重联的高度大约为一个磁拱宽度。     

非对称四极无力场的磁能释放

本文采用二维三分量耗散ＭＨＤ模型，对带高电流层的局地非对称的四极无力场的磁能释放过程进行数值模拟，结果表明，磁能释放过程大体可以分为两个阶段：高电流层引起的异常电阻耗散使该层等离子体加热至３×１０６Ｋ的高温，形成一高温环；在高电流层耗散的触发下，磁分隔面的电流急剧增长并爆发异常电阻耗散和磁场重联，导致耀斑发生，主要的能量释放发生在磁分隔线和高剪切无力场中的磁分隔面上，等离子体温度可以达到１．９×１０７Ｋ。上述无力场的触发释能过程可能是太阳耀斑的一种重要的释能机制。     

2个太阳爆发事件中磁准分界面的演化

磁准分界面(Quasi-Separatrix Layer,简称QSL)是3维磁结构中磁力线连接性发生显著改变的区域,观测表明它多数时候和耀斑带所在的位置符合得较好.有关这一结构和3维磁重联及耀斑关系的研究在近年来受到越来越多的关注.从QSL的理论出发,研究了2011年12月26日在活动区AR11384发生的一个C5.7级典型双带耀斑(事件1)和2015年6月22日发生在活动区AR12371处的一个M6.5级耀斑(事件2).结合SDO/AIA(Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly)观测到的多波段数据和SDO/HMI(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager)观测到的矢量磁场数据,首先分别利用势场和非线性无力场对日冕的3维磁场结构进行了外推,并计算了活动区磁自由能的演化;然后基于势场和非线性无力场的外推结果计算了不同高度处磁压缩因子(magnetic squashing factor)Q的对数分布,并研究了不同高度磁准分界面与相应高度处观测到的耀斑带的演化关系.最后分析了2个耀斑事件的多波段演化特征,并计算得到事件2中磁力线的平均滑动速度在304?A波段和335?A波段分别为4.6 km·s~(-1)和6.3 km·s~(-1).研究发现:计算得到的磁准分界面在色球和日冕中的位置和相应高度观测到的耀斑带的位置符合得较好,而且各层次的磁准分界面与相应层次的耀斑亮带在时间上也有近乎一致的演化行为,这突显出了磁准分界面理论在3维磁重联和耀斑研究中的作用,并证实事件2耀斑能量的释放可能是通过发生在QSL处的磁重联进行的,同时说明,研究QSL对于理解2维磁重联和3维磁重联本质联系是至关重要的.     

等离子体团型日冕物质抛射的形成机制

本文在球坐标二维磁静力平衡基态下，数值研究了电阻撕裂模不稳定性引起日冕电流片中发生磁场重联的过程，结果表明发生了具有两个Ｘ线的磁场重联，形成了磁岛和高温高密度的等离子体团，等离子体团在向上运动过程中有着明显的膨胀，其上升速度和膨胀过程与等离子体β值有关，这些结果可用于解释等离子体团型日冕物质抛射的形成。     

1984年2月18日环珥系速度场的定量计算

本文研究了在太阳重力、偶极磁压强梯度和气体压力梯度力共同作用下环珥系内物质的下落运动,并在等温、准封闭环假设下用数值方法给出了该环珥系二维视向速度场。通过将速度场的理论计算跟观测结果拟合,导出了该环系内的有关物理参数及分布。计算表明环系内密度和磁场强度对物质下落运动的影响比较明显,而温度的影响较小。     

太阳大气中自发磁重联的数值模拟：（Ⅱ）重力,热传导下二维三分量的 …

在无力场中引入反常电阻,数值模拟电阻撕裂模不稳定性引起的均匀重力场中的二维三分量磁重联过程。首先研究了Ｖｃ和β０对磁重联的影响,结果表明：（１）在Ｖｃ大的情况下,重联率开始很小,但最终出现爆发现象。另外,温度的增加不如Ｖｃ小的情况明显;（２）Ｖｃ相同而β０不同的情况具有相似的演化特征,但β０越小,动力学过程越刷烈;（３）Ｖｃ大且β０也大的情况不能产生爆发现象。还研究了各向同性热传导对磁重联过程及扩     

耀斑环动力学的数值研究

数值模拟了太阳耀斑环动力学演化的二维磁重联过程。结果表明,在重联Ｘ 点比较高时,演化过程能再现双带耀斑中的耀斑环活动;而重联Ｘ 点比较低时,演化情况能解释致密耀斑的观测特征     

无力场的运动学特征

无力场在太阳物理中是常遇到的,特别是色球和日冕活动区中,那里的磁场位形都应该是无力场。通常认为,磁力线的扭绞过程可以将势场变为有电流的无力场,从而在活动区中储存能量。在我们碰到的太阳大气活动的实际问题中,磁雷诺数R_m≈10~3>>1,所以对这种条件下的无力场必须作专门讨论。本文利用冻结型无力场的一般结果,讨论了太阳大气中等离子体的运动状况及无力场的运动学特征。     

太阳大气中自发磁重联的数值模拟(Ⅱ)重力、热传导下二维三分量的计算结果

在无力场中引入反常电阻,数值模拟电阻撕裂模不稳定性引起的均匀重力场中的二维三分量磁重联过程．首先研究了Vc（反常电阻模型中的临界漂移速度）和β0（气压磁压比）对磁重联的影响,结果表明：（1）在Vc大的情况下,重联率开始很小,但最终出现爆发现象．另外,温度的增加不如Vc小的情况明显。（2）Vc相同而β0不同的情况具有相似的演化特征,但β0越小,动力学过程越剧烈。（3）Vc大巨β0也大的情况不能产生爆发现象．还研究了各向同性热传导对磁重联过程及扩散区结构的影响．结果表明热传导加快磁重联速率．在无热传导的情况中,开始时温度增加迅速,重联率较低,但最终出现磁重联率迅速上升的现象．对上述结果及其在解释耀斑、日冕物质抛射及冕流等太阳大气现象方面进行了讨论．     

AR6659光球色球的磁场速度场的演化特征及其与大耀斑的关系

ＡＲ６６５９是２２周以来最重要的一个活动区，它爆发了２２周最强大的高能事件。本文用云南天文台的光球、色球精细结构照片和北京天文台怀柔站的磁场速度场资料，分析了该活动区磁场速度场的二维位形和大耀斑期间的演化特征。本文分析的４个大耀斑均爆发在中性线附近的Ｎ极区磁场梯度大的地方及色球速度场的红移区。偏带观测也显示耀斑物质是向红端移动的。耀斑波沿横场传播在离本黑子群几万至十几万公里的地方激起感生耀斑，在原生耀斑与感生耀斑之间往往有耀斑环相连。此外，本文还从演化特征出发分析了耀斑爆发前活动区等离子体的宏观不稳定性。     

Evolution of the multipolar magnetic field in isolated neutron stars

The evolution of the multipolar structure of the magnetic field of isolated neutron stars is studied assuming the currents to be confined to the crust. We find that, except for multipoles of very high order ( l ≳25), the evolution is similar to that of a dipole. Therefore no significant evolution is expected in the pulse shape of isolated radio pulsars because of the evolution of the multipole structure of the magnetic field.     

Structure and evolution of low-mass W Ursae Majoris type systems – III. The effects of the spins of the stars

In a previous paper, using Eggleton's stellar evolution code, we have discussed the structure and evolution of low-mass W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) type contact binaries with angular momentum loss owing to gravitational radiation or magnetic braking. We find that gravitational radiation is almost insignificant for cyclic evolution of low-mass W UMa type systems, and it is possible for angular momentum to be lost from W UMa systems in a magnetic stellar wind. The weaker magnetic activity shown by observations in W UMa systems is likely caused by the lower mass of the convective envelopes in these systems than in similar but non-contact binaries. The spin angular momentum cannot be neglected at any time for W UMa type systems, especially for those with extreme mass ratios. The spin angular momenta of both components are included in this paper and they are found to have a significant influence on the cyclic evolution of W UMa systems. We investigate the influence of the energy transfer on the common convective envelopes of both components in detail. We find that the mass of the convective envelope of the primary in contact evolution is slightly more than that in poor thermal contact evolution, and that the mass of the convective envelope of the secondary in contact evolution is much less than that in poor thermal contact evolution. Meanwhile, the rate of angular momentum loss of W UMa type systems is much lower than that of poor thermal contact systems. This is indeed caused by the lower masses of the convective envelopes of the components in W UMa type systems. Although the models with angular momentum loss for W UMa systems exhibit cyclic evolution, they seem to show that a W UMa system cannot continue this type of cyclic evolution indefinitely, and it might coalesce into a fast-rotating star after about 1200 cycles of evolution (about  7.0 × 10⁹ yr  ).     

Formation and evolution of elliptical galaxies and QSO activity

We present the results of a numerical code that combines multi-zone chemical evolution with 1D hydrodynamics to follow in detail the evolution and radial behaviour of gas and stars during the formation of elliptical galaxies. We use the model to explore the links between the evolution and formation of elliptical galaxies and QSO activity. The knowledge of the radial gas flows in the galaxy allows us to trace metallicity gradients, and, in particular, the formation of a high-metallicity core in ellipticals. The high-metallicity core is formed soon enough to explain the metal abundances inferred in high-redshift quasars. The star formation rate and the subsequent feedback regulate the episodes of wind, outflow and cooling flow, thus affecting the recycling of the gas and the chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium. The evolution of the galaxy shows several stages, some of which are characterized by a complex flow pattern, with inflow in some regions and outflow in other regions. All models, however, exhibit during their late evolution a galactic wind at the outer boundary and, during their early evolution, an inflow towards the galactic nucleus. The characteristics of the inner inflow could explain the bolometric luminosity of a quasar lodged at the galactic centre as well as the evolution of the optical luminosity of quasars.     

星系结构和动力学

从星系形成和演化的角度出发，对星系结构和动力学进行的粗略的评述，内容包括：（1）初步描述了星系中各主要成分的物理特征（空间分布，运行学和化学）及其形成和演化，（2）Damped Lyman-alpha systems(DLAs)是本地星系的化石，对其进行观测研究是HST的主要任务之一，对DLAs宽的谱线轮廓的物理机制和其恒星形成，化学演化进行了讨论，（3）目前已证明Lyman Break方法是发现高红移高恒星形成星系的有效手段，讨论了Lyman Break Galaxies的动力学过程和恒星形象，（4）旋涡星系和椭圆星系的Scaling Law是星系形成和演化所必须解释的问题，对近期该方面的研究结果作了介绍，（5）整体超星的反馈作用在星系形成和演化中起了重要作用，评述了该物理过程对星系演化的影响；（6）随着观测资料的不断积累，各种物体对河外背景辐射的贡献已成了一个重要的研究方向，讨论了宇宙整体的星形成历史和化学演化，（7）银河系是进行星系形成和演化研究的归算零点，介绍了银河系的结构，动力学及演化。     

Galactic bulges

We model the evolution of the Galactic bulge and of the bulges of a selected sample of external spiral galaxies, via the multiphase multizone evolution model. We address a few questions concerning the role of the bulges within galactic evolution schemes and the properties of bulge stellar populations. We provide solutions to the problems of chemical abundances and spectral indices, the two main observational constraints to bulge structure.     

Monte Carlo simulations of star clusters – III. A million-body star cluster

A revision of Stodółkiewicz's Monte Carlo code is used to simulate the evolution of million-body star clusters. The new method treats each superstar as a single star and follows the evolution and motion of all individual stellar objects. The evolution of N -body systems influenced by the tidal field of a parent galaxy and by stellar evolution is presented. All models consist of 1 000 000 stars. The process of energy generation is realized by means of appropriately modified versions of Spitzer's and Mikkola's formulae for the interaction cross-section between binaries and field stars and binaries themselves. The results presented are in good agreement with theoretical expectations and the results of other methods. During the evolution, the initial mass function (IMF) changes significantly. The local mass function around the half-mass radius closely resembles the actual global mass function. At the late stages of evolution, the mass of the evolved stars inside the core can be as high as 97 per cent of the total mass in this region. For the whole system, the evolved stars can compose up to 75 per cent of the total mass. The evolution of cluster anisotropy strongly depends on initial cluster concentration, IMF and the strength of the tidal field. The results presented are the first step in the direction of simulating the evolution of real globular clusters by means of the Monte Carlo method.     

小天体离散元仿真软件的搭建与测试

小天体探测是当今太阳系探测的一大热点, 对小行星演化的研究有助于人们了解太阳系的起源. 演化研究的一项重要内容是小天体结构的演化, 即小天体在多种力学机制作用下自身形状与结构的演化. 在小天体碎石堆结构的假设之下, 一种比较常见的模拟小天体结构演化的方法是离散元仿真算法(Discrete Element Method, DEM), 目前国内外有数个团队开发了相关算法软件. 本文介绍了团队开发的《基于DEM仿真算法的多粒子系统模拟软件》的基础理论、实现方法以及加速算法, 并使用二体接触模型、声速传播仿真、小行星内部压强、小行星旋转稳定性仿真算例验证了算法的可靠性.     

The Universe Evolution as Possible Mechanism of Formation of Galaxies and Their Clusters

The Kepler problem is studied in a space with the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metrics of the expanding universe. Cosmic evolution leads to decreasing energy of particles, causing free particles to be captured in bound states, so that the evolution of the universe can be treated as a possible mechanism of the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The cosmological model is considered where the evolution of the universe plays the role usually inscribed to cold dark matter.