用于内置式标签地图权重表达的等差字大策略评估

在标签地图应用日益增加的背景下,亟需开展标签权重表达策略的评估研究。引入眼动跟踪方法,针对常用于标签地图权重表达的一种等差字大策略进行评估。实验设定无目的自由浏览和有目的阅读分析两个应用场景,布置标签选取、识别/搜索、记忆和主观评价任务,统计分析被试完成以上任务的眼动数据和其他衍生数据,结果显示:（1）不同大小的标签在信息凸显性、视觉吸引力、权重记忆以及识别/搜索时的搜索效率、阅读效率和认知负担方面并未表现出明显差异性;（2）文字大小处于上游的标签相比处于下游的标签更加容易被识别/搜索,被试的兴趣度更高,但并不意味着文字越大的标签越容易被识别/搜索,被试的兴趣度越高;（3）采用等差字大策略的标签地图总体评价良好。该研究有助于地图设计者进一步了解等差字大策略的特点。     

面向对象的植被与建筑物重叠区域的点云分类方法

在分析LiDAR点云数据分类现状的基础上,针对植被与建筑物重叠区域分类困难的问题,提出了一种基于面向对象的点云分类方法.首先采用三角网渐进内插的滤波方法将点云分为地面点和非地面点,并得到DTM;然后对高出DTM一定高度的非地面点建立三角网,删除较长的三角网的边(地物间的边),从而将非地面点云分割成多个对象;再利用各个对象内的三角网坡度信息熵大小判断该对象属于植被或建筑物;最后对于难以区分的对象(植被与建筑物重叠区)根据建筑物几何规则形状延伸扩充,从而提高植被和建筑物重叠区的点云分类准确率.实验结果表明,该方法能够很好地区分建筑物和植被点,分类准确率达到87％.     

Effects of reverse geocoding on OpenStreetMap tag quality assessment

OpenStreetMap (OSM), a widely-used open-source geographic information system platform, provides a vast geographic dataset in which users contribute both geometric information (nodes, ways, and relations) and semantic information (tags). This method of voluntary contributions is governed by the collective effort of the users. It is widely acknowledged that the quantity of tag information is substantial, but its quality is often poor. Researchers are therefore trying to assess the quality of the tags and enhance the data through various integration experiments. This article investigates the validity of the tags for geographical objects in metropolitan areas using municipal data and a reverse geocoding technique. The proposed method evaluates the data quality and the matching process carried out by reverse geocoding, using municipal points of interest as a reference. The accuracy of the tag and address information and road network centrality metrics were assessed for the OSM objects that were matched to the locations of interest. The tags were found to match the points of interest with an accuracy of 88%. Furthermore, the tag values were categorized and analyzed based on their similarity. It is concluded that in metropolitan settings where centers of interest are closely located, the accuracy of tags and addresses tends to decrease.     

基于ArcGIS的DEM生成方法及应用

介绍了利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS从扫描地形图中建立数字高程模型的方法，在实验的过程中提出了通过添加隔断线与多边形生成TIN表面，可以更好地控制TIN表面的形状，并生成湖北大冶市DEM图。实验表明，这种方法除了地形图的扫描外，其他过程都在ArcGIS9．2软件中完成，成本低、速度快、容易更新。     

Assessing the Veracity of Methods for Extracting Place Semantics from Flickr Tags

The volume and potential value of user generated content (UGC) is ever growing. Multiply sourced, its value is greatly increased by the inclusion of metadata that adequately and accurately describes that content – particularly if such data are to be integrated with more formal data sets. Typically, digital photography is tagged with location and attribute information that variously describe the location, events or objects in the image. Often inconsistent and incomplete, these attributes reflect concepts at a range of geographic scales. From a spatial data integration perspective, the information relating to “place” is of primary interest. The challenge therefore is in selecting the most appropriate tags that best describe the geography of the image. This article presents a methodology based on an information retrieval technique that separates out “place related tags” from the remainder of the tags. Different scales of geography are identified by varying the size of the sampling area within which the imagery falls. This is applied in the context of urban environments, using Flickr imagery. Empirical analysis is then used to assess the correctness of the chosen tags (i.e. whether the tag correctly describes the geographic region in which the image was taken). Logistic regression and Bayesian inference are used to attach a probability value to each place tag. The high correlation values achieved indicate that this methodology can be used to automatically select place tags for any urban region and thus hierarchically structure UGC in order that it can be semantically integrated with other data sources.     

基于地图代数的最小生成树实现方法

本文介绍了最小生成树及其常见的算法,对比栅格算法分析了基于矢量的最小生成树算法的缺点,介绍了地图代数的距离变换和基于地图代数的距离变换图生成Voronoi图、Delaunay三角网,然后根据最小生成树MST是Delaunay三角剖分的一个子集,逐次删掉Delaunay三角网中每个三角形的最长边,从而得到最小生成树,该方法不仅适用于欧氏非障碍空间,同样也适用于障碍空间的情况,解决了以往最小生成树在障碍空间下(尤其是当障碍空间中的障碍是全形态的条件下)难以求解的问题,具有一定的理论意义。     

1：50000数字地理底图在地质环境调查中的应用

数字地理底图为地质部门编制各种专题图提供基本地理要素。以环渤海曹妃甸滨海地区为例,以1：50000地形图为基本数据源,依据标准使用GIS软件完成了1：50000数字地理底图的制作,并对如何更好地发挥1：50 000数字地理底图在地质环境调查中的重要作用提出建议。     

一种WMS领域主题文本提取及元数据扩展方法

由于网络地图服务（Web map service，WMS）元数据缺乏显式的领域主题描述机制，用户很难准确、全面地发现目标领域的地图数据资源。提出了一种面向地理信息资源检索的WMS领域主题文本提取及元数据扩展方法。首先，设计了一种非监督文本分类算法，利用地球与环境术语集语义网（semantic Web of Earth and environmental terminology，SWEET）和大型英语词汇语义网WordNet，综合计算WMS元数据能力文档中地学术语、通识型词汇与领域主题的语义相关度，为WMS及其图层提取多标签主题。然后，基于ISO19115 2003地理信息元数据标准，为WMS元数据组织模型扩展领域主题。实验结果表明，所提出的WMS元数据主题分类算法取得了较高的查准率和查全率，且相较于朴素贝叶斯、线性支持向量机（support vector machine，SVM）和逻辑回归等方法，整体上有较大的优势。该方法有望应用于当前的地理信息门户和目录服务，辅助用户快速、准确地定位目标领域的地图服务资源。     

一种彩色栅格地图注记识别方法

栅格地图中的注记包含了丰富的地理位置信息,传统的栅格地图注记识别方法在识别过程中将注记和其对应的地理要素相分离,因此难以处理倾斜注记和弯曲注记。以连通域单元为基本处理对象,提出了一种基于几何特征的彩色栅格地图注记识别方法。首先利用连通域单元的方向、尺寸、密度、邻域四个特征提取注记像素集合,然后通过地理要素中心线对非水平注记进行方向确定,最后对注记进行聚类和重新排列,完成注记识别。通过对GoogleMap（谷歌地图）瓦片中的注记进行提取和识别实验,证明了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

顾及特征线和三角形形态最优的TIN三角网构建算法

传统三角形剖分方法只考虑三角网的形态最优,忽略了地形特征线的影响,导致构建的地形模型不能真实反映地形特征。文章提出既顾及特征线又满足三角形形态最优的TIN模型的构建方法。在研究了有关三角形形态理论的基础上,设计了数据结构,对如何利用该方法进行三角形剖分做了具体研究。实例证明,利用该方法进行三角形剖分,构建的TIN三角网模型既能满足三角形形态最优,又能避免特征线穿越三角形,能够真实反映地形特征。该三角形剖分方法对于地形较复杂区域的TIN模型构建具有很好的适用性。     

大钝角剖分与最小二乘法约束迭代算法优化TIN模型研究

TIN模型通过从不规则分布的数据点生成的连续三角面来逼近地形表面,就表达地形信息的角度而言,TIN模型的优点是它能以不同层次的分辨率来描述地形表面。但在相关软件对离散数据生成TIN模型时会出现边缘失真现象,特别是当一些离散数据出现凹区域时,凹区域地形逼近失真现象相当明显。而在这些凹区域大多生成的三角网以钝角三角形居多,本文对离散数据TIN模型生成DEM时存在凹区域地形逼近失真现象进行了研究。提出一种大钝角剖分与最小二乘法约束迭代算法优化TIN模型。首先对原始TIN模型中大于100°小于1800的钝角三角形进行遍历记录,然后利用最小二乘法约束迭代算法进行优化,通过此算法优化后的TIN模型生成DEM数据,分别从小区域面积稳定性与剖面拟合实际地形进行了试验与精度对比,试验显示这种算法是可行的。     

Choosing Geographic Units for Choropleth Rate Maps,with an Emphasis on Public Health Applications

Choropleth maps are the most widely used map type for mapping rates, such as those involving disease, crime, and socioeconomic indicators. The essential step of choosing a geographic unit to map is often made in an ad hoc manner. Among the desirable characteristics of choropleth mapping units are high degree of resolution, homogeneity of population size, homogeneity of land area, observation of minimum population thresholds and land area thresholds, temporal stability and currency, compactness of shape, audience familiarity, data availability, and the functional relevance of the unit to the phenomena mapped. Because of the uneven distribution of human populations, no single geographic unit can meet all of these characteristics in practice, and a well designed choropleth map necessarily involves some compromise. We present guidelines for choosing geographic units that take into account the above criteria, considering 12 geographic units ranging from census blocks to states. Even allowing for differences in scale and purpose, some units confer clear advantages over others.     

文本地图可视化综述

对文本地图相关研究进行梳理,将文本地图分为纯文字地图和标签地图两大类,并指出了两者的差异性。其中,标签地图又被分为层叠式标签地图、关联式标签地图、内置式标签地图和变体式标签地图4类。从布局算法、功能和用户体验3个方面指出了文本地图的设计优化方向。其中,布局算法需进一步改进执行效率,顾及标签位置与语义关联;功能优化需改进标签地图的时序表达;用户体验需进一步加强文本地图的可用性与易用性研究。这能够为地理文本数据的可视化表达提供参考。     

ArcGIS软件在地形分析中的应用

以铜仁市滨江旅游大道为例,介绍利用ArcGIS软件生成TIN的方法。应用结果表明,该方法可以高效地利用现有的纸质地形图和矢量地形图等生成坡度图、坡向图,对地形分析进行量化和分析,并为城市规划、国土整治等行业提供数据依据。该方法不需要投入大量的设备,成本低,速度快,值得大力推广使用。     

A Microsoft VBA Application for Generating Heat Maps

A choropleth map is a form of thematic map used to portray the structural characteristics of some particular geographical distribution not apparent in data presented in tabular form. Preparation of a choropleth map starts with the assignment of map features to classes based on the value of a specific feature attribute followed by the association of classes of features with appropriate map colors or symbols. Map features are often geographical regions with naturally or artificially defined boundaries, but choropleth maps can also be prepared by segmenting the area to be mapped into a regular grid of regions. Maps prepared with each grid shaded in an intuitive manner such as blue for grids with the lowest attribute values to red for the highest values can be termed “heat maps”. This technical note describes the HeatMap Microsoft Excel application which converts information contained in a worksheet into a heat map, and then converts the heat map into a file suitable for display using mapping systems such as Google Earth. An example illustrates how the application can be used to visualize the seventeenth century frontier between the Polish/Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.     

Point grid map: a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points

ABSTRACT

Social, economic, and environmental statistical data associated with geographic points are currently globally available in large amounts. When conventional thematic maps, such as proportional symbol maps or point diagram maps, are used to represent these data, the maps appear cluttered if the point data volumes are relatively large or cover a relatively dense region. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points: the point grid map. In a point grid map, an input point data set is transformed into a grid in which each point is represented by a square grid cell of equal size while preserving the relative position of each point, which leads to a clear and uncluttered appearance, and the grid cells can be shaded or patterned with symbols or diagrams according to the attributes of the points. We present an algorithm to construct a point grid map and test it with several simulated and real data sets. Furthermore, we present some variants of the point grid map.     

基于空间信息网格的数字地图分幅(块)方法

针对传统地图分幅方法的缺陷,本文提出了一种既适合数字环境又充分考虑到地球空间的自然特征和社会属性特点的地图分幅新方法。它以不破坏地物和区域的完整性为划分原则,根据分辨率和区域内地理信息的数量决定图块大小,块内每个地理实体都有一个行政区划代码属性和标识码。这种数字地图分块方法将地理区按行政体系或自然区划划分为地理空间单元,对每个空间单元记录和存储各种基础地理要素,建立空间单元地理数据文件。这种地理空间的划分和空间数据的组织方法为空间索引提供了方便,更为空间统计提供了便利。它既是空间位置的划分方法,也是特定空间位置范围内自然、社会、经济属性的信息载体,同时也是适合时空坐标系变化的空间信息的一种新的表示方法,是为了更方便地在网格计算环境下实现对空间信息资源的整合、共享与利用。     

一种渐进加密三角网LIDAR点云滤波的改进算法

传统滤波算法常常是针对某些特定的具有连续表面的区域来进行,带有一定的局限性。这样不能解决对诸如斜坡、密集植被等复杂地区进行真实准确地形提取的难题。本文提出了一种融合区域增长方法的LIDAR点云数据的滤波方法。该方法在对原始点云数据进行预处理的基础上,生成一个松散的TIN,通过迭代生成加密的TIN,其中通过采用两次区域增长的滤波方法,实现原始地形的提取。最后通过对复杂典型数据的对比实验验证了文中所提出的改进方法的有效性和准确性。     

国家经济地图集基础地理框架的建立

以新世纪版《中华人民共和国国家经济地图集》的编研为背景,探讨了新世纪地学研究和测绘地理信息技术条件下经济地图集基础地理框架建立的若干问题。针对地图集的多尺度、多分辨率、多时态及内容的多样性等特点,通过对比与需求分析,重点探讨了地图集的地图投影、比例尺与分幅、地图定向及地理底图的设计与应用,并最终确定了地图集基础地理框架方案。     

《北京市行政区划图志》的设计与编制

行政区划沿革地图既能表示制图区域的空间地理信息,又能反映历史时空的对比信息,使人们获得比文字描述更为具体和直观的行政区划沿革地图信息.本文介绍<北京市行政区划图志>的结构设计、编图资料的使用,详细阐述地图内容表示、地图编制原则和方法.