鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地奥陶系马五_2段储层成岩相

通过岩心、薄片观察,结合测井、地球化学数据分析,认为大牛地马五2段主要有利储层发育的成岩作用为溶蚀作用、白云石化作用和破裂作用。综合分析得出马五2段储层成岩相主要包括泥质充填成岩相、去云化成岩相、去膏化成岩相以及白云石化成岩相,对马五2段成岩相的展布进行了深入分析,发现泥质充填成岩相主要沿岩溶沟槽的边缘分布,说明泥质充填相可能受古地貌的控制;去云化和去膏化成岩相主要在较高的部位发育;白云石化成岩相主要受沉积相分布的控制。对马五2段储集空间进行测井识别后认为,成岩相反映了沉积微相所决定的溶蚀差异特征;成岩相的分布反映了古地貌对岩溶储层的控制作用;白云石化成岩相为较为有利的储集相带分布区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地古隆起东北侧马五_4~1储层膏模孔类型及充填过程分析

利用岩芯和薄片资料,通过薄片孔隙描述、铸体薄片图像分析等方法,在对研究区马五14储层孔隙类型划分的基础上,详细划分了膏模孔充填类型,并对其充填过程进行了阐述。研究结果表明,研究区马五14储层主要发育溶蚀孔(膏模孔和其他溶孔)、晶间孔、晶间溶孔、微裂缝4种类型的孔隙,且以膏模孔为主。通过镜下薄片对膏模孔内不同充填物观察发现,充填物主要为白云石、方解石、硬石膏,其中半充填的膏模孔中主要充填物为白云岩粉砂、白云岩粉砂+石英、白云岩粉砂+铁白云石3种类型,而全充填的膏模孔中主要充填物为白云岩粉砂+方解石、白云岩粉砂+石英+方解石、白云岩粉砂+硬石膏3种类型。综合分析认为膏模孔是含膏云岩中石膏等易溶晶体溶蚀后,晶体轮廓保留而形成的,首先裸露风化壳期先充填白云岩粉砂和深灰色方解石,其次深埋藏期充填自生石英、白色亮晶方解石、铁白云石及硬石膏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地古隆起东北侧马五41储层膏模孔类型及充填过程分析

利用岩芯和薄片资料,通过薄片孔隙描述、铸体薄片图像分析等方法,在对研究区马五₄1储层孔隙类型划分的基础上,详细划分了膏模孔充填类型,并对其充填过程进行了阐述。研究结果表明,研究区马五₄1储层主要发育溶蚀孔（膏模孔和其他溶孔）、晶间孔、晶间溶孔、微裂缝4种类型的孔隙,且以膏模孔为主。通过镜下薄片对膏模孔内不同充填物观察发现,充填物主要为白云石、方解石、硬石膏,其中半充填的膏模孔中主要充填物为白云岩粉砂、白云岩粉砂+石英、白云岩粉砂+铁白云石3种类型,而全充填的膏模孔中主要充填物为白云岩粉砂+方解石、白云岩粉砂+石英+方解石、白云岩粉砂+硬石膏3种类型。综合分析认为膏模孔是含膏云岩中石膏等易溶晶体溶蚀后,晶体轮廓保留而形成的,首先裸露风化壳期先充填白云岩粉砂和深灰色方解石,其次深埋藏期充填自生石英、白色亮晶方解石、铁白云石及硬石膏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳岩溶储层孔隙充填特征

勘探实践表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳蕴含了丰富的天然气资源,是重要的勘探领域,深入分析盆地东部奥陶系风化壳岩溶储层的孔隙充填特征,对储层平面分布预测及提高钻探成功率具有重要意义。早奥陶世,鄂尔多斯盆地处于稳定的碳酸盐台地沉积环境,马家沟期发育广泛的碳酸盐岩地层,其中马家沟组马五1亚段和马五2亚段发育典型的含硬石膏结核白云岩坪沉积,至中晚奥陶世,受构造抬升后遭受长达1.3亿年的风化溶蚀,形成风化壳膏模孔型岩溶储层。在岩心及薄片观察基础上,重点通过激光碳氧同位素、电子探针、阴极发光等微区多参数实验分析,研究表明奥陶系风化壳岩溶储层膏模孔中的充填物,包括渗流白云石粉砂、(含铁)方解石、(含铁)白云石、石英、萤石、黄铁矿、高岭石、硬石膏、残余泥质及有机质等12种,常见8种充填矿物组合类型。结合成岩演化分析,奥陶系风化壳岩溶储层膏模孔经历了早表生期、晚表生期、浅埋藏期和深埋藏期等4期充填。盆地东部膏模孔的充填程度明显高于盆地中部的靖边气田,充填程度主要受风化壳古岩溶地貌的控制,在盆地东部奥陶系风化壳二级古岩溶地貌中的平台、残丘、坡地及古沟槽两侧,膏模孔充填弱,储集空间大,储集性能更好。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层非均质性评价

马家沟组五段一层(马五1)缝-孔洞型含硬石膏结核和细晶的粉晶白云岩储层是鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田的主力产层，储层的非均质性很强，已成为影响勘探和生产的主要地质因素。着重研究了马五1沉积、成岩作用以及古潜沟的形成和空间展布，认为沉积相、成岩相和古潜沟是影响储层非均质性的关键因素，指出盆缘含硬石膏结核白云岩沉积微相和渗流白云石粉砂半充填溶膜孔的粉晶白云岩成岩相是最有利储层发育的沉积、成岩相，相对的岩溶高地-斜坡是有利的储层保存区。提出了适合本区的储层地质预测方法——叠图法，对指导勘探和开发生产具有实用意义。     

江汉盆地白垩系渔洋组砂岩的成岩作用及其热力学分析

江汉盆地白垩系渔洋组砂岩存在五种类型的成岩作用。其中,与油气运移有关并对储层孔隙演化产生重要影响的是硬石膏的胶结与交代作用和后期方解石再次胶结作用。为了更好的研究成岩作用发生的控制因素以及成岩环境的变化,我们通过细致的热力学推导,绘制出包含方解石、白云石和硬石膏等矿物相在内的五组分相图。通过相图分析可以看出,pH 值在成岩作用过程中有着重要的作用。方解石和白云石的胶结及交代作用代表了偏中性或碱性的成岩环境;而硬石膏的胶结及交代作用则表明成岩环境由中性或碱性向酸性转变,例如酸性的油气前锋流体的注入。另外,成岩环境中阳离子(Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 ))和阴离子(CO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))的浓度对方解石、白云石和硬石膏的胶结、溶解及交代作用也有重要影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层非均质性评价

马家沟组五段一层(马五1)缝一孔洞型含硬石膏结核和细晶的粉晶白云岩储层是鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田的主力产层，储层的非均质性很强，已成为影响勘探和生产的主要地质因素。着重研究了马五，沉积、成岩作用以及古潜沟的形成和空间展布，认为沉积相、成岩相和古潜沟是影响储层非均质性的关键因素，指出盆缘含硬石膏结核白云岩沉积微相和渗流白云石粉砂半充填溶膜孔的粉晶白云岩成岩相是最有利储层发育的沉积、成岩相，相对的岩溶高地一斜坡是有利的储层保存区。提出了适合本区的储层地质预测方法——叠图法，对指导勘探和开发生产具有实用意义。     

四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组晶洞充填物特征与热液活动记录

热液环境在碳酸盐岩成岩作用中十分重要,MVT铅锌矿床和热液白云岩储层都与之有关。四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组普遍发育厘米级大小的晶洞,其充填物主要为晶体粗大的非平直晶面鞍形白云石,这些鞍形白云石经历了广泛的溶解作用,次生方解石充填于鞍形白云石溶解空间及其晶间孔隙中。本文在碳酸盐岩岩石学特征研究的基础上,测试了晶洞充填物的碳氧同位素组成、元素构成和包裹体均一化温度,结合川西中二叠统埋藏历史和二叠纪以来的非地热增温热事件,研究了晶洞充填物中鞍形白云石的沉淀与溶解流体,以及充填于鞍形白云石溶解空间和晶间孔隙中次生方解石的沉淀流体。研究表明:在作为晶洞充填物的碳酸盐矿物中,鞍形白云石和沉淀于白云石晶间、晶内的次生方解石具有显著不同的氧同位素组成和包裹体均一化温度,前者δ18O值-5.94‰～-4.35‰,包裹体均一化温度主要为110～210℃,后者δ18O值-10.34‰～-8.75‰,包裹体均一化温度主要为70～110℃,据此反演的鞍形白云石沉淀流体的δ18O值为+4‰～+14‰(SMOW),方解石相应值为-4‰～+5‰(SMOW),显示白云石是在高盐度和高温流体中沉淀的,方解石是在相对低盐度和低温流体中沉淀的;晶洞充填物的碳同位素分析表明,鞍形白云石和沉淀于白云石晶间和晶内的次生方解石的δ13C值大致分布在0.7‰～2.6‰的范围内,显著低于同期海水的δ13C值,两种碳酸盐矿物中的碳具有同期海水和深部CO2混合碳源的特征;中二叠世末东吴运动期间峨眉山玄武岩喷发时岩浆活动的热效应导致了当时处于浅埋藏环境的栖霞组地层中鞍形白云石的沉淀,而热事件后流体温度和盐度的同时降低则使得鞍形白云石溶解,同时伴随方解石沉淀在鞍形白云石溶解后的孔隙和晶间孔隙中。     

黄骅坳陷三马地区中-深部储层成岩作用及主控因素分析

黄骅坳陷三马地区储集岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明，三马地区下第三系中深层储层主要处于晚成岩A期，成岩现象包括石英、长石的次生加大、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、矿物交代作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等。其中石英次生加大于2700m左右开始出现，随埋深增大，石英增生加强；长石次生加大现象不十分普遍；碳酸盐胶结作用包括早期自生泥晶方解石胶结作用、连晶方解石和晚期白云石(或铁方解石)的胶结作用。在扫描电镜下可见到方解石与含铁方解石集合体充填在粒间孔隙中或与石英、钠长石及粘土矿物共生，白云岩多呈菱形粒状分布于粒间；常见的交代现象主要有方解石交代长石、石英及粘土矿物，粘土矿物交代长石、石英等；溶解作用主要有长石的溶解、碳酸盐颗粒的溶解和方解石胶结物的溶解等，粘土矿物的转化主要为蒙脱石、高岭石向伊利石(或绿泥石)转化。还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、孔隙水中有机酸含量、早期方解石的充填、烃类早期注入等因素对储层成岩演化的控制作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马五段低孔低渗岩溶白云岩储层特征及孔隙成因

针对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马五段低孔低渗岩溶白云岩储层发育特征,展开对致密岩溶白云岩储层孔隙成因进行研究。通过岩心、薄片观察,结合扫描电镜、CT扫描分析,明确了白云岩储层岩石学类型、孔隙类型及成因。结合测井及地球化学分析,认为表生期孔隙主要为膏溶孔、溶孔及地开石晶间孔隙;白云石含量及结构控制了白云岩晶间孔隙;残留有机质保护了藻云岩残余晶间孔隙。通过岩溶白云岩孔隙成因分析,最后认为:(1)白云石化作用及成因模式是造成岩溶白云岩储层低孔低渗的主要原因,准同生期-浅埋藏期形成的白云石晶粒普遍较为细小,晶粒结构以半自形-它形为主,晶间孔隙为微孔,造成孔隙喉道较窄;泥微晶白云岩与粉-细晶白云岩(储集岩)分布在纵向上具有不均匀性,造成白云岩整体上孔渗较低;(2)岩溶作用增加了白云岩储层的非均质性,裂缝、溶洞及较大扩溶孔被泥质、方解石充填,很大程度上降低了岩溶白云岩储层的孔渗性能,正因为膏质泥微晶白云岩和粉-细晶白云岩为低孔低渗特征,使得地表水携带的泥质不易充填孔隙。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.