列车交通荷载作用下软土路基的长期沉降

通过2.5维有限元结合薄层单元方法,建立了列车运行荷载作用下轨道和地基动力相互作用的3维分析模型,求解不同运行速度列车荷载作用下路堤下卧层地基中动偏应力的分布,结合软黏土在循环荷载作用下的累积塑性应变理论,建立了路堤下卧层地基在列车运行荷载作用下长期动力附加沉降的计算方法。在此基础上采用瑞典X2000高速列车的实际轨道和地基情况进行了计算,分析了长期沉降随时间的发展过程及其在地基中的分布规律,特别是考虑了列车运行速度对路基沉降的影响。     

I型轨道-路基系统动力荷载放大系数模型试验研究

高速列车行车时产生的动力荷载大小受多种因素影响,以列车运行速度的影响尤为关键。由于车辆-轨道-路基结构的复杂性,要通过理论计算准确地确定行车速度对动力荷载的影响并不容易。目前足尺物理模型试验已成为高速铁路无砟轨道路基结构动力性能研究的重要手段。根据沪宁城际无砟轨道设计和施工标准,建成室内1: 1无砟轨道路基模型,通过单个轮轴的动态激振试验获得I型轨道板动应变幅值及路基动土压力幅值随加载频率的变化规律,在该基础上得到列车动荷载随行车速度的变化规律。结合德国铁路动力荷载放大系数的计算公式,提出确定高速铁路I型轨道结构动力荷载放大系数的方法,并分别获得轨道板与路基结构动力荷载放大系数随列车运行速度的变化规律,可为我国I型轨道-路基系统设计动力荷载的确定提供依据。     

高铁路基动应力数值模拟和现场试验研究

以武广高速铁路无砟轨道路基典型断面现场动测为工程背景,基于FLAC3D软件建立了相邻2个转向架荷载下的无砟轨道路基三维有限差分模型,采用激振力函数模拟列车的动荷载作用.将数值模拟与现场实测结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可行性,并用该模型分析了无砟轨道路基的动应力特性.实测和模拟结果表明:基床表层顶面轨下位置动应力响应比中线处大;动应力响应在基床表层范围内最为强烈且衰减较快;列车荷载速度对动应力影响不显著.     

基床翻浆条件下无砟轨道路基振动特性研究

无砟轨道路基翻浆是近年高速铁路路基出现的特殊病害形式,为研究基床翻浆对无砟轨道路基动力特性的影响,在沪宁城际路基翻浆工点进行了病害勘查和现场行车试验,分析了列车荷载作用下翻浆段无砟轨道路基振动特性。结果表明：无砟轨道路基翻浆病害的形成主要与基床表层级配碎石细粒含量较高以及底座板伸缩缝、侧缝封闭不严有关;基床翻浆导致路基对轨道结构支承及约束作用降低,加剧了无砟轨道结构的振动,其中底座板振动放大效应尤其明显,且振动放大效应随车速增加而增大;基床翻浆改变了无砟轨道与路基基床间振动波传递状态,限制了路基基床参振耗能作用的发挥,翻浆断面路基面动位移幅值减少45%,底座板到路基面动位移传递函数减小约2/3,当列车速度为247 km/h时,在路基受动荷载主要作用频率范围内（0～15 Hz）,其动位移传递函数处于0.22～0.39间。     

高速铁路沉降控制复合桩基的性状试验研究

基于沉降控制设计理念,无砟轨道京沪高速铁路地基处理采用筏板+垫层+疏桩的方法,形成复合桩基以实现有效减少工后沉降和充分利用地基承载力的优化加固方案。为探索该新方法沉降控制机制,选用CFG桩开展了复合桩基现场试验研究,对复合桩基在高速铁路路基填筑、静置、预压卸载过程中的地基沉降变形、桩和桩间土土压力、筏板顶与底部压力进行了长期观测,分析了路基沉降变形、桩-土应力比和荷载分担比以及筏板的受力随填筑高度和固结时间的变化规律。研究表明：筏板＋垫层＋疏桩联合加固地基方案在初期充分发挥了桩间土承载作用,导致桩与桩间土产生差异沉降;随着垫层的调节作用,筏板可集中发挥桩体的承载能力及显著提高桩顶应力集中程度,地基土沉降主要发生在加固区范围内,从而揭示了复合桩基在路基荷载下的承载机制和变形特性。现场试验结果可为指导高速铁路CFG桩复合桩基设计参数的进一步优化提供试验依据。     

地铁行车速度对盾构隧道运营沉降的影响分析

地铁行车荷载经轨道-道床-隧道结构传至地基,在土体内部产生循环动应力以及超孔隙水压力是引起盾构隧道沉降的重要原因。通过车-轨-隧道-地基竖向耦合动力模型分析隧道差异沉降对列车运行荷载的影响,以上海地铁一号线体育馆站附近区间隧道为工程背景建立三维数值模型,结合塑性累积应变及累积孔压经验公式进行计算,对比分析软土盾构隧道下卧土层有、无纵向差异沉降两种情况下,地铁行车速度对隧道运营沉降的影响。结果表明：列车运行速度越快,下卧土体波动越大,但衰减越快。地基差异沉降对其长期运营存在明显不利影响,随着列车速度增大,这种影响也愈加明显。当地基差异沉降小,轨道平顺条件好时,隧道长期沉降随地铁行车速度的增大而减小;当地基差异沉降突出,轨道存在明显不平顺时,隧道运营沉降随行车速度增大而显著增加。     

列车荷载作用下高铁路基速度传递规律模型试验研究

列车运行速度的提高会加剧轨道路基结构的振动,削弱其动力稳定性,并可能产生过大的附加沉降,严重时可导致轨道路基结构失稳破坏,因此,在列车荷载作用下高铁路基结构的动力响应是世界各国高速铁路建设及运营过程中亟待解决的课题。依托典型高速铁路路基工程,利用自主研制的伺服激振控制系统,开展了大比例尺的高铁路基激振模型试验研究,通过激振器模拟列车轮轴循环加载,得到了不同频率激振力作用下路基不同层位的速度的时程变化曲线及幅值空间分布特征;揭示了列车荷载作用下路基速度幅值传递及衰减规律。研究表明,不同频率的激振力作用下路基土体的速度曲线具有明显的周期性峰值;同一频率作用下路基土体中速度幅值沿深度方向不断减小,呈指数衰减趋势,随着深度的增加。研究成果为相应实际工程的设计、施工及运营提供了一定的参考及借鉴。     

全风化花岗岩改良土路基的长期稳定性试验研究

全风化花岗岩用于高速公路填料已有成功的案例,但由于高速铁路路基变形控制更为严格,能否用于高速铁路路基填料还没有得到实体工程的验证。基于全风化花岗岩及其改良土的工程力学性质和变形特性,使用PMS-500型循环加载设备对全风化花岗岩改良土路基实体工程进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟分析了不同轴重列车荷载长期循环作用下浸水前后全风化花岗岩改良土路基的动态特性及沉降规律和其下雨前后路基性状变化。试验结果表明,全风化花岗岩改良土路基经过500万次列车模拟动荷载作用后,即使经历了如雨水长期浸饱路基的最为恶劣工况,最终沉降量不超过7.0 mm,证实了全风化花岗岩经过改良后能满足高速铁路变形控制的设计要求,可用于高速铁路的基床底层及路堤本体填料     

天津滨海软土蠕变参数及路基沉降效应分析

天津滨海新区分布发育较厚的海相沉积成因软土层,软土路基在长期运营过程中,常常出现较大的工后沉降。本文针对滨海软土进行一维压缩蠕变试验,求取其时间硬化蠕变模型参数,进而通过ABAQUS软件实现线性DruckerPrager模型和时间硬化蠕变模型的耦合计算,总结分析了滨海软土路基长期沉降变形过程中的固结-蠕变效应。研究结论表明,排水条件是软土固结-蠕变作用效应的控制性因素,在不设置排水板的条件下蠕变对总沉降量的影响十分显著,是否考虑蠕变作用会给总沉降量计算结果带来近20%左右的误差;软土地基内部排水通道的合理设置和畅通有效是关系软基处理效果的关键点;路基填筑施工过程中,应控制填土速率以避免在饱和软弱地基土内产生较大的超静孔压。     

高速铁路基床现场循环加载试验研究

详细地掌握高速铁路路基的动态特性与累积变形特性是对其进行合理设计的基础。结合达成线的建设,修建了路基试验段,埋设测试元件,使用新型的ZSS50循环加载设备,对试验段路基进行了现场循环加载试验研究,模拟了不同轴重列车的动力作用,分析了路基的动态特性及沉降规律。测试结果表明：路基的动态指标及工后沉降均满足设计要求,列车轴重对路基的动态特性影响显著;路基面动态响应沿横向的分布是不均匀的,轨下位置最大,轨枕端部位置次之,线路中线处最小,总体上呈马鞍形分布;动态响应随路基深度的增加而逐渐减小,在基床表层范围内衰减较快;ZSS50循环加载设备 可准确模拟不同轴重、不同时速列车对线路的动力作用,且操作简单、坚固耐用,是研究铁路轨道及路基动态特性的理想设备。     

新型桩板结构对高速铁路软基沉降控制作用离心试验

在CFG、PHC等刚性桩桩顶加设50 cm厚筏型钢筋混凝土形成板桩板结构控制深厚软土路基沉降,是高速铁路建设中提出的新型地基处理形式,以满足高标准铁路路基变形要求。通过对群桩处理的深厚软土路基在有无钢筋混凝土板时路基沉降的离心模拟,重点研究了钢筋混凝土板对路基沉降的控制作用以及桩、板与土体之间的相对变形。试验结果表明,在群桩处理地基上部铺设一定厚度的钢筋混凝土板,可以使路基整体沉降减小12 %,并使路基整体沉降更加均匀;桩端平面上部1/3桩长范围内土体由软塑状态转变为硬塑状态,密度和含水率变化显著;加载作用对路基变形影响深度大于40 m。     

Study on Deformation Characteristics of Deep Foundation Excavation in Soft-Soil and the Response of Different Retaining Configurations

In recent years, many researchers have considered the mechanical characteristics of deep foundation excavation in soft-soil. The analysis of these deep excavations requires consideration of an uncertain, nonlinear, dynamic and complicated system, and involves consideration of soil strength, stability, deformation, fluid flow and interaction of soil and different retaining configurations. It is difficult to describe such a nonlinear system using traditional analysis. Therefore, in order to accurately describe the mechanical behavior of a representative deep excavation of the subway station, in this case, 3-Dimensional geotechnical numerical analysis method using FLAC3D software was applied. Using this tool, a study considering earth pressure, soil deformation and settlement was carried out. Furthermore, the response of different retaining configurations was deeply investigated. Triaxial cement mixing piles were considered as a way to optimize deformation of the deep excavation and reduce settlement of the ground surface and the railway embankment. The analysis indicated that the deeper the foundation excavation was, the larger the surface settlement and the smaller the earth pressure. The analysis also considered the mechanical effect of varying the wall thickness and the wall depth on the structure‘s deformation characteristics. The simulations indicated that a wall thickness of less than 1.4 m effectively reduced wall horizontal displacement, ground surface settlement and uneven settlement of railway embankment. While a variable wall embedded depth that was less than 52 m also changed the settlement of the excavation deformation and the ground surface. Therefore, the numerical results can agree with the practical project to imply that numerical method in the paper is applicable and reliable, which provides a new thought to research on deep excavation in soft-soil.     

高速移动载荷作用下板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动力特性分析

运用D’Alembert原理和能量弱变分,建立了板式轨道-软岩路基系统半空间垂向耦合的动力计算模型,研究了高速铁路板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动态响应特征,获得了基床面上和软岩路堤面上各种动态响应值,将其作为确定基床厚度和基床表层厚度的前提依据,以指导无碴轨道路基结构的设计与施工。通过室内试验,对软岩及软岩填料的一般路用性能进行了研究,用其来判断软岩能否作为高速铁路无碴轨道基床以下部分填料的必要条件。     

长江漫滩低路堤基底浅层固化层工作性状数值分析

低路堤可以节约不可再生的土地资源, 浅层固化处置是低路堤软基处理科学、经济的方法。采用现场孔隙水压力静力触探（CPTU）对长江河漫滩相典型非均质性天然沉积软土层进行原位试验。应用二维有限差分方法对平面应变条件路堤荷载作用下有无浅层固化层的软土地基固结排水与沉降进行了仿真模拟,并应用三维有限差分方法对路面车辆重载作用下有无浅层固化层的路基及基底变形进行了三维数值仿真。结果表明：地基浅层固化层的设置改变了地基应力场的分布,通过应力扩散作用减小地基土体的附加应力,进而减小了地基土体的沉降量。基底固化层通过增强路基基底的刚度来增强路基的整体刚度,减小路基的变形,提高路基整体稳定性。     

The behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundation under long-term dynamic loads: model tests

In order to reduce the effects of the low strength and high compressibility of soft soil, geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundations (GRPF) are widely applied for the construction of high-speed railways. Though its reinforcement effect is proved acceptable in practices so far, it is unclear whether it will keep this performance as the train speed continues increasing. Since it is impossible to study the problem in field tests, only mathematical and physical models can be used. However, the nonlinear behaviour of the soft soil complicates the use of analytical models. Therefore, this paper presents a small-scale model test to study the possible changes in stress distribution and deformation in the GRPF under increasing dynamic loads. One test with a natural foundation, without piles or geosynthetic, shows the difference with a similar construction with GRPF foundation. Furthermore, three GRPF tests show the influence of the embankment thickness. The results show the long-term dynamic loading significantly affects the dynamic stress and displacements of the subsoil between the piles of the GRPF. This effect can be divided into three stages with an increasing level of load amplitude: no impact, advantageous impact, and adverse impact. When the dynamic load reaches the adverse impact stage, the long-term dynamic loads reduce the dynamic pile–soil stress ratio, which means that more soil settlement will develop, because more dynamic stress is applied to the soft soil. The test results show that the reduction in dynamic stress on the subsoil in the GRPF construction is clearly lower than the dynamic stress on the natural foundation, due to the existence of rigid piles. Moreover, a thicker embankment gives significantly lower dynamic stresses on the subsoil between the piles. For the thickest embankment tested, the adverse impact stage was not found at all: the arching kept enhancing under long-term dynamic loading with high load amplitudes.

     

Numerical analysis of soil vibrations due to trains moving at critical speed

High-speed train induced vibrations of track structure and underlying soils differ from that induced by low-speed train. Determining the critical speed of train operation remains difficult due to the complex properties of the track, embankment and ground. A dynamic analysis model comprising track, embankment and layered ground was presented based on the two-and-half-dimensional (2.5D) finite elements combining with thin-layer elements to predict vibrations generated by train moving loads. The track structure is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on embankment. The train is treated as a series of moving axle loads; the embankment and ground are modeled by the 2.5D finite elements. The dynamic responses of the track structure and the ground under constant and vibrating moving loads at various speeds are presented. The results show that the critical speed of a train moving on an embankment is higher than the Rayleigh wave velocity of the underlying soil, attributed to the presence of the track structure and the embankment. It is found that the dynamic response of ground induced by moving constant loads is mostly dominated by train speed. While for the moving load with vibration frequency, the ground response is mostly affected by the vibration frequency instead of train speed. Mach effect appears when the train speed exceeds the critical speed of the track–embankment–ground system.