土坡地震稳定性影响因素分析

针对目前土质边坡地震稳定性评价还没有成熟可靠的标准,采用FLAC3D对土坡进行地震稳定性分析,得出:在土体强度参数中,摩擦角对土坡的稳定性影响最大。地震波传播方向平行于坡面时,比地震波传播方向与坡面相交时对土坡的危害要小得多。提出对土坡采用分级处理,多设置平台,更利于抗震。      

含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究现状及发展趋势

含软弱夹层岩质边坡在自然环境和工程实践中都比较常见，稳定性差，边坡失稳产生了大量的滑坡灾害，造成大量人员伤亡和经济损失。因此，含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究一直是工程地质和岩土工程领域的研究重点之一。在收集整理国内外相关资料的基础上，从自重工况、开挖工况、暴雨和蓄水工况、地震工况方面总结了目前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的研究现状及进展，取得如下主要认识:(1)软弱夹层对岩质边坡稳定性有显著不利影响，含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性比均质岩质边坡、不含软弱夹层的层状岩质边坡都差；(2)含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性系数、变形特征和破坏模式与软弱夹层的含水状态、抗剪强度、倾角、厚度、间距、层数和边坡坡度有关；(3)开挖容易诱发坡体沿软弱夹层滑坡，含软弱夹层岩质边坡开挖后需要及时支护；(4)爆破层裂效应改变了软弱夹层与围岩的接触状态，减小了它们之间的凝聚力和摩擦力，导致边坡稳定性降低；(5)暴雨和蓄水都不利于含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定；(6)岩质边坡地震动力响应和变形破坏特征受软弱夹层参数(厚度、倾角、含水状态)、地震波特性(地震波的类型、幅值、频率、激振方向)和边坡结构(顺层或反倾)共同影响；(7)在软弱夹层对水平向动力响应的放大或减弱作用及厚层软弱夹层的消能减震作用方面仍然存在不同观点。在此基础上，分析了研究方法的优缺点，指出当前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究存在的问题。最后，针对该领域的研究现状，提出了未来的研究重点和方向，主要包括:含多层软弱夹层岩质边坡的渐进性变形破坏过程和稳定性；全面深入研究单因素作用(开挖卸荷、爆破、地震、暴雨、库水位变化、地下水等)对含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的影响机制；多因素耦合作用下含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性；支挡结构体系对含多层软弱夹层高陡岩质边坡的加固机制。     

The Influences of Destruction Effects of Earthquake Faults on the Dynamic Stability of Highway Slopes

In highway projects, the common destruction effects of earthquake faults include the sand seismic liquefaction, the instability and failure of slopes. Thereinto, the dynamic instability of slopes induced by earthquake faults is most commonly seen. In order to research the influences of the destruction effects of earthquake faults on the dynamic stability of highway slopes, the distribution of previous earthquakes happening in the research area is qualitatively analyzed to establish the earthquake fault model and explore the kinematic characteristics. On this basis, representative slopes–cutting slopes in seismic damage areas are selected to calculate their earthquake response using the ABAQUS finite element program. The displacement field and acceleration output from the program are used to analyze the variation in the displacement of slope top and calculate the distribution coefficient of acceleration. Then, the stress fields output by the dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) are substituted in the genetic algorithm programmed by MATLAB to obtain the time history curves of safety factor of slopes and intelligently search the critical slip surfaces. By doing so, the changing rule of safety factor with seismic acceleration is obtained, together with the range of the safety factor of the envelope diagram of critical slip surfaces.     

Dynamic tensile cracking in slopes possibly induced by Rayleigh surface waves

The 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki earthquake generated crack openings in fill slopes in Sendai, Japan. Although the slopes were reinforced with steel pipe piles after this event, tensile cracking was induced again in the same slopes by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. This clearly indicates conventional countermeasures against dynamic slope failures, usually based on body wave interaction with slopes, are not always effective. Considering that similar open cracks in the top surfaces of slopes were also found in New Zealand and California, we may need to clarify the generation mechanism of such cracks with some new insights. Recently, it has been indicated that the effect of Rayleigh surface wave propagation on dynamic slope stability may become significant. In this contribution, therefore, by performing two-dimensional elastodynamic analyses of Rayleigh/body wave interaction with a geometrically simple model slope, we show Rayleigh waves may play a more dominant role than body waves in generating the open cracks, and emphasise the importance of taking into account the dynamic slope failures induced by Rayleigh waves. Surface waves may be produced also by nearby blasting, etc., and therefore, the results obtained here may be of crucial importance in comprehending the dynamic stability of slopes in general.     

岩性及岩体结构对斜坡地震加速度响应的影响

斜坡岩体的岩性及岩体结构是斜坡在地震作用下产生变形破坏的主要控制因素。基于振动台模型试验,对4个斜坡模型探讨了这2个因素对斜坡地震动力响应的影响。岩性包括强度相对较高的硬岩和强度相对较低的软岩,对这两种岩性的斜坡又分别考虑了不含结构面的均质斜坡和含水平层状结构面的斜坡。基于传感器采集到的大量数据,以主频相近的天然地震波和10 Hz正弦波加载为分析工况,获得了以下几点认识：（1）4个模型斜坡坡面和坡内的水平向加速度均具有高程放大效应,尤其是软岩斜坡坡顶放大效应最显著;（2）软岩斜坡对水平向加速度的高程放大效应强于硬岩斜坡,尤其是在均质斜坡中表现最显著,均质软岩斜坡的高程放大效应呈现出明显的非线性特征;（3）当加载方向与水平层面平行时,含水平层状结构面的斜坡比均质斜坡产生了更强的高程放大效应,且在软岩斜坡中体现最显著;（4）岩性差异对斜坡水平向加速度高程效应的影响比结构差异的影响更为显著。研究结果为岩质斜坡的抗震设计提供了一定参考。     

考虑波浪与地震动力效应的曹妃甸海底斜坡稳定性探讨

波浪和地震等动力荷载容易引起斜坡海床失稳,进而引发海底滑坡,危及港口码头安全和海洋工程建设。本文以曹妃甸港南部深槽处海底斜坡为研究对象,考虑真实波浪荷载和地震荷载,采用有限元法和极限平衡法相结合的研究手段对海底斜坡的动态稳定性进行了定量化计算,探讨了动力效应对特殊环境下海底斜坡稳定性的影响机制。结果表明: (1)极端波浪荷载和地震动力荷载对海底斜坡稳定性影响很大,重现期为50a的波浪荷载和峰值加速度为0.15 g的地震动力荷载将引发海底斜坡失稳,且地震荷载将诱发海底斜坡产生较大位移; (2)动力效应会引发海床侵蚀和岩土体强度弱化,进而降低斜坡安全系数,这是稳定性分析中不可忽略的重要因素。     

震裂斜坡形成机理及变形破坏模式研究

震裂斜坡是强震作用下形成的一类分布范围广、震裂变形严重、潜在危害大的次生地质灾害,为了深入系统地分析其震裂机理及变形破坏机制模式,本文结合"5.12"汶川大地震造成的震裂斜坡及其破坏现象的详细调查,在对强震中的地震波效应深入分析的基础上,以双面斜坡为例,首先对震裂变形的力学机理进行了系统分析。认为强震中的体波效应将导致斜坡体处于量值和方向不断变化的拉-剪应力和反压应力的交替作用之下,其形成的拉-剪破裂效应和潜在的楔劈效应是斜坡震裂变形的重要力学因素之一。同时,面波效应将导致坡体表面处于鼓胀拉力和扭力的作用之下,是坡体表部整体震裂破碎甚至破坏的另一重要力学因素。二者共同作用均使坡体应力场处于不断的动态变化过程中,坡体(面)震裂变形甚至破坏更为严重。在此基础上,对强震中斜坡变形破坏的机制模式进行了归纳,认为主要有四种表现形式,即旋转-拉裂型、旋转-剪滑型、鼓胀-拉裂型和滑移-拉裂型。研究成果为震裂斜坡稳定性分析以及灾后重建和防灾减灾提供了有力参考。     

顺层岩质边坡地震动力响应研究

地震作用下边坡的动力响应研究是边坡动力稳定分析的基础,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立一个顺层岩质边坡动力数值模拟模型,对其在竖向和水平向地震耦合作用下的动力响应全过程进行研究。研究表明,地震竖向和水平向耦合作用模拟比简单的模拟水平向振动更加接近实际情况,对岩土体的破坏更大;顺层岩质边坡在耦合地震作用下存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用;坡面水平向和竖向加速度均随高程增加呈增大趋势,在结构面处增大特别明显;竖向地震波产生的水平与竖向拉裂是触发斜坡体产生初期崩滑破坏的主控因素;边坡动力响应特征值的放大效应表明,其放大系数值从大到小依次是：竖向加速度＞水平加速度＞竖向速度＞水平速度;耦合地震波作用下,随着av /aH的增大,坡面监测各点横向位移基本呈增大趋势,说明竖向地震作用起了重要的破坏作用。     

On the stability of fissured slopes subject to seismic action

A set of analytical solutions achieved by the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and the pseudo‐static approach is presented for the assessment of the stability of homogeneous c, ϕ slopes manifesting vertical cracks and subject to seismic action. Rotational failure mechanisms are considered for slopes with cracks of either known or unknown depth and location. A validation exercise was carried out based on numerical limit analyses and displacement‐based finite‐element analyses with strength reduction technique. Charts providing the stability factor for fissured slopes subject to both horizontal and vertical accelerations for any combination of c, ϕ and slope inclination are provided. The effect of the direction of the vertical acceleration on slope stability is specifically analysed. Yield seismic coefficients are also provided. When the presence of cracks within the slope can be ascertained with reasonable confidence, maps showing the zones within the slope where they have no destabilising effect are provided. Finally, Newmark's method was employed to assess the effect of cracks on earthquake induced displacements. To this end, displacement coefficients are provided in chart form as a function of the slope characteristics. Two examples of slopes subjected to known earthquakes are illustrated. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

土质边坡震裂机制物理模拟研究

为了研究地震中土质边坡(包括覆盖层边坡)在强震作用下破裂的成因机制,以"5·12"汶川特大地震为背景资料,采用震动台模拟试验进行了研究.模拟试验结果表明:斜坡震裂变形破坏与斜坡外形结构特征具有相关性.坡面转折点应力最易集中,破坏的可能性较大.震动条件下土质边坡完全破坏也具有一般性的规律,即以"一垮到底"的方式堆积于坡脚...     

Centrifuge model test study on pile reinforcement behavior of cohesive soil slopes under earthquake conditions

In this study, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the dynamic response of cohesive soil slopes with the use of stabilizing piles during an earthquake. The behavior of the pile reinforcement was analyzed based on the obtained deformation over the entire slope through image-based measurement, and the behavior of the slope was compared to that of an unreinforced slope. The piles significantly increased the stability of the slope and reduced its deformation during an earthquake. The bending moment of the piles exhibited a nearly triangular distribution due to the earthquake. The acceleration response of the slope increased with increasing elevation, and the displacement accumulated apparently irreversibly over the course of the earthquake. The piles significantly affected the deformation of the slope in a certain area, the boundary of which was defined using a continuous surface. A strain analysis of the slope demonstrated that the piles had a significant effect on the reduction in the deformation of the slope in their vicinities, and this effect expanded upward along the slope and arrested the possible slip surface that would have occurred in an unreinforced slope. Several influencing factors were simulated in the tests, and observation of these factors demonstrated that the dynamic response of the pile-reinforced slope was affected by the pile spacing, pile location, slope gradient, and input earthquake to varying extent.     

碎石土路堑高边坡地震动力响应过程分析

以功东高速大营盘碎石土深路堑高边坡为研究对象,对其用有限差分软件FLAC3D模拟分析,在低频高幅的地震波作用下,深入考虑网格划分和输入波以保证模拟的准确性,以此来研究高烈度地区地震作用下高边坡开挖及时支护的工序下的自然和降雨工况不同的变形和动力响应规律。结果表明:（1）在静力开挖支护阶段,开挖主要影响范围为开挖面附近的土体,位移主要为回弹变形,随着开挖深度的增加,回弹位移增加变缓。向下坡方向的位移趋势从坡脚开始产生,在降雨工况下所有坡面测点均产生向下坡方向位移。（2）地震作用下,坡体会产生多条剪切带倾泄能量,而地震降雨工况下产生坡顶到坡脚的贯通剪切带,成整体失稳趋势。（3）输入地震波峰值及其在此峰值点的位移响应存在时间差,且此点位移也不是位移最大值,降雨对中上部坡体位移影响较大,会使位移较自然工况下几乎成倍增加。（4）在地震中下坡方向的水平位移越大,其加速度响应越有降低的趋势,且越往坡体内部,降雨对加速度响应影响越不明显。     

多级边坡平台宽度对边坡地震动力响应 及破坏机制的影响

以典型工程边坡为原型,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立一个三维土坡模型,分析地震作用下多级边坡平台宽度对边坡动力响应特性和动力失稳机制的影响。计算结果表明,边坡设置平台可以有效地提高地震动力条件下边坡的稳定性,且平台宽度越大则稳定性越显著;PGA放大系数随着平台宽度的增大而减小。结合频谱分析得到第一级边坡坡顶的动力响应较第二级边坡坡脚的大,边坡岩土体剪应变增量和位移响应也减小;地震作用下边坡塑性区从坡脚部位向坡体内部发展,随地震持时的增加,坡顶出现拉张变形,坡面及其浅表层发生拉张剪切变形,坡体内部一定部位发生剪切变形;坡面监测点位移时程曲线表明,地震作用下边坡坡脚位移向上,发生剪出变形或破坏,坡脚和变坡点均为薄弱部位,应加强支护。研究结果对多级土质边坡抗震设计具有一定指导意义。     

地震作用下边坡的动态响应规律研究

以印度Koyna地震为输入动荷载,利用ABAQUS软件建立了一个均质土坡动力数值分析模型。在此基础上,分析了该地震作用下边坡的动力响应规律。结果表明,边坡对地震加速度存在放大作用,坡顶水平向峰值加速度为1.0 m/s2,约为输入地震峰值加速度的3倍;坡顶竖向峰值加速度为0.8 m/s2,约为输入地震峰值加速度的3.2倍;在当土体发生破损以后坡体位移随地震持时的增加而增大,存在变形累积效应。研究结果有助于进一步揭示边坡在地震作用下的失稳机制。     

结构面对岩质边坡地震动影响的数值模拟研究

[摘 要] 本文采用数值模拟的方法,利用UDEC 软件,开展了结构面对岩质边坡地震动影响的数值 模拟研究,研究内容涉及结构面产状和位置变化对岩体边坡地震动放大系数空间展布的影响。根据岩 体边坡中结构面发育的一般规律,本文模型工况主要考虑与坡面相交的贯穿性结构面,模拟的主要物理 对象是层面、贯穿性长大软弱结构面等。数值模拟结果表明:结构面越靠近坡顶,边坡上部的地震动响 应越强烈;顺倾结构面会使坡肩部形成更强烈的地震动响应;边坡越陡,坡顶和坡肩部的地震动响应越 强烈。上述规律对于岩质边坡地震稳定性分析具有指导意义。     

降雨入渗对板岩边坡稳定的影响及加固措施研究

板岩边坡在国内边坡工程中较为常见,常伴有倾倒变形,在其特有的结构性质影响下边坡失稳频发。通过对苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡失稳现象分析,研究了板岩边坡在降入入渗情况下的变形特征,在该基础之上运用稳定理论探讨降雨入渗影响边坡失稳机制,结合实例分析提出了板岩边坡失稳加固关键措施,并通过现场实际检验效果。研究结果表明,板岩边坡的节理特性、开挖坡比、降雨入渗是造成板岩边坡失稳的关键因素,进行加固必须从防雨下渗和束腰加固着手。苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡加固后经受住了汛期和炮震的影响,说明边坡失稳认识及加固措施较为准确,对于类似工程具有一定的参考价值。     

Some slope stability problems in soils derived from the Ecca Shales of Natal,South Africa

Shales of the Lower Ecca stage of the Late Palaeozoic Series are actively degrading in the particular topography and climate of Natal. The failure of a large road embankment near Pietermaritzburg and the subsequent failure of the adjacent natural slope were caused by movement along existing shear zones in the underlying colluvium. Other cases of instability in both natural slopes and engineering earthworks are known, in the Pietermaritzburg and Durban areas and elsewhere in Natal. These failures in various types of slope in different parts of Natal suggest an inherent instability in colluvial and residual soil derived from shale of the Lower Ecca stage.     

A multi-method approach to study the stability of natural slopes and landslide susceptibility mapping

In this paper, a multi-method approach for the assessment of the stability of natural slopes and landslide hazard mapping applied to the Dakar coastal region is presented. This approach is based on the effective combination of geotechnical field and laboratory works, of GIS, and of mechanical (deterministic and numerical) stability analysis. By using this approach, valuable results were gained regarding instability factors, landslide kinematics, simulation of slope failure and coastal erosion. This led to a thorough assessment and strong reduction in the subjectivity of the slope stability and hazard assessment and to the development of an objective landslide danger map of the SW coast of Dakar. Analysis of the results shows that the slides were influenced by the geotechnical properties of the soil, the weathering, the hydrogeological situation, and the erosion by waves. The landslide susceptibility assessment based on this methodological approach has allowed for an appropriate and adequate consideration of the multiple factors affecting the stability and the optimization of planning and investment for land development in the city.     

震裂边坡稳定性极限分析

地震导致山体大范围开裂松动,使岩体裂缝（隙）张开、扩展进而形成危险的震裂边坡。裂缝是控制震裂边坡变形破坏的切割边界和滑移边界,为此,考虑裂缝扩展、裂缝充水和地震影响,采用极限分析上限法对汶川地震震中附近的一实地震裂边坡的稳定性变化进行分析。计算结果揭示了随裂缝扩展延伸,在雨水、地震作用影响下震裂边坡稳定性变化规律,为类似边坡的分析评价与工程治理提供了理论依据。     

基于间接边界元方法的SH波倾斜入射下边坡动力响应特征

地震作用下山体边坡的动力响应规律与地震波入射角度显著相关,本文基于间接边界元方法研究SH波倾斜入射下边坡的动力响应特征.基于间接边界元理论研发了用于边坡岩体动力响应分析的边界元程序,通过计算平直裂隙对弹性波的反射及散射波波场对程序进行验证,并详细探讨了不同类型的边坡在各种入射角度的应力波作用下的响应特性.SH波铅直向入射时,半圆形凹陷地形的谷肩位置地震动振幅最小,而半圆形凸起地形的最高点位置振幅最大,单面坡的坡肩位置地震动最大,楔形凸起地形的坡顶地震动最强烈;当SH波入射角增大,各类边坡的最大地震动力响应位置也有所偏移,地震放大系数亦随之变化;以樟木镇边坡为实例揭示了复杂形态边坡岩体中的局部凸起对地震动的放大作用.研究结果表明,边坡微地形特征对地震动力响应影响非常大,凸起山体坡顶的动力放大效应最为显著;同一边坡在不同入射角地震波作用下产生的动力放大系数以及发生的位置不同.本文的研究结果对评价坡体稳定性和边坡工程抗震防设等具有重要的指导意义.