热带海洋对风应力异常的响应

针对在南方涛动循环中东太平洋信风变化的特征,用国家海洋环境预报中心的五层太平洋环流模式模拟热带海洋对气候风应力脉动的响应.试验结果表明,当南方涛动处于高指数时,赤道东太平洋海表温度从表层至250m深都会出现负距平,表层距平洋流向西,下层200m深左右距平流向东,即赤道潜流加强,而当南方涛动指数取负值时,热带东太平洋东风应力减弱,热带太平洋海表温度增高,这种增暖自东向西扩展,上层距平洋流向东,下层距平洋流向西,赤道潜流有减弱趋势,这些正是典型的埃尔尼诺特征.计算结果与观测结果基本一致.     

南海海洋环流季节变化的数值模拟研究

基于POM(Princeton Ocean Model)海洋模式,对南海不同深度环流的季节性变化进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明:南海表层和上层环流受季风影响,在夏季西南季风驱动下,南海表层环流在南部呈现强反气旋式结构,在南海北部则是一个弱的气旋环流;在冬季东北季风驱动下,南海表层环流结构呈气旋式,并且明显加强了沿越南沿岸向南流动的西边界流;春季和秋季为南海季风的转换期,其对应的环流特征也处于冬季环流与夏季环流的过渡流型,流速与冬季和夏季相比较弱。南海200m层环流的季节变化与表层相似。在500与1 000m层,则出现许多处中尺度漩涡,流场也变得较为紊乱。     

2001年春季东中国海三维环流的数值模拟

本文基于2001年4月东中国海区域实测水文资料,应用三维有限元模式FEOM(Finite Element Ocean Model)对东中国海三维环流系统进行了数值计算分析。模式水平网格系统采用单节点线性三角形网格,垂向使用z坐标,观测温、盐度场通过客观分析法插值得到初始条件,分别进行了诊断计算和强诊断计算,计算结果表明:(1)改进逆方法可以很好地反演研究区域流函数和流量分布,为数值模拟提供优质可靠的开边界条件。(2)有限元模式在网格自由度方面和对研究区域的完整覆盖方面优势明显,高分辨率的垂向z坐标也可以较好地拟合海底地形,从而得到较高分辨率的三维数值模拟结果。(3)通过诊断计算,模拟再现了东中国海春季环流的多涡结构,分辨出了台湾暖流、黄海沿岸流、黄海暖流等流系。(4)比较诊断与强诊断两个计算结果,它们在定性上较为一致,在定量上有些差别,总体分布强诊断计算结果更为合理。     

夏季东中国海环流三维数值实验

东中国海由渤、黄、东海三部分组成，为典型的陆架边缘海。对这一海域环流的认识，过去多依赖于温盐资料分析和有限的测流数据。近年来随着计算机技术的迅猛发展，数值模拟已成为研究环流的结构、起源和动力机制的重要手段。国内、外学者在这一领域进行了大量的工作，袁耀初等(1982)使用单层模型对东中国海风生-热盐环流进行诊断计算；王卫等(1987)使用一个正压模式计算了黄、东海黑潮流系和涡旋现象；袁耀初等(1987a，b，1989)采用诊断数值计算方法求解涡度方程，得出其所测海区的三维夏、冬季海流流场；袁耀初等(1990)采用一种预报模式研究东中国海的冬季环流；Chao(1991)用三维有限差分模式探讨了黑潮、季风及长江流量等因子对东中国海环流的影响；袁耀初(1993)针对东海东部的流动建立了一个三维预报模式；朱耀华等(1994)建立了一个三维正压模式研究了渤、黄、东海冬、夏季的环流情况；梁湘三等( Liang et al.，1994)用二层模式模拟了黑潮在台湾东北入侵陆架的现象；王凯于1998年在冯士筰提出的浅海Lagrange余流理论上建立了一种三维斜压陆架环流模式，对渤、黄、东海冬、夏季环流进行了诊断数值模拟；王辉(1996)基于一种三维斜压浅海Lagrange余流的弱非线性理论，模拟计算了南黄海和东海夏季三维Lagrange余流；朱建荣等(1998)建立了一个σ坐标系下三维非线性斜压陆架模式，对东中国海冬、夏季环流进行模拟计算，并数值实验了长江径流量、台湾暖流、黄海冷水团、风场等因素对长江冲淡水扩展的作用。以上这些工作对了解东中国海环流的结构、起源和动力机制都具有重要意义。但是这些工作由于当时计算机速度和容量的限制，其数值模式不够完普，有的使用了二维(单层)或诊断模式，有的网格较粗，多数未考虑实际的海岸线和海面热交换对温度场的影响等，从计算结果来看，没有一个模式能全面地模拟出发生在东中国海的环流现象。 本文作者试图采用Blumberg等(1983,1987)建立的σ坐标系下三维斜压预报模式，考虑了东海主要水道间的流量交换、长江径流、海面风应力、海面热通量等诸多因素的影响，对东中国海夏季的环流进行了数值模拟，结果较全面地模拟了东中国海的环流现象，为今后进一步开展此项工作提供科学依据。     

东中国海环流及其季节变化的数值模拟

关于东中国海环流的研究，国内外学者已做了大量的工作。早期科学家们主要依赖于对温盐资料和少数测流资料的分析研究对渤、黄、东海的环流结构有了较系统和深入的认识。东中国海环流是由一个气旋式的“流涡”组成，东侧主要是北上的黑潮-对马暖流-黄海暖流及其延伸部分；西侧为南下的沿岸流系。黑潮对东中国海环流的影响是如此之大，以致于除了某些局部区域外，上述海域主要流系的冬、夏季分布形式比较相似而无本质上的差异(胡敦欣等，1993)。但本文所研究海域正处于世界上最显著的季风区，冬、夏季盛行风向基本相反，过渡季节(春、秋季)风向多变，风力减弱；海洋热盐结构季节变化明显(如冬季混合强，而夏季层化明显等)，这些因素都使得东中国海环流存在着较明显的季节变化。 自20世纪80年代以来，东中国海环流的数值模拟工作逐步展开，并已成为研究环流结构及其形成机制的强有力工具。但由于数值模式本身以及计算方案的缺陷(如有些学者用固定的风场、温盐场对东中国海环流进行诊断模拟等)和观测资料的不足，数值模拟的结果难以得到验证，渤、黄、东海的环流研究中仍有大量的问题存在争议，以待澄清。例如，台湾暖流的来源、流径;对马暖流的来源;夏季黄海暖流的流径以及黄海冷水团环流等均有不同的论述。对黄、东海环流季节变化的数值模拟工作也较少，多用冬、夏典型月份的风场强迫积分至稳定态，给出冬、夏季环流，这种做法值得商榷。三维环流模式很难在1个月内达到稳定态，尤其是夏季层化明显、风力减弱的情况下，非常定风场的影响更应引起人们的重视。 本文采用比较符合实际的计算方案，用年循环风场和海面热通量场为外强迫，对渤、黄、东海的环流及其季节变化进行了模拟，并对一些争议问题进行了探讨。     

大气强迫日变化对东中国海海温模拟的影响

大气强迫的日变化可以减弱海表温度的水平梯度加强表层与次表层间的垂向混合,从而影响海温的模拟。本文基于区域海洋模式ROMS,利用NCEP/NCAR发布的6h1次的10m风速、短波辐射、海表气压等再分析资料,研究了大气强迫的日变化对东中国海温度模拟的影响。通过与观测资料比对发现,相比于日均大气强迫下的模拟,日变化大气强迫下的模拟与观测更为接近。大气强迫的日变化对东中国海的海-气热通量具有显著影响,能够使东中国海年均海气热通量增加1.4W/m~2,夏季增加13W/m~2,冬季减小10W/m~2。大气强迫的日变化通过海-气界面的热力和动力过程影响水温的垂直结构,加强东中国海的上层混合,使东中国海混合层厚度(MLD)增加约10%;夏季黄海冷水团的平均温度升高0.5℃,体积减少约1/3。     

浙南近岸海流季节变化特征

为了揭示浙南海流特征及其季节和垂向变化规律,于2006—2007年在浙南岸外一固定点(平均水深约32m)利用ADP潜标进行了春、夏、秋、冬季4次多个潮周期分层海流流速流向观测。结果表明:(1)测点最大流速为148.9cm/s,相应流向为75°,出现在春季表层大潮落潮阶段;垂向平均最大流速为106.2cm/s,平均流向为81°,出现在夏季大潮落潮落急阶段。(2)剖面各层流速垂向差异明显,表层流速(28m层以上)受海况影响明显,秋季平均流速最大(65.4cm/s),冬季最小(42.8cm/s),20~28m层冬季最强,春季最弱,20m层以下夏季最强,秋季最弱(仅小潮);垂线平均流速夏季最强(46.5cm/s),春季最小(33.7cm/s)。(3)夏季海流基本上为(偏)北向流;秋、冬则基本上为(偏)南向流;春季具往复流特点,但以北向流为主。(4)垂向上夏季和春季流向较一致,冬季和秋季流向分异明显(20m和10m层)。(5)垂线平均余流为12.8~29.8cm/s,夏季最强春季最弱;夏季和春季各层余流均为东北向,冬季为西南向,而秋季11m层(包括11m层)以下为E-NEE向,11m层以上为西南向。结论:测点海流受到潮汐、季风和台湾暖流的共同制约。季风的影响夏、冬两季大于春、秋两季;季风的影响自表层向底层减弱(主要限于表层以下10m)。     

风应力涡度和边界力对东中国海环流的效应

多年来,很多国内外学者对东中国海环流的机理进行了研究。近几年,奚盘根等(1980)和冯士筰等(1981)基于f-坐标系的风涡度—热盐梯度全流方程分别数值地模拟了冬、夏季东中国海环流。他们指出,控制东中国海环流主要因子是边界     

关于东中国海环流模型的探讨

在参考文献[1,2]中作者提出了一个非常简单的东中国海环流动力学模型。本文又依文献[3]的思路发展了一个更全面的模型。值得重视的是,根据上述两个不同模式进行计算,所得结果基本上是相同的,仅在细节上稍有差异。数值模拟结果与观测结果是吻合的,而且东中国海环流的动力学特征表明,边界力、水深和热盐效应控制着东中国海环流的型式,而风应力仅起次要作用。     

长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海区Lagrange环流的数值模拟研究Ⅰ——正压环流

将长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海域作为研究整体,建立该海区的三维Lagrange正压环流的分阶数值模式,综合考虑径流、东中国海背景环流、风应力和M2,S2,O1,K1 4大天文分潮的综合作用,运用"流速分解法"将环流分为正压梯度流、风生流、潮致余流及零阶环流的非线性耦合流等4个分量,模拟了冬夏两季长江口、杭州湾及其邻近海区的Lagrange正压环流结构.结果表明,零阶环流受东中国海背景环流控制;潮致余流是该海区一个重要分量;杭州湾内正压环流主要由风生流和潮致余流控制.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Open Ocean Deep Convection with Application to the Deep Water Formation in the East Sea (Japan Sea)

Various important features could be found on the open ocean deep convection and the subsequent deep water formation from large eddy simulation (LES), and the results were applied to the East Sea (Japan Sea). It was found that under a strong cold wind outburst with the heat flux of 1000 Wm⁻² for 5 days generates a deep convection which can penetrate to the depth 1500 m, but under the continuous cooling with the heat flux of 250 Wm⁻² the growth of a mixed layer is suppressed at 700 m. The effects of the spatial and temporal variations of the surface forcing were investigated with regard to the penetrative depth of convection, the generation of baroclinic eddies, the volume of the water mass formation, and the intensity of the rim current. The deep water formations in the intermediate and deep layer of the East Sea were explained in terms of the simulation results, and the intensity of the consequent circulation and the volume of water mass formation were compared with the observation data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A three-dimensional model study on ocean dynamic response to traveling cyclone over the Huanghai Sea

On the basis of numerical simulation of the mean circulation and relevant thermal-salinity fields in June with a three-dimensional ocean model (ECOM-si), the model outputs are used as first guess of initial fields for numerical integration of the model equations and the numerical results are applied to investigating the dynamical responses of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea (HECS) in the course of a weak land-to-sea cyclone‘s passage over the Huanghai Sea on 15-16 June 1999. Predominance of the dynamic impact of cyclone over the thermal one in June in the HECS is justified using observations and model simulations.The cyclone and its surrounding weather system, i.e,, subtropical high ridge to its south could influence current and thermal fields in the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the northern East China Sea even though the intensity of cyclone was rather weak. The response of oceanic currents to the wind stresses driven by the cyclone and its southern subtropical high were strongly characterized by the wind drift with its extent of equivalent scale of cyclone in the horizontal and of Ekman layer in the vertical. The sea response at a given site was closely related to the transient local wind speed and direction,especially was sensitive to the local wind direction,which is demonstrated at three points locating at the southern and western Huanghai Sea and the northern East China Sea. So the sea responses at locations differed considerably from one another. Current responded to the wind stress in a simple way:directly to the wind-driven current and subsequent gradient current and slope current, etc., whereas sea temperature responded to the wind stress in two ways: directly to the cyclone-induced cooling and indirectly to water movements both in the horizontal and the vertical by the cyclone‘ s wind stress. So the sea temperature variation under the influence of cyclone was more complicate than the current. The HECS in response to the cyclone and its ambient weather system was likely to be a fast process and such a response could last at least for more than 1d. Current increased with the duration of wind stress exerted on the surface and decreased with the increasing depth. Affected by the cyclone, the maximum sea surface temperature decreased by almost 1.6℃ during the 24h cyclone.     

Response of the low-frequency fluctuations of sea level to atmospheric forcing along the coasts of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

In this paper, the low-frequency fluctuations of sea level and their relationship to atmospheric forcing along the coasts of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea are studied. Spectrum analyses are made for the time series of daily mean sea level, atmospheric pressure and wind stress at seven coastal stations. It is found that at all the stations, the main part of the energy of the sea level fluctuations, within the (2-60)-day period, is concentrated on the (12-60)-day period band and that an obvious spectral peak appears at the 3-day period. Along the coast of the Huanghai Sea, variations in the sea level are greater in winter than in summer. In winter, along the coasts of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea there is a kind of sea level fluctuations propagating southwards. Among the many factors causing sea level variation, the most obvious one is atmospheric pressure, followed next by the alongshore wind stress.     

Numerical experiment on the circulation in the Japan Sea

By using a rectangular basin of uniform depth with inflow and outflow openings, the circulation in the Japan Sea is investigated numerically. Heat flux through the sea surface is determined from the annual mean atmospheric conditions for the Japan Sea, but no wind stress is considered.In the transient state, the warm water supplied through an inflow opening travels cyclonically along the coast as a density-driven boundary current in a rotating system. In the quasi-steady state, the warm water flows northward as a western boundary current which corresponds to the East Korean Warm Current and gradually separates from the coast as it flows northward. No strong boundary current corresponding to the nearshore branch of the Tsushima Current exists.Under annual mean atmospheric conditions, formation of the deep water characteristic of the Japan Sea and of the thermal front corresponding to the Polar Front do not take place.     

Numerical Experiments of the Influences of the Transport Variation through the Korea Strait on the Japan/East Sea Upper Layer Circulation

Numerical experiments were performed in order to investigate the effects of variations of the transport through the Korea/Tsushima Strait, an inlet of the Japan/East Sea, on the upper layer circulation in the JES based on a 10-month transport observation from May 1999 to March 2000 (Perkins et al., 2000). All external forcings to the model were annual mean fields, except the transport variation through the Korea Strait. In the experiments where the periodic variation of the transport repeated continuously sinusoidally by several periods, strong variability of sea surface height (SSH) was detected in the region extending from the Korea Strait to the Japanese coast due to the geostrophy of the buoyancy forcing at the Korea Strait. The region along the Korean coast is more sensitive to the long-term variations than the short-term (≤60-day period) ones. In two experiments forced by realistic and monthly mean transport, the difference of rms of sea surface height was largest at the Japanese coast and relatively large at the East Korean Warm Current separation region (128∼130°E, 39∼41°N) and to the east of Yamato Rise. The distribution of difference of eddy kinetic energy at 100 m depth between the two experiments was similar to that of the rms of SSH. In the distributions of mean SSH and mean kinetic energy at 100 m depth the realistic transport invokes eddy variability to interact with mean current resulting in the changes of the mean SSH and the mean kinetic energy at the East Korean Warm Current separation region, but it does not produce conspicuous changes in the mean fields of entire JES compared with the mean fields forced by the seasonal transport.     

Particle tracking experiments on a model of the Okhotsk Sea: Toward oil spill simulation

Particle tracking experiments were conducted for the Sea of Okhotsk using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model, as a step toward the simulation of oil spills. The model’s reproducibility is first examined in detail. Comparison with surface drifter and moored ADCP data shows that the model successfully reproduces the velocity field over the shelves, particularly in the weak stratification period. This is because the current variability is simply determined by integration of the alongshore component of the wind stress over the coast from which arrested topographic waves propagate. Good agreement even in the ice-covered period implies that the neglect of sea ice in the model is not a problem for reproduction of the current over the shelves. Good agreement also supports the correction of ECMWF wind speed by a factor of 1.25. A series of particle tracking experiments was carried out to examine the case of particles released from the Sakhalin oil field at depths of 0 m and 15 m. Regardless of the deployment month and year, most particles at depth 15 m are transported southward along the Sakhalin coast, in accordance with the abrupt intensification of the East Sakhalin Current in October, finally arriving offshore of Hokkaido in November–January. Particles at the surface, which are affected by wind drift in addition to the ocean current, show larger yearly variability. In years when the offshoreward-wind dominates, the particles would be advected out of the mainstream of the current and would not be transported offshore of Hokkaido.     

长江口及其邻近海区环流和温、盐结构动力学研究Ⅱ.环流的基本特征

利用POM模型，以研究海区的海面风应力、温度和盐度资料作为海面边界条件，以与外海界面处的温度和盐度资料作为侧向液边界条件，并考虑长江径流、台湾暖流和东海沿岸流的影响，对长江口及其邻近海区各季节的三维斜压环流和温、盐结构进行了数值模拟。环流的数值结果表明，冬季和秋季研究海区的水平环流主要由长江径流、东海沿岸流、台湾暖流、杭州湾环流和沿岸流与台湾暖流之间的气旋和反气旋涡构成；东海沿岸流与长江径流顺岸南下，随着自北往南岸界地形坡度的增大，其流幅变窄，流速增强；台湾暖流沿陡坡及其外缘蜿蜒北上，随着自南往北水深的变浅，其流幅由宽变窄继而又由窄变宽，流速却一直由强变弱。冬季和秋季海区纬度断面垂直环流的总趋势由近岸向外海流动，海底地形变化缓慢区离岸流产生波动，海底地形变化显著的陡坡区离岸流产生剧烈振荡而生成强升降流。春季和夏季研究海区的水平环流主要由长江径流与东海沿岸流汇合流、台湾暖流、杭州湾环流、舟山群岛附近及长江径流和东海沿岸流汇合流与台湾暖流之间的气旋和反气旋涡构成；长江径流和台湾暖流平行北上并在长江口以北产生顺时针偏转。由海区水平环流特征和变化趋势证实，春季长江冲淡水已开始向东北偏转，夏季冲淡水的偏转程度、伸展距离和扩展范围都更甚于春季；春季在长江口近岸存在弱上升流，夏季长江口外的陡坡区出现下降流，而长江口以北和以南的陡坡区出现上升流。     

Abyssal currents driven by a local wind forcing through deep mixed layer: implication to the east sea

A simple analytical model is considered in an attempt to demonstrate a formation mechanism of the abyssal current in the East Sea. In this model, the abyssal currents are driven by wind through an outcrop region and flow along closed geostrophic contours. A rough estimate of the abyssal currents, arrived at by applying this model to the region of deep mixing in the East Sea, gives currents comparable to those observed, although there is an uncertainty in the surface area of the outcrop region. It seems that the spin-up of deep water by wind forcing through the region of deep winter mixing is, at least partly, an important contribution to the formation of the abyssal currents in the East Sea.     

Long-term and real-time monitoring system of the East/Japan sea

Long-term, continuous, and real-time ocean monitoring has been undertaken in order to evaluate various oceanographic phenomena and processes in the East/Japan Sea. Recent technical advances combined with our concerted efforts have allowed us to establish a real-time monitoring system and to accumulate considerable knowledge on what has been taking place in water properties, current systems, and circulation in the East Sea. We have obtained information on volume transport across the Korea Strait through cable voltage measurements and continuous temperature and salinity profile data from ARGO floats placed throughout entire East Sea since 1997. These ARGO float data have been utilized to estimate deep current, inertial kinetic energy, and changes in water mass, especially in the northern East Sea. We have also developed the East Sea Real-time Ocean Buoy (ESROB) in coastal regions and made continual improvements till it has evolved into the most up-to-date and effective monitoring system as a result of remarkable technical progress in data communication systems. Atmospheric and oceanic measurements by ESROB have contributed to the recognition of coastal wind variability, current fluctuations, and internal waves near and off the eastern coast of Korea. Long-term current meter moorings have been in operation since 1996 between Ulleungdo and Dokdo to monitor the interbasin deep water exchanges between the Japanese and Ulleung Basins. In addition, remotely sensed satellite data could facilitate the investigation of atmospheric and oceanic surface conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height, near-surface winds, oceanic color, surface roughness, and so on. These satellite data revealed surface frontal structures with a fairly good spatial resolution, seasonal cycle of SST, atmospheric wind forcing, geostrophic current anomalies, and biogeochemical processes associated with physical forcing and processes. Since the East Sea has been recognized as a natural laboratory for global oceanic changes and a clue to abrupt climate change, we aim at constructing a 4-D continuous real-time monitoring system, over a decade at least, using the most advanced techniques to understand a variety of oceanic processes in the East Sea.     

东海冷涡对东亚季风年代际变化

利用CORA、COADS和SODA 等高分辨率的海洋和大气再分析资料及区域海洋模式(ROMS), 研究了东海冷涡对1976/1977 年前后东亚季风年代际跃变(减弱)的响应。结果表明: (1)1976/1977年前后东亚季风跃变后, 夏季东海冷涡明显增强, 主要表现为冷涡的温度显著降低, 而冬季东海冷涡有所变弱但其温度上升不明显; (2)东亚冬季风跃变后, 济州岛西南侧的黄海暖流减弱, 冷涡区出现一个反气旋式环流异常, 这有利于冬季东海冷涡的减弱; (3)东亚夏季风跃变后, 台湾暖流外海侧分支及济州岛西南侧的黄海暖流分支增强, 使得冷涡区的气旋性环流变强, 这有利于夏季东海冷涡的加强。数值试验的结果表明, 东亚冬、夏季风的跃变在东中国海引起了不同的中尺度海洋环流异常, 从而导致东海冷涡对东亚冬、夏季风的跃变产生不同的响应。