内潮耗散与自吸-负荷潮对南海潮波影响的数值研究

利用非结构三角形网格的FVCOM海洋数值模式,在其传统二维潮波方程中加入参数化的内潮耗散项和自吸-负荷潮项,计算了南海及其周边海域的M_2、S_2、K_1和O_1分潮的分布。与实测值的比较表明,引入这两项对模拟准确度的提高有明显效果。根据模式结果本文计算分析了研究海域的潮能输入和耗散。能量输入计算表明,能通量是潮能输入的最主要构成部分,通过吕宋海峡断面进入南海的M_2和K_1分潮能通量分别为38和29GW;半日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以负值居多,而全日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以正值居多,因而自吸-负荷潮减弱了南海的半日潮,并加强了南海的全日潮。引潮力的作用也减弱了半日潮而加强了全日潮,但其作用要小于自吸-负荷潮。潮能耗散的分析显示底摩擦耗散在沿岸浅水区域起主导作用,内潮耗散则主要发生在深水区域。内潮耗散的最大值出现在吕宋海峡,且位于南海之外的海峡东部的耗散量大于位于南海之内的海峡西部的耗散量。对M_2和K_1分潮吕宋海峡的内潮耗散总值分别达到16和23GW。     

不考虑局地引潮势的南海正压潮能通量与潮能耗散

利用ECOM模式模拟南海正压M2、S2、K1、O1分潮, 对南海潮能通量及潮能耗散进行研究.结果显示, M2、S2、K1和O1分潮分别有38.93、5.77、29.73和28.97GW的能通量经吕宋海峡传入南海, 并有2.42、0.36、8.67和7.86GW的能通量由南海经卡里马塔海峡传入爪哇海.由东海及吕宋海峡西北部传入台湾海峡的M2分潮能通量为25.28GW.半日潮进入北部湾和泰国湾的能通量较少(6.52GW), 全日潮则较大(24.74GW).通过民都洛和巴拉巴克海峡断面, 全日潮由南海向苏禄海共输送12.28GW的能通量, 而半日潮则由苏禄海向南海输送1.92GW的能通量.由模式输出结果估计得到的南海各局部海域的底摩擦耗散与净潮能通量存在差异, 为使二者平衡, 可对南海不同海域的底摩擦系数进行调整.依净潮能通量与底摩擦耗散平衡关系计算得到台湾海峡、北部湾、泰国湾及南海深水海域的底摩擦系数分别为0.0023、0.0024、0.0023和0.0021.     

莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区正压潮流数值模拟与能量收支分析*

莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区是全球海洋潮流和潮能耗散最强的海区之一。文章利用高分辨率通用环流模式对该海区的正压潮流进行模拟, 并对该海区潮能通量和潮能耗散特征进行分析。结果表明, 莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区的潮波主要是半日分潮占主导地位, 全日分潮可忽略不计, M₂分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统和1个右旋潮波系统, S₂分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统。莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南部等绝大数区域的M₂和S₂半日潮流是逆时针旋转, 在马达加斯加岛顶部等局部区域是顺时针旋转, 而且在海峡通道等复杂地形处潮流流速量级较大。潮能通量矢量主要来自东边界, 大部分潮能通量沿马达加斯岛北部传入莫桑比克海峡区域, 其中经过马达加斯加岛北部和进入莫桑比克海峡的M₂ (S₂)分潮的潮能通量分别为156.86GW (40.53GW)和148.07GW (36.05GW), S₂分潮潮能通量的量级大约为M₂分潮的1/5~1/4。底摩擦耗散主要发生莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南北部, 其中莫桑比克海峡M₂ (S₂)分潮的底摩擦耗散为1.762GW (0.460GW), 占其底部总耗散的43.74% (39.72%)。     

吕宋海峡夏季内潮数值模拟

利用三维海洋环流模式MITgcm,对吕宋海峡夏季内潮的生成与传播进行了分析。结果表明,在八分潮驱动的情况下,吕宋海峡夏季生成的内潮能量有4.7GW传入西太平洋,7.7GW传入南海,其中M2分潮最强,K1分潮次之。半日分潮主要在恒春海脊中部和巴坦群岛附近生成,并在传播过程中衰减迅速;全日分潮主要在巴布延群岛西北处及兰屿海脊北部生成,在传播过程中衰减较慢。西传M2和K1内潮主要在兰屿海脊南部生成,且西传M2内潮在恒春海脊北部得到增强,在恒春海脊中部则被削弱。在恒春海脊北部生成的东传M2和K1内潮在经过兰屿海脊时被削弱。恒春海脊使得部分源于兰屿海脊的西北向全日内潮转向西南,形成向南海海盆的内潮分支。     

马六甲海峡的潮汐特征分析

马六甲海峡是亚洲东南部的重要海峡通道,沟通太平洋和印度洋,具有重要的经济和战略地位.本文利用马六甲海峡及其毗邻海域验潮站的实测水位资料,分析了马六甲海峡及马来半岛东岸的潮汐特征.研究表明,半日分潮平均振幅最大的区域位于马六甲海峡内部,而全日分潮平均振幅最大的区域为马来半岛的东海岸.马六甲海峡内部以正规半日潮为主,马来半岛东侧则为混合潮港,北部为不正规全日潮,南部则为不规则半日潮.半日分潮M2,S2和全日分潮K1在马六甲海峡内的传播为自西北向东南,而全日分潮O1则为自东南向西北方向.马来半岛东岸的半日潮传播方向以中部的Cendering站为分界线,南、北两部海区分别向南、向北相背传播,而全日潮传播方向相同,统一为自北向南.     

南海北部M2内潮与中尺度涡能量的数值研究

基于真实地形下的三维数值模拟结果,对南海北部的M_2内潮、中尺度涡能量以及两者相互作用过程进行了研究。结果显示,M_2内潮冬季稍强于夏季,在吕宋海峡生成的能量,冬季(12.2 GW)比夏季(11.6 GW)强5.2%,传入南海的能通量,冬季(4.2 GW)比夏季(3.8 GW)强10.5%,内潮能通量的空间分布在冬夏两季基本保持一致。中尺度涡的模拟结果显示,在南海内冷涡与暖涡个数相当(8个/a),冷涡的平均存活周期约为40 d,比暖涡的31 d长。当冷涡出现时,内潮非锁相部分的能通量大小及水平动能均出现明显增强现象,冷涡对内潮传播射线的汇聚作用是主要原因;M_2内潮和中尺度涡相互作用期间可以激发或抑制高模态内潮,也存在无显著影响的情况。     

吕宋海峡及周边海域湍流混合的时空分布特征研究

利用1992—2002年的温盐深数据与2012—2016年的Argo数据,基于细尺度参数化方法研究了吕宋海峡及周边海域(12°—30°N,115°—129°E)湍流混合的时空分布特征,并分析了地形粗糙度、内潮以及风输入的近惯性能通量对湍流混合的影响。结果表明,吕宋海峡和东海陆坡处具有强混合的特征,扩散率高达4×10~(-3) m~2/s,主要是由内潮产生导致的,其中吕宋海峡主要是M2、K1和O1内潮的贡献,而东海陆坡处主要是M_2内潮的贡献;南海北部也呈现较强的混合,且陆坡处的混合比海盆高1—2个量级;南海中央海盆和离岸的菲律宾海混合较弱,扩散率为O (10-5 m2/s)。此外,在研究区域内,湍流混合的年际变化和季节变化均不明显,且混合扩散率与风输入的近惯性能通量未表现出明显的季节相关。     

全南海内潮生成与传播的数值模拟研究

利用边界八分潮驱动的MITgcm模式,对整个南海海区的内潮进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:在吕宋海峡出现因内潮引起的强烈等密面起伏,其振幅可以达到30m;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处也出现因内潮引起的小振幅等密面起伏,振幅可达到10m以上,这表明该两处海域也是南海内潮的可能源地。通过断面分析,验证了西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处均有内潮射线产生。内潮能通量的分析表明,吕宋海峡处大潮期间东传的平均斜压潮能功率为11.4GW,西传的斜压潮能功率为14.6GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域,东南方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.28GW,西北方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.08GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域的斜压潮能通量的量级可达20kW/m。在南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域,东北方向传播的内潮能通量为0.54GW。通过分析上述三个典型海域内潮能通量的时间序列发现,第一模态内潮在吕宋海峡的传播相速度可达3.1m/s,在南海中部的传播速度可达2.2m/s;在上述三处内潮源地均有高模态内潮产生。     

黑潮对吕宋海峡全日内潮生成与传播影响的数值模拟研究

基于一套环流-潮汐耦合模型的模拟结果,本文探究并比较了2015—2016年的三种黑潮形态下,吕宋海峡全日内潮以及全日非相干内潮生成与传播的空间分布特征。结果表明,当黑潮以流套形态流经吕宋海峡时,全日内潮非相干性最强,具体表现为全日非相干内潮能量生成最大,全日内潮的传播速度变化率最大。由于传播速度的变化会改变全日内潮的位相,进而会影响全日内潮的非相干性,导致在吕宋海峡内全日内潮的非相干性最强。本研究结果对理解黑潮背景动力过程下吕宋海峡内潮的时空变化有重要意义。     

西北太平洋的潮能通量与耗散

利用基于FVCOM(Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model)模式同化沿岸验潮站数据的高分辨率潮汐数值模型结果,分析研究了包含中国近海、日本海和鄂霍次克海在内的西北太平洋海域全日、半日分潮的潮能通量与耗散。西北太平洋的潮波能量分3支,分别传入鄂霍次克海、东海和南海。传入东海的半日潮波能量是传入南海的3倍左右;传入南海的全日潮波能量是传入东海的5倍多。传入中国东部海域的M2分潮能中,有64.3%耗散在东海,32.4%耗散在黄海,仅有3.2%耗散在渤海;而K1分潮能中分别有48.2%、31.4%及7.1%耗散在东海、黄海及渤海。进入南海的潮能中,仅有32.7%的M2分潮能和38.3%的K1分潮能耗散在南海的北部海域,另有23.9%的M2分潮能进入并耗散在台湾海峡,其余则进入南海南部。传入日本海的太平洋潮能很少。鄂霍次克海消耗的全日潮能是半日潮能的2倍。     

Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait

The spatial and temporal variations of baroclinic tides in the Luzon Strait (LS) are investigated using a three-dimensional tide model driven by four principal constituents, O₁, K₁, M₂ and S₂, individually or together with seasonal mean summer or winter stratifications as the initial field. Barotropic tides propagate predominantly westward from the Pacific Ocean, impinge on two prominent north-south running submarine ridges in LS, and generate strong baroclinic tides propagating into both the South China Sea (SCS) and the Pacific Ocean. Strong baroclinic tides, ∼19 GW for diurnal tides and ∼11 GW for semidiurnal tides, are excited on both the east ridge (70%) and the west ridge (30%). The barotropic to baroclinic energy conversion rate reaches 30% for diurnal tides and ∼20% for semidiurnal tides. Diurnal (O₁ and K₁) and semidiurnal (M₂) baroclinic tides have a comparable depth-integrated energy flux 10–20 kW m⁻¹ emanating from the LS into the SCS and the Pacific basin. The spring-neap averaged, meridionally integrated baroclinic tidal energy flux is ∼7 GW into the SCS and ∼6 GW into the Pacific Ocean, representing one of the strongest baroclinic tidal energy flux regimes in the World Ocean. About 18 GW of baroclinic tidal energy, ∼50% of that generated in the LS, is lost locally, which is more than five times that estimated in the vicinity of the Hawaiian ridge. The strong westward-propagating semidiurnal baroclinic tidal energy flux is likely the energy source for the large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves found in the SCS. The baroclinic tidal energy generation, energy fluxes, and energy dissipation rates in the spring tide are about five times those in the neap tide; while there is no significant seasonal variation of energetics, but the propagation speed of baroclinic tide is about 10% faster in summer than in winter. Within the LS, the average turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate is O(10⁻⁷) W kg^{− 1} and the turbulence diffusivity is O(10⁻³) m²s⁻¹, a factor of 100 greater than those in the typical open ocean. This strong turbulence mixing induced by the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation exists in the main path of the Kuroshio and is important in mixing the Pacific Ocean, Kuroshio, and the SCS waters.     

The variability of internal tides in the Northern South China Sea

An array of three bottom-mounted ADCP moorings was deployed on the prevailing propagation path of strong internal tides for nearly 1 year across the continental slope in the northern South China Sea. These velocity measurements are used to study the intra-annual variability of diurnal and semidiurnal internal tidal energy in the region. A numerical model, the Luzon Strait Ocean Nowcast/Forecast System developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that covers the northern South China Sea and the Kuroshio, is used to interpret the observed variation of internal tidal energy on the Dongsha slope. Internal tides are generated primarily at the two submarine ridges in the Luzon Strait. At the western ridge generation site, the westward energy flux of the diurnal internal tide is sensitive to the stratification and isopycnal slope associated with the Kuroshio. The horizontal shear at the Kuroshio front does not modify the propagation path of either diurnal or semidiurnal tides because the relative vorticity of the Kuroshio in Luzon Strait is not strong enough to increase the effective inertial frequency to the intrinsic frequency of the internal tides. The variation of internal tidal energy on the continental slope and Dongsha plateau can be attributed to the variation in tidal beam propagation in the northern South China Sea.     

南海东北部内潮的模态结构和传播

The evolution of energy, energy flux and modal structure of the internal tides(ITs) in the northeastern South China Sea is examined using the measurements at two moorings along a cross-slope section from the deep continental slope to the shallow continental shelf. The energy of both diurnal and semidiurnal ITs clearly shows a～14-day spring-neap cycle, but their phases lag that of barotropic tides, indicating that ITs are not generated on the continental slope. Observations of internal tidal energy flux suggest that they may be generated at the Luzon Strait and propagate west-northwest to the continental slope in the northwestern SCS. Because the continental slope is critical-supercritical with respect to diurnal ITs, about 4.6 kJ/m~2 of the incident energy and 8.7 kW/m of energy flux of diurnal ITs are reduced from the continental slope to the continental shelf. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides enter the shelf because of the sub-critical topography with respect to semidiurnal ITs.From the continental slope to the shelf, the vertical structure of diurnal ITs shows significant variation, with dominant Mode 1 on the deep slope and dominant higher modes on the shelf. On the contrary, the vertical structure of the semidiurnal ITs is stable, with dominant Mode 1.     

Numerical study of tidal dynamics in the South China Sea with adjoint method

We adopt a parameterized internal tide dissipation term to the two-dimensional (2-D) shallow water equations, and develop the corresponding adjoint model to investigate tidal dynamics in the South China Sea (SCS). The harmonic constants derived from 63 tidal gauge stations and 24 TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite altimeter crossover points are assimilated into the adjoint model to minimize the deviations of the simulated results and observations by optimizing the bottom friction coefficient and the internal tide dissipation coefficient. Tidal constituents M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ are simulated simultaneously. The numerical results (assimilating only tidal gauge data) agree well with T/P data showing that the model results are reliable. The co-tidal charts of M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ are obtained, which reflect the characteristics of tides in the SCS. The tidal energy flux is analyzed based on numerical results. The strongest tidal energy flux appears in the Luzon Strait (LS) for both semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal constituents. The analysis of tidal energy dissipation indicates that the bottom friction dissipation occurs mainly in shallow water area, meanwhile the internal tide dissipation is mainly concentrated in the LS and the deep basin of the SCS. The tidal energetics in the LS is examined showing that the tidal energy input closely balances the tidal energy dissipation.     

Oceanic tidal angular momentum and Earth's rotation variations

Luni-solar tides affect Earth's rotation in a variety of ways. We give an overview of the physics and focus on the excitation of Earth rotational variations by ocean tides under the conservation of angular momentum. Various models for diurnal and semidiurnal tidal height and tidal current fields have been derived, following a legacy of a number of theoretical tide models, from the Topex/Poseidon (T/P) ocean altimetry data. We review the oceanic tidal angular momenta (OTAM) predicted by these T/P models for the eight major tides (Q₁, O₁, P₁, K₁, N₂, M₂, S₂, K₂), and their excitations on both Earth's rotational speed variation (in terms of length-of-day or UT1) and polar motion (prograde diurnal/semidiurnal components and retrograde semidiurnal components). These small, high-frequency effects have been unambiguously observed in recent years by precise Earth rotation measurements via space geodetic techniques. Here we review the comparison of the very-long-baseline-interferometry (VLBI) data with the T/P OTAM predictions. The agreement is good with discrepancies typically within 1 – 2 microseconds for UT1 and 10 – 30 microarcseconds for polar motion. The eight tides collectively explain the majority of subdaily Earth rotation variance during the intensive VLBI campaign Cont94. This establishes the dominant role of OTAM in exciting the diurnal/semidiurnal polar motion and paves the way for detailed studies of short-period non-OTAM excitations, such as atmospheric and oceanic angular momentum variations, earthquakes, the atmospheric thermal tides, Earth librations, and the response of the mantle lateral inhomogeneities to tidal forcing. These studies await further improvements in tide models and Earth rotation measurements.     

南海北部陆架海域内潮特征的观测研究

利用2014年南海东沙岛西北部海域70余天的流速剖面高频观测资料,研究分析了该海区正压潮、内潮的时空分布特征。结果表明,观测海区正压潮流以O_1,K_1,M_2,S_2为主;斜压潮流中,除四大分潮之外,MU_2与2Q_1分潮能量也较强;内潮的主轴方向基本沿东南-西北方向,近似与局地等深线垂直。全日内潮的锁相部分占全日内潮能量的17.5%,而半日内潮的锁相部分占半日内潮能量的30%;进一步研究发现半日内潮主要由第一模态主导,而全日内潮第二模态占比50%,约为其第一模态能量的两倍;内潮模态能量占比显示出显著的大小潮调制的半月周期。对比不同垂向模态计算方法发现,当流速观测深度有限时,利用全水深温盐资料计算观测范围内流速垂向模态是更为准确的方式。     

Mode-1 internal tides in the western North Atlantic Ocean

Mode-1 internal tides were observed the western North Atlantic using an ocean acoustic tomography array deployed in 1991–1992 centered on 25°N, 66°W. The pentagonal array, 700-km across, acted as an antenna for mode-1 internal-tides. Coherent internal-tide waves with O(1 m) displacements were observed traveling in several directions. Although the internal tides of the region were relatively quiescent, they were essentially phase locked over the 200–300 day data record lengths. Both semidiurnal and diurnal internal waves were detected, with wavenumbers consistent with those calculated from hydrographic data. The M₂ internal-tide energy flux was estimated to be about 70 W m⁻¹, suggesting that mode-1 waves radiate 0.2 GW of energy, with large uncertainty, from the Caribbean island chain at this frequency. A global tidal model (TPXO 5) suggested that 1–2 GW is lost from the M₂ barotropic tide over this region, but the precise value was uncertain because the complicated topography makes the calculation problematic. In any case, significant conversion of barotropic to baroclinic tidal energy does not occur in the western North Atlantic basin. It is apparent, however, that mode-1 internal tides have very weak decay and retain their coherence over great distances, so that ocean basins may be filled up with such waves. Observed diurnal amplitudes were an order of magnitude larger than expected. The amplitude and phase variations of the K₁ and O₁ constituents observed over the tomography array were consistent with the theoretical solutions for standing internal waves near their turning latitude. The energy densities of the resonant diurnal internal waves were roughly twice those of the barotropic tide at those frequencies.     

Patterns of K1 and M2 internal tides and their seasonal variations in the northern South China Sea

Seasonal variations of baroclinic tides for K₁ and M₂ constituents were separately studied using two-dimensional numerical simulations along the 21°N section of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Results show that the continental slope of the northern SCS and the west ridge of the Luzon Strait are supercritical to K₁ internal tides, which may be trapped in the deep basin of the SCS and form standing or partial standing waves. Meanwhile, these areas are sub-critical to M₂ internal tides, which can transmit onto the shelf and are seldom reflected back into the basin. The trapped K₁ internal tides are dominated by mode-2 and mode-3 in summer and by mode-1 and mode-3 in winter. Moreover, high mode K₁ internal tides account for nearly 20–40 % of the total energy density in winter and 15–20 % in summer. The pattern of K₁ internal tides in the basin is mainly determined by the percentage of reflected energy from the continental slope. The phase difference between the incoming mode-1 and mode-2 K₁ internal tides near the continental slope are nearly out of phase in winter, which means that the percentage of reflection of the K₁ internal tide is larger than that in summer. Both the convergence and high mode K₁ internal tides can enhance the vertical shear. The above results indicate that, in the deep basin of the SCS, water mixing potentially induced by internal tides in winter is stronger than in summer.