山东省海洋灾害及防治研究

根据主要致灾因子,将山东省沿海发生的海洋灾害分为海洋气象灾害、海洋水文灾害、海洋地质灾害和海洋生态灾害4类,在此基础上综合分析了山东省沿海各类海洋灾害发生的时空规律,将山东沿海分为3个海洋灾害区：黄河三角洲-莱州湾沿岸风暴潮、赤潮和海水内侵海洋灾害区,龙口-成山头海岸侵蚀、海水内侵和海雾海洋灾害区,半岛南部-鲁南台风、暴浪和海岸侵蚀海洋灾害区。提出了山东省沿海各海洋灾害区防御海洋灾害应采取的主要对策。     

二十世纪海洋灾害反思

中国是世界上自然灾害最严重的少数国家之一,其中,海洋灾害是主要灾种之一。海洋灾害已成为制约我国海洋经济和沿海经济持续稳定发展的重要因素。     

基于1985—2010年历史资料的山东省台风灾害风险评估

基于对1985—2010年间的多种历史资料和数据分析,对山东省成灾台风进行了灾害风险评估。为减少不同时期社会经济发展水平对灾害损失评估结果的影响,用标准化方法分析评估了各年的灾害损失。采用模糊数学的方法建立了综合定量指标,利用所建立的指标综合地考察了台风灾害的影响。在分析各致灾因子的作用时,将台风灾情与人文、社会要素相结合,并利用地理信息系统(GIS)平台进行了综合分析。评估结果表明,标准化的台风灾害损失情况呈逐年下降趋势,并呈现地域差异,具有明显的时空分布特征。本文研究结果可望为山东省沿海地区台风灾害的防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

有居民海岛台风灾害评估指标体系研究

中国沿岸有居民海岛受台风影响极大,综合考虑台风对有居民海岛的各方面影响因素,基于自然灾害风险理论从致灾因素、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力3个方面选取29个指标,建立有居民海岛台风灾害评估指标体系框架,采用层次分析法确定各个指标的权重,并分析指标体系的特点和应用。通过指标权重的排序明确了影响有居民海岛台风灾害的关键因子,为有居民海岛台风灾害防御奠定了理论基础。     

完善“政府主导”联动机制 推动广东省海洋灾害承灾体调查工作

海洋灾害承灾体调查是海洋防灾减灾的基础性工作,文章介绍了广东省开展调查工作的内容及方式等,并探讨在政府主导的部门联动机制下推动工作的做法和经验,为后续开展广东省海洋防灾减灾工作奠定了基础,并为即将开展的海洋灾害风险评估、海洋灾情评估等工作提供了基础数据支撑及评估决策依据。     

南海-印度洋海域海洋安全灾害评估与风险区划

针对南海-印度洋海域丰富的海洋资源、重要的战略地位以及该海域的自然灾害风险和海盗活动、恐怖袭击与军事冲突等人为灾害风险,基于风险评估理论从孕灾环境敏感性、致灾因子危险性和承灾体脆弱性等方面选取评价指标并建立评估模型,利用地理信息系统(GIS)平台得到了该区域的自然灾害风险、人为灾害风险和综合风险区划。结果表明,冬季(1月),综合风险最高的区域为亚丁湾、孟加拉湾湾顶、马六甲海峡附近以及越南东南部近海,其次为南海东北部海域、南沙群岛西部海域、巽他海峡、望加锡海峡、科摩林角附近海域、霍尔木兹海峡及索马里近海;夏季(7月),综合风险最高的区域为亚丁湾、孟加拉湾湾顶及马六甲海峡附近,其次为索马里东北部海域、阿拉伯海中西部、斯里兰卡西南近海、吕宋岛西部近海以及巴士海峡附近。     

基于国家海洋治理和全球气候变化的我国海洋灾害防治

为建立和完善现代化的海洋灾害防治体系,提高我国海洋治理和应对全球气候变化的能力,文章以全球治理和国家治理为背景,在明确致灾因子、承灾体、灾害以及灾害风险和管理等基本概念及其内涵的基础上,分析全球气候变化背景下我国海洋灾害及其风险的特征以及海洋灾害防治的关键性和基础性科学问题,并提出我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的建议。研究结果表明:在全球气候变化的影响下,我国沿海地区的海洋灾害风险复杂多变且有所提升;提出以群-环-域为主体的体系架构,研究全球气候变化与区域海洋的响应和反馈、全球气候变化背景下海洋灾害与风险的特征和规律以及综合海洋灾害风险评估和海洋灾害防治等问题;在我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的过程中,应加强科学研究以及技术和信息支撑、促进区域和全球联动联防以及提高全社会对海洋灾害的认知和防范水平。     

机构改革背景下的广东省海洋灾害应急管理

为进一步提升广东省海洋灾害应急管理水平和全社会抵御海洋灾害的综合防范能力,文章在广东省机构改革的背景下,概述广东省海洋灾害应急管理"一案三制"体系,查找存在的问题,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:广东省海洋灾害应急管理已初步建立应急预案以及体制、机制和法制体系,尤其是2018年机构改革后成立广东省应急管理厅,有力促进全灾种、全流程和全方位的应急管理,其中海洋灾害应急管理体制由应急管理领导议事机构、应急管理综合调度机构、海洋灾害专业管理机构和海洋灾害辅助管理机构4个部分组成;在防灾减灾救灾体制机制改革和机构改革的新形势下,广东省海洋灾害应急管理仍存在不足,亟须完善地方性法规等制度、优化管理体制机制、加强技术支撑和成果转化以及提高社会和市场参与度。     

近十年来的海洋灾害与减灾

10年来，我国沿海地区经济尤其海岸带（沿海带）经济和海洋经济持续、高速发展，社会财富积累量迅速攀升，使承灾体在量上讯速增大，同时也使海洋及海岸灾害经济损失和人员伤亡急速增长，海洋灾害成为中国自然灾害中损失增长最快的。但由于在沿海实施了正确的减灾战略，加大了防灾减灾能力的建设，不但较好地保证了沿海和海洋经济的可持续发展，而且使我国的海洋灾害经济损失系数（灾害经济损失/GDP）保持在1.23%的较好水平，这仅为同期全国自然灾害经济损失系数的1/3，接近于世界减轻自然灾害较先进的发达国家。     

天津市海洋灾害及其影响分析

根据主要致灾因子,将天津市沿海海洋灾害分为水文气象灾害、海洋地质灾害和海洋环境灾害3大类型,并在统计资料分析的基础上,综合归纳出天津市海洋灾害具有发生频繁和损失严重,以及致灾因子和各灾害间关系复杂的基本特点;从地理位置、地形、气象、天文潮因素和全球海平面上升、区域构造沉降、沉积物压实、人为地面沉降因素,以及海区生物、环境、人为污染等因素,分别分析阐述了风暴潮、相对海平面上升和赤潮这3种主要海洋灾害的形成原因和发展趋势,及其对天津市沿海地区社会、经济和生态环境方面施加的严重影响。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,