天王星卫星的星历表计算

根据天王星卫星的运动理论模型，建立了一套５颗主要卫星的星历表计算和误差分析程序。对部分高精度卫星观测位置资料进行的Ｏ－Ｃ计算和分析表明了计算程序的正确性和实用性。     

鹊桥卫星激光测距时间窗口及测距成功概率分析

首先通过对鹊桥卫星任务轨道进行分析,用数值方法模拟出一条近似鹊桥卫星探测任务的轨道,然后计算了2019年下半年云南天文台鹊桥卫星激光测距观测时间窗口,给出了鹊桥卫星到云南天文台的激光测距距离范围和鹊桥卫星运行轨道与月球的最小距离。基于模拟的晕轨道计算了鹊桥卫星激光测距单脉冲理论回波光子数和测距成功概率。根据月球激光测距积累的经验,结合影响测距的因素给出了提高激光测距回波光子数和测距成功率的改善方法。最后设计了等效试验方案,通过实测结果来验证理论计算,为实现鹊桥卫星激光测距提供依据。     

卫星星座时间同步中星间链路的设计和性能分析

在卫星星座内的时间同步中,为满足时间同步信号的传输要求,需要对星间链路进行分析和设计。对星间链路各参数之间的关系进行了分析,并对低地球轨道(LEO)卫星和中地球轨道(MEO)卫星的星间链路参数和性能分别进行了计算和分析。另外,还对受天线指向误差影响的LEO卫星和MEO卫星的星间链路性能进行了分析。在分析计算的基础上完成了符合要求的星间链路的参数设计。     

卫星大气阻力系数的计算公式

本文从阻力系数的理论计算、风洞实验和卫星轨道资料的反测结果,得出卫星在自由分子流和过渡流区域运动时,阻力系数的变化趋势,并给出适合计算卫星大气阻力摄动的阻力系数公式。     

转发器式卫星测轨方法

提出了转发器式卫星测轨方法。发射信号和接收信号的不同组合,形成不同模式的转发器式卫星测轨方法,并给出了不同模式下归算转发器式卫星测轨的公式。自发自收模式下的转发器式卫星测轨方法的观测和计算结果表明,定轨观测残差小于9cm。用转发器式卫星测轨方法,不但能给出高精度时间比对结果,而且能给出高精度卫星轨道和卫星预报轨道。     

双向不对等几何路径对卫星双向时间频率传递的影响

分析了在卫星双向时间频率传递中,由地面站间钟差和卫星运动引起的双向几何路径不对等导致的双向几何路径时延差对双向时间比对计算结果的影响。选取了3颗卫星（中卫1号、北斗3G、IGSO70）和3组地面站（北京-成都、北京-喀什、北京-三亚）组成的9条卫星双向时间频率传递链路作仿真计算。对于这9条链路,仿真结果显示：1）当两地面站间钟差在1μs～10 ms范围内时,通过GEO卫星比通过IGSO卫星的双向不对等几何路径时延之差对双向时间比对计算结果的影响（τ值）较小;2）假设地面站间钟差在1 ms内时,通过 GEO卫星的卫星双向时间比对链路所对应的τ值均在皮秒量级,一般可忽略;通过 IGSO 卫星的卫星双向时间比对链路所对应的τ值均在纳秒量级,一般不可忽略。     

卫星变轨时刻计算方法及其变轨规律初探

本文提出了一种计算变轨卫星变轨时刻的方法,提高了变轨时刻的计算精度,并对四颗卫星的9次变轨进行了分析,初步总结出各类卫星的变轨规律。     

南山站对陆地—5号资源卫星的可观测范围及以该站为中心的覆盖区域

本文简要介绍了陆地系列地球资源卫星的轨道特征，并以陆地—５号资源卫星为例，根据南山站的座标计算出该站对陆地—５号资源卫星的可观测范围及以该站为中心的卫星的覆盖区域。     

GPS卫星广播星历的一种应用途径

本文介绍了利用GPS卫星广播星历表计算卫星的坐标和速度的一种方法，这种方法可以消除广播星历中的随机噪声，使卫星的坐标精度达到广播星历应有的精度。同时卫星速度的精度也可达到相当于坐标精度的水平。     

伪距测量中的时标偏差影响分析

伪距是卫星导航系统的基本观测量,是实现导航定位、精密定轨和精确授时的基础。基于伪距、钟差和时标偏差的概念与定义,讨论了时标偏差对卫星伪距测量的影响特性;在此基础上,给出了利用伪距O-C(观测值与计算值之差)进行时标偏差解算的计算模型;理论分析表明:时标偏差影响主要体现在伪距变率项;对于MEO卫星,时标偏差影响不仅会使真实的O-C曲线斜率变大、曲线变长,而且会使多个弧段O-C曲线呈现锯齿状,表现为每个弧段解算的参数不能用于跨弧段预报。最后,利用北斗试验系统MEO卫星实测数据进行了验证分析,试验结果表明:采用实测数据计算的时标偏差精度约在0.02s左右,不同弧段解算结果比较稳定,并且扣除时标偏差后的O-C计算结果也与理论结果具有较好的一致性,从而验证了本文时标偏差理论分析和计算模型的正确性。     

现代天王星卫星运动定量理论的研究和发展

1986年“旅行者2号”飞越天于星期间，由空间无线电和光学观测获得的卫星资料首次给出天王星5颗主要卫星质量的可靠估计，从而推动了现代天王星卫星运动定量理论的建立。Laskar于1986年建立了第一个相对完整的天王星主要卫星的(半）分析理论——GUST86，其高精度已被许多学者的实算证实。之后，对理论的改进作出贡献的学者有：Malhotra等人(1989）、Lazzaro等人(1987，1991)分析研究了天王星卫星系统中近共振项对长期摄动解的影响；Taylor(1998)采用数值积分拟合观测资料，以更精确地测定卫星质量；Christou和Murray(1997)则将一个2阶Laplace—Lagrange理论应用于天王星卫星系统。对这些学者的工作作一概述。     

Predictions and observations of events and configurations occurring during the Uranian equinox

The occurrence of the Earth and Sun transits through the equatorial plane of Uranus will bring us the opportunity for observations only possible at that time: mutual events of the satellites, search for new faint satellites and measurement of the thickness of the rings.The predictions of the mutual events need a theoretical model of the motion of the satellites. The calculated occurrences of the occultations and eclipses highly depend on the model since these predictions are very sensitive to the relative positions of the satellites. A difference of 0.05 arcsec in latitude may make an event inexistent and the accuracy of the theoretical models is around 0.1 arcsec.In order to be sure of the occurrence of each event, we made the predictions using three theoretical models: the first one is GUST86 made by Laskar and Jacobson in 1986, the second is GUST06 based on the former model fitted by Emelianov on new observations and the third one is LA06 based on a brand new theory with an accuracy 10 times better than GUST and fitted on recent observations made since 1950.This comparison shows that some events predicted with one model are not predicted using another one. We try to select the events which will occur surely in order to help the observers to catch the best phenomena.The search for new satellites and the measurement of the thickness of the rings are planned by means of observations at the time of the transit of the Earth in the ring plane.     

Astrometric observations of the Uranian satellites with the Faulkes Telescope North in 2007 September

The results of astrometric observations of the main Uranian satellites taken with the Faulkes Telescope North are presented. A median filter algorithm was applied to subtract a scattered-light halo caused by Uranus. The Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) and USNO-B1.0 were used as reference catalogues. The mean value of the differences between the equatorial coordinates of the satellites determined with 2MASS and USNO-B1.0 is close to 200 mas. A comparison of the observed equatorial coordinates of the satellites and their relative positions with ephemerides based on different combinations of theories of motion of Uranus and its satellites (DE405+GUST86, DE405+GUST06, INPOP+GUST86, INPOP+GUST06) was performed. The satellites' positions obtained with respect to 2MASS are in better agreement with theories. The values of (O−C) of the equatorial coordinates determined with the 2MASS are mainly less than 100 mas. The majority of (O−C) of relative positions are within ±50 mas. The mean values of the standard errors of (O−C) are within 20 to 60 mas.     

The rotational periods of Uranus and Neptune

Observations of tilts of spectral lines in the spectrum of Uranus and Neptune yield the following rotational periods: “Uranus,” 24 ± 3 hr; “Neptune,” 22 ± 4 hr. Neptune is confirmed to rotate in a direct sense. The position angle of the pole of Uranus, projected onto the plane of the sky, is found to be 283 ± 4°. The value for Neptune is 32 ± 11°. These results agree with the direction of the pole of Uranus inferred from the common plane of its four brightest satellites and with the direction of the pole of Neptune as inferred from the precession of Triton's orbit. The rotational period of Uranus is found to be consistent with modern values of its optical and dynamical oblateness and the theory of solid-body rotation with hydrostatic equilibrium. This is barely the case for the period derived for Neptune and we suspect that future observations made under better seeing conditions may lead to a shorter rotation period between 15 and 18 hr. Because of a substantial difference between our results and those of earlier spectroscopic and photometric investigations we include an assessment of several previously published photometric studies and a new reduction of the original Lowell and Slipher spectroscopic plates of Uranus [Lowell Obs. Bull. 2, 17–18, 19–20 (1912)]. The early visual photometry of Campbell (Uranus) and Hall (Neptune) is found to be more satisfactorily accounted for by periods of 21.6 and 23.1 hr, respectively, than by the periods originally suggested by the observers. Our reduction of the Lowell and Slipher Uranus plates yields a period near 33 hr uncorrected for seeing. This value is consistent with the results based on the 4-m echelle date.     

天王星卫星两种定标方法测定结果的比较

利用新发表的高精度、高密度天体测量星表UCAC2,对天王星的五颗主要卫星的CCD观测图像重新进行量测,采用不同方法作定标归算,并使用两种理论模型(GUST86和GUST06模型)计算卫星的理论位置。对不同方法所得到的卫星位置的O-C结果的分析和比较表明,本文获得的卫星位置精度,除天卫五(Miranda)有显著提高,其他4颗卫星的位置精度基本相同。本文中天卫一和天卫三的结果与"亮卫星定标法"的结果在精度上相当,天卫二的位置精度与其他天王星卫星的位置精度具有较好的一致性,这从另一方面证明了我们的"亮卫星定标法"的可靠性。此外我们还获得了天卫四的位置与精度。     

An attempt to build a new completely analytical theory of the Uranian satellites: The results achieved and the results to be obtained

An attempt to build a new theory of the main Uranian satellites is being made at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. The main difference compared to GUST86 theory is that the new theory is planned to be completely analytical. To do this, the secular frequencies of the satellites should be calculated taking into account the secular perturbations of the second order and, partly, of the third order. This allows to improve the secular frequencies and make them more close to those obtained from numerical integration. Nevertheless, discrepancies remain, which indicate that more terms in the analytical development are needed. Some other advantages of the new theory are also discussed.     

Dynamical evolution of a cometary swarm in the outer planetary region

The dynamical evolution of bodies under the gravitational influence of the accreting proto-Uranus and proto-Neptune is investigated. The main aim of this study is to analyze the interrelations between the accretion of Uranus and Neptune with other processes of cosmological importance as, for example, the formation of a cometary reservoir from bodies placed into near-parabolic orbits by planetary perturbations and the scattering of bodies to the region of the terrestrial planets. Starting with a mass ratio (initial mass/present mass) of 0.1, Uranus and Neptune acquire masses close to their present ones in a time scale of 10⁸ years. Neptune is found to be the most important contributor of comets to the cometary reservoir. The time scale of bodies scattered by Neptune to reach near-parabolic orbits (semimajor axes a > 10⁴ AU)is about 10⁹ years. The contribution of Uranus was partially inhibited because a large part of the residual bodies of its accretion zone fell under the strong gravitational influence of Jupiter and Saturn. A significant fraction of the bodies dispersed by Uranus and Neptune reached the region of the terrestrial planets in a time scale of some 10⁸ years.     

Theoretical predictions of deuterium abundances in the Jovian planets

Using current concepts for the origin of the Jovian planets and current constraints on their interior structure, we argue that the presence of large amounts of “ice” (H₂O, CH₄, and NH₃) in Uranus and Neptune indicates temperatures low enough to condense these species at the time Uranus and Neptune formed. Yet such low temperatures imply orders-of-magnetude fractionation effects for deuterium into the “ice” component if isotopic equilibration can occur. Our models thus imply that Uranus and Neptune should have a D/H ratio at least four times primordial, contrary to observation for Uranus. We find that the Jovian and Saturnian D/H should be close to primordial regardless of formation scenario. The Uranus anomaly could indicate that there was a strong initial radial gradient in D/H in the primordial solar nebula, or that Uranus is so inactive that no significant mixing of its interior has occurred over the age of the solar system. Observation of Neptune's atmospheric D/H may help to resolve the problem.     

Orbital evolution of Uranus’s new outer satellites

Data on three recently discovered satellites of Uranus are used to determine basic evolutional parameters of their orbits: the extreme eccentricities and inclinations, as well as the circulation periods of the pericenter arguments and of the longitudes of the ascending nodes. The evolution is mainly investigated by analytically solving Hill’s double-averaged problem for the Uranus-Sun-satellite system, in which Uranus’s orbital eccentricity e _U and inclination i _U to the ecliptic are assumed to be zero. For the real model of Uranus’s evolving orbit with e _U≠0 and i _U≠0, we refine the evolutional parameters of the satellite orbits by numerically integrating the averaged system. Having analyzed the configuration and dynamics of the orbits of Uranus’s five outer satellites, we have revealed the possibility of their mutual crossings and obtained approximate temporal estimates.     

Some dynamical aspects of the accretion of Uranus and Neptune: The exchange of orbital angular momentum with planetesimals

The final stage of the accretion of Uranus and Neptune is numerically investigated. The four Jovian planets are considered with Jupiter and Saturn assumed to have reached their present sizes, whereas Uranus and Neptune are taken with initial masses 0.2 of their present ones. Allowance is made for the orbital variation of the Jovian planets due to the exchange of angular momentum with interacting bodies (“planetesimals”). Two possible effects that may have contributed to the accretion of Uranus and Neptune are incorporated in our model: (1) an enlarged cross section for accretion of incoming planetesimals due to the presence of extended gaseous envelopes and/or circumplanetary swarms of bodies; and (2) intermediate protoplanets in mid-range orbits between the Jovian planets. Significant radial displacements are found for Uranus and Neptune during their accretion and scattering of planetesimals. The orbital angular momentum budgets of Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn turn out to be positive; i.e., they on average gain orbital angular momentum in their interactions with planetesimals and hence they are displaced outwardly. Instead, Jupiter as the main ejector of bodies loses orbital angular momentum so it moves sunward. The gravitational stirring of planetesimals caused by the introduction of intermediate protoplanets has the effect that additional solid matter is injected into the accretion zones of Uranus and Neptune. For moderate enlargements of the radius of the accretion cross section (2–4 times), the accretion time scale of Uranus and Neptune are found to be a few 10⁸ years and the initial amount of solid material required to form them of a few times their present masses. Given the crucial role played by the size of the accretion cross section, questions as to when Uranus and Neptune acquired their gaseous envelopes, when the envelopes collapsed onto the solid cores, and how massive they were are essential in defining the efficiency and time scale of accretion of the two outer Jovian planets.