人工养殖曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖生物学特性研究

采用常规生物学方法和统计回归分析,研究了养殖曼氏无针乌贼卵巢成熟系数(GSI)的变化规律和个体生殖力与其主要形态指标之间的相互关系.结果表明,曼氏无针乌贼春苗100日龄时GS/达到最高(12.2%±3.25%),秋苗140日龄时GSI达到最高(13.7%±3.69%).曼氏无针乌贼秋苗的体质量相对生殖力(F<,W>)极...     

太湖鲂鲌F2代GH基因结构、系统发育和表达特征

采用PCR及T-A克隆技术，从基因组DNA成功克隆三角鲂、太湖鲂鲌、太湖鲂鲌F₂代含完整阅读框的生长激素基因全序列，经测序拼接获得序列全长分别为6009、6042和6058bp，转录单元长分别为2049、2014和2045bp。三种群体的GH基因序列均包括五个外显子、四个内含子及5''侧翼区和3''侧翼区；编码氨基酸序列均为633bp，编码210个氨基酸。对3个目14种鱼类进行同源性及系统发育分析发现，太湖鲂鲌F₂代与其祖父母的遗传距离相比亲本较近。另取10尾太湖鲂鲌F₂代，对其进行GH基因编码区SNPs筛选，共得到7处SNPs，其中有3处位点的突变导致其氨基酸序列发生了明显的变化；对其蛋白质结构分析发现，突变后的氨基酸残基导致蛋白质二级结构发生改变。我们将该10尾个体按体重分为小个体组和大个体组，经组织表达分析发现，大个体组中的个体具有较高的转录水平，进一步分析发现其氨基酸残基有所不同。     

杂色鲍与盘鲍杂交F1的早期生物学表现

比较研究杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)(S)与盘鲍(H.discus discus)(J)正反交F1及其亲本自繁后代的卵裂速度和孵化速度,以及杂色鲍与盘鲍杂交F<,1>及杂色鲍自繁幼体的成活率.在22～23℃下,杂色鲍自繁后代的早期发育速度快于盘鲍自繁后代.杂色鲍和盘鲍2细胞期分别为授精后45.3...     

Experimental Study on Flow past A Rotationally Oscillating Cylinder

A series of experiments was carried out to study the flow behaviour behind a rotationally oscillating cylinder at a low Reynolds number (Re=300) placed in a recirculation water channel. A stepper motor was used to rotate the cylinder clockwise- and- counterclockwise about its longitudinal axis at selected frequencies. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to capture the flow field behind a rotationally oscillating cylinder. Instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields such as the vorticity contours, streamline topologies and velocity distributions were analyzed. The effects of four rotation angle and frequency ratios F_r (F_r=f_n/f_v, the ratio of the forcing frequency f_n to the natural vortex shedding frequency f_v) on the wake in the lee of a rotationally oscillating cylinder were also examined. The significant wake modification was observed when the cylinder undergoes clockwise-and-counterclockwise motion with amplitude of π, especially in the range of 0.6≤F_r≤1.0.     

利用“黄海芯1号”55K SNP芯片评估凡纳滨对虾选育群体的遗传多样性与基因组近交水平

凡纳滨对虾的主要选育目标分为两个方面: 一是培育具有较强抗病、抗逆性的“高抗系”(GK),二是培育具有快速生长特性的“快大系”(KD)。然而, 国内缺少针对这两个选育群体的遗传多样性特别是基因组近交水平的调查分析研究。基于液相芯片“黄海芯1号”(55 K SNP)的基因分型数据, 首次分析了GK (1 064尾个体)和KD (564尾个体)选育群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性, 调查了连续性纯合片段(ROH)的基因组分布特征, 并重点评估了两个群体的基因组近交水平。PCA及进化树分析表明GK及KD群体可明确分层, 亲缘关系热图表明KD群体内个体间的亲缘关系比GK群体更近。GK群体包括的家系数量更多, 导致其遗传多样性高于KD群体; 两群体间的F_st为0.09, 存在中等遗传分化。GK和KD群体每个ROH的平均长度分别为(1.70±0.34) Mb和(1.65±0.38) Mb, 每个样本ROH的平均数量分别为1.98±1.30和2.07±1.37。GK和KD群体0.8~1.25 Mb长度的ROH占比分别为11.41%和19.17%, 表明KD群体的选育历史比GK群体更长。两个群体>2.25 Mb长度的ROH片段占比分别为10.26和9.74%, 表明两个群体短期内未发生近亲交配。七种基因组近交系数评估结果表明, KD群体的近交水平高于GK群体。不依赖基础群体等位基因频率的F_ROH和F_HOM方法可准确地评价育种群体的真实近交水平, 而F_VR1、F_YA1和F_LH1等依赖基础群体等位基因频率的方法可以用来比较群体及个体间的相对近交水平。上述结果为准确地评估育种群体的近交水平和优化育种方案提供了重要参考依据。     

浒苔对不同氮源吸收特性的初步研究

采用Michaelis-Menten动力学方法,研究了浒苔对NO<,3>-N、NH<,4>-N和CO(NH<,2>)<,2>吸收利用关系.结果显示,浒苔对三种不同氮源的K<,s>(表观米氏常数)大小顺序为:NO<,3>-N>NH<,4>-N>CO(NH<,2>)<,2>,表明浒苔对有机氮的亲和力大于对无机氮的亲和力,且...     

Photosynthetic activity and antioxidative response of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii to trace metal stress

This study concerned the accumulation of trace metals in tissues of seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii) exposed to various concentrations of Zn²⁺+, Cd²⁺+, Pb²⁺+ and Cu²⁺+ for 10 d, and the effect of excessive metals on quantum yield (ΔF=F_m'), photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were also examined. Cadmium was the most highly accumulated metal. Meanwhile, high metals levels led to a remarkable breakdown of photosynthetic parameters. Especially, ΔF=F_m', chlorophyll and carotenoid were significantly low during prolonged Cu exposure. Besides, ΔF=F_m' was more severely depressed by Cu and Zn than Pb and Cd. However, T. hemprichii had positive response by increasing the activity of SOD and POD. The results indicate that T. hemprichii is the most sensitive to Cu, and the antioxidative protection mechanisms of T. hemprichii are more efficiently activated to avoid damage of Zn, Cd and Pb stress. Finally, due to the high Cd-accumulation and strong Cd-tolerance capacity, T. hemprichii can be used for phytoremediation in Cd-contaminated areas.     

2014年冬季西太平洋浮游植物光合作用特征

利用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测量了西太平洋浮游植物最大光化学量子产量、快速光曲线系数,结合相应的生态因子,对西太平洋浮游植物进行了原位光合作用特征研究。结果表明：西太平洋走航断面表层浮游植物最大光化学量子产量F_v/F_m值基本在0.2以下,而DY（大洋）断面F_v/F_m平均值仅为0.16,光能利用效率α的变化范围为0.007-0.117,平均值为0.039;相对最大电子传递速率rETRmax变化范围为6.8-113.4（μmol/（s·m²））,平均值为32.72（μmol/（s·m²））;饱和光强Ek的变化范围为60.3-1662.7（μmol/（s·m²））,平均值为846.83（μmol/（s·m²））。DY断面F_v/F_m最大值水层与DCM层（叶绿素最大层）相吻合,既保护了浮游植物光反应中心不受强烈光辐射影响,又支持了DCM层浮游植物相对较强的光合作用和对整个水体初级生产力的贡献率。DY断面浮游植物具有极低的光能利用效率却需要较高的光强来达到光饱和,导致这种生活环境下浮游植物处于一种低活衰老的状态,这是造成某些大洋海区低生产力现象出现的原因之一。     

离体培养的虫黄藻(Symbiodinium voratum)对温度和光照的生理响应

虫黄藻是珊瑚礁生态系统中最主要的初级生产者，并在珊瑚礁的建造过程中起着关键作用。为探究虫黄藻对温度和光照的生理响应，本研究以E型虫黄藻（Symbiodinium voratum）为实验对象，通过室内培养，并结合谢尔福德耐受性定律建立了基于温度的虫黄藻生长速率的耐受性模型。结果显示：E型虫黄藻在光强90μE培养下，最适生长温度为22.56℃，适温范围为16.72—28.40℃；温度培养实验中，23℃时，虫黄藻中有机碳（C）、氮（N）积累最多； 27℃时，虫黄藻PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率（F_v/F_m）显著高于其余两个温度组；光照培养实验中，E型虫黄藻在温度23℃培养下，光强的适宜范围为100—200μE；并通过提高细胞内叶绿素a含量和F_v/F_m两种方式应对外界光照不足。     

海上风电嵌岩桩水平抗力影响因素研究

桩基础是我国海上风电工程中应用最为广泛的基础形式,其中嵌岩桩因其施工难度大,承载力高备受关注。与其他类型的桩基础不同,嵌岩桩的水平承载力不仅受到围岩强度的影响,更与其成桩质量与灌浆材料的强度相关。采用有限元方法分析了嵌岩深度、桩基直径与壁厚、桩身倾斜度等多种因素对嵌岩桩水平承载力的影响,提出了确定嵌岩桩水平极限抗力的标准。研究表明：桩与围岩间的灌浆环会先于桩身发生破坏,因此可将灌浆环受拉破坏作为判断嵌岩桩达到水平极限承载力的标准;桩身倾斜度对嵌岩桩的水平极限承载力影响较大,直径和壁厚的增加,均能提高桩基的水平承载力。     

4个文蛤群体鲜味物质比较分析

以江苏文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为研究对象,采集红壳色文蛤原种、黄壳色文蛤原种、红壳色文蛤选育F1、红壳色文蛤选育F2 4个群体,检测其主要非挥发性鲜味物质成分单磷酸腺苷(AMP)、单磷酸鸟苷(GMP)、次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)、琥珀酸、游离氨基酸、无机离子(Na~+、K~+、Cl~–、PO_4~(3–))的含量,并通过味道强度值(TAV)评价其呈味作用。鉴于核苷酸与氨基酸在呈味方面的协同效应,采用味精当量(EUC)评价不同文蛤群体的鲜味品质。结果表明,文蛤软体组织中AMP、琥珀酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、Na+、K~+、Cl~–的TAV值大于1,是文蛤鲜味的主要贡献者;红壳色文蛤原种的鲜味强度最大(4.92 g/100g),其子代红壳色文蛤F1(4.08 g/100g)、红壳色文蛤F2(4.09 g/100g)稍有降低,但仍显著高于黄壳色文蛤原种(3.34 g/100g)(P0.05),表明江苏红壳色文蛤在鲜味品质方面具有相对稳定的较高品质。     

基于线粒体COI和16S rRNA基因研究3个地理群体黑龙江河蓝蛤的遗传多样性

采用通用引物对辽宁盘锦、辽宁大连、山东日照的3个地理群体黑龙江河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula amurensis)COI和16S r RNA序列进行扩增、测序分析,得到30条658bp的COI基因部分序列和27条450 bp的16S r RNA基因部分序列。其中COI和16S r RNA基因部分序列T、C、A、G和A+T的平均含量分别为45.4%和32.0%、13.5%和13.3%、20.7%和29.3%、20.4%和25.3%、66.1%和61.3%,AT含量高于GC含量,这与其他软体动物门动物的COI和16S r RNA的观测结果相近。COI和16S r RNA分别检测到了24个单倍型、43个核苷酸多态位点和9个单倍型、19个核苷酸多态性位点。AMOVA分析表明,3个群体间COI和16S r RNA部分基因总遗传分化系数分别为Fst=0.0090(P0.001)和Fst=0.0674(P0.001),群体内遗传分化远大于群体间、群体内存在较高的遗传分化。用NJ法构建分子进化树,3个地理群体的黑龙江河蓝蛤聚为一个族群,有少数个体和其他群体的个体聚在一起。     

Use of Cell-Specific PAM-Fluorometry to Characterize Host Shading in the Epiphytic Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus

Abstract. Cell‐specific fluorescence characteristics were used to characterize the light tolerance of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. The fluorescence parameter F_v : F_m was measured using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry on individual cells collected from foliose red algae growing in the sub‐tidal margin of South Water Cay, Belize. Samples were collected over several days during sunny and cloudy conditions and compared to samples incubated in situ. The data from individual cells were used to generate both F_v : F_m frequency histograms and averages. Maximum individual cell values of F_v : F_m reached 0.81 in pre‐dawn samples, a value near the theoretical maximum for PAM fluorometry. In field samples from macroalgal hosts, average F_v : F_m values declined only slightly during the day, but cells incubated in bottles under 47 % incident sunlight showed a significant mid‐day depression. In freshly collected samples, near‐maximum F_v : F_m values could be found in individual cells during the entire day; however, the frequency histograms indicated a greater range in F_v : F_m values during the afternoon than in the morning. In contrast, cultures of G. toxicus showed a tight distribution around a mean. Field samples showed a rapid recovery to near‐maximum F_v : F_m within 2 min when assayed using a standardized actinic light series. Similar results were obtained in laboratory cultures of G. toxicus grown at 73 µmol photons · m^‐2 · s^‐1, but not at 383 µmol photons · m^‐2 · s^‐1. These data provide empirical support for suggestions that G. toxicus exploits the three‐dimensional structure of the algal host thallus to minimize light exposure. This strategy permits G. toxicus, a high‐light intolerant species in culture, to thrive in shallow, well‐lit tropical seas. It may also partially explain the observed preference of G. toxicus for complex, foliose macroalgae as hosts.     

基于线粒体16S rRNA 基因研究5 个栉江珧野生群体的遗传多样性

采用通用引物对山东长岛、文登、日照、广东湛江和海南三亚等5个地理群体栉江珧(Atrina pectinta)16S rRNA序列进行扩增、测序分析,得到59条441bp的核苷酸序列.其中T、C、A、G和A+T的平均含量分别为29.91%、17.41%、25.74%、26.94%及55.65%, AT含量高于GC含量,共检测到了9个单倍型和26个核苷酸多态位点.群体多样性分析表明,文登群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平.AMOVA 分析表明,五群体间总遗传分化系数Fst =0.5007(P<0.001),群体间遗传分化略大于群体内、群体间存在较高的遗传分化.基于群体间遗传距离构建NJ和UPGMA分子进化树,5个地理群体的栉江珧聚为两个支,长岛、文登、日照群体聚为一支,海南和湛江群体聚为另一支.     

中国裸胸鳝属10种鱼类分子系统发育关系的16SrDNA分析

为了阐明南中国海裸胸鳝属(Gymnothorax)鱼类系统进化情况,利用聚合酶链式反应扩增目的产物,将其连接到T载体后,并对其序列进行测定,共得到9种裸胸鳝属鱼类线粒体16S ribosomalDNA(16S rDNA)基因的部分序列,采用多个生物软件对序列变异和碱基组成进行分析,计算了Kimura2-parameter遗传距离,转换/颠换比等遗传信息指数,下载基因库中16SrDNA基因的同源序列,以鳗鲡属(Anguilla)的花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)为外群构建NJ(Neighbore-Joining)、MP(MaximumParsimony)和ME(Minimum Evolution)系统进化树。根据所得分子数据并结合形态学特征推论如下:(1)在所研究的10种裸胸鳝鱼中共有516个位点、其中143个核苷酸位点存在变异(27.7%);(2)序列变异的转换/颠换比值的平均值为3.441;相对遗传距离数据表明斑颈裸胸鳝(G. margaritophorus)和网纹裸胸鳝(G. reticularis)差异最大(0.177),褐祼胸鳝(G. hepaticus)与布雷顿氏裸胸鳝(G. breedeni)差异最小(0.022);(3)NJ树、ME树表明裸胸鳝属内部存在3个平行进化的姐妹分支,分支内部的种类组成与地理分布无关。     

Effect of native and invasive cordgrass on Macoma petalum density, growth, and isotopic signatures

Ecosystem engineers can influence community and ecosystem dynamics by controlling resources, modifying the flow of energy or biomass, or changing physical characteristics of the habitat. Invasive hybrid cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora × Spartina foliosa) is an ecosystem engineer in salt marshes in San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. that raises intertidal elevations and may be either increasing C₄ plant carbon input into food webs or tying up carbon in a form that is not usable by consumers. A manipulative experiment compared abundance, growth, and stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) composition of the clam Macoma petalum (=M. balthica) among native marsh, hybrid Spartina, and mudflats in central San Francisco Bay. We found higher densities (individuals m⁻²) of M. petalum on mudflats compared to either native or hybrid Spartina (p < 0.001). Macoma petalum shell growth was significantly greater in mudflats than in either vegetation type in 2002 (p = 0.005) but not 2003. Differences in shell growth between native and hybrid Spartina were not significant. Stable isotope results showed differences between habitats in δ¹³C but not δ¹⁵N. Carbon signatures of M. petalum placed in Spartina were much more depleted than the isotopic signature of Spartina. Neither native nor hybrid Spartina appears to be a significant carbon source for M. petalum in San Francisco Bay, and we found no evidence that hybrid Spartina contributes carbon to M. petalum beyond what is provided by S. foliosa, despite the hybrid's much greater biomass. Our results show that loss of mudflat habitat, rather than increased input of C₄ carbon, is the greatest effect of the invasion of hybrid Spartina on M. petalum.     

脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)3 个野生群体mtDNA 16S rRNA 序列差异及长臂虾科系统进化关系

采用PCR扩增和序列测定等技术,对脊尾白虾3个野生群体共计58个个体的线粒体16SrRNA基因片段进行初步研究。结果表明,在获得的长度为509bp核苷酸序列中,共检测到7个变异位点、8种单倍型,除象山湾群体外其它两个群体遗传多样性水平都较低。AMOVA分析表明,象山湾与莱州湾群体有显著的遗传差异,其余群体间的遗传差异不显著。另外,将本研究所得序列与GenBank中长臂虾科11个种的16SrRNA基因片段序列进行比较后,发现其聚类关系与传统分类略有不同,并依据16SrRNA序列变异百分比推测了长臂虾科12个种的大致分化时间。     

考洲洋牡蛎养殖海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的时空变化

根据2018年7月、11月和2019年1月、4月对广东考洲洋牡蛎养殖海域进行4个季节调查获得的pH、溶解无机碳(DIC)、水温、盐度、溶解氧(DO)及叶绿素a(Chla)等数据,估算该区域表层海水溶解无机碳体系各分量的浓度、初级生产力(P_P)、表层海水CO₂分压[p(CO₂)]和海-气界面CO₂交换通量(F_CO2),分析牡蛎养殖活动对养殖区碳循环的影响。结果表明:牡蛎养殖区表层海水中Chla、DIC、HCO₃^–和P_P显著低于非养殖区;养殖淡季表层海水中pH、DO、DIC、HCO₃^–、和CO₃^2–显著大于养殖旺季,养殖旺季的p(CO₂)和F_CO2显著大于养殖淡季。牡蛎养殖区表层海水夏季、秋季、冬季和春季的海-气界面CO₂交换通量F_CO2平均值分别是(42.04±9.56)、(276.14±52.55)、(–11.59±18.15)和(–13.02±6.71)mmol/(m²·d),冬季各站位F_CO2值离散度较大,其中位数是–10.73mmol/(m²·d)。在全年尺度,表层海水p(CO₂)及F_CO2与水温呈显著正相关,与盐度呈显著负相关。在非养殖区,浮游植物光合作用可能对影响表层海水p(CO₂)及F_CO2起主导作用。养殖牡蛎钙化、呼吸作用等生理因素释放的CO₂对表层海水p(CO₂)及F_CO2未产生显著影响。考洲洋养殖海域养殖旺季为CO₂的源,养殖淡季整体为CO₂的弱汇。     

中国海洋仙菜科(Ceramiaceae)新记录属——盖氏藻属Gayliella(红藻门)的分类研究

利用生物压片技术,通过形态学和解剖学方法,对采自我国沿岸海洋的仙菜科红藻(Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta)进行了分类学研究,发现了我国仙菜科新记录属——盖氏藻属(新拟名)Gayliella T.O.Cho,L.McIvor et S.M.Boo。该属目前在我国共有5个种,即短毛盖氏藻(新拟名)Gayliella pmbriatum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner). T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo、优美盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella βaccidum (Kützing) T. O. Cho et L. McIvor、泰式盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O.Cho et S. M. Boo、马沙盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella mazoyerae T. O. Cho, Fredericq et Hommersand和横轴盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella transversalis (Collins et Hervey) T. O. Cho et Fredericq,其中前3个种为由仙菜属Ceramium归并的物种,后2个为我国的新记录种。本文对此2个新记录种进行了详细的形态学描述,并讨论了它们与中国已报道的横列仙菜Ceramium gracillimum间的关系。该研究结果丰富了我国海洋仙菜科的物种多样性。