四川牦牛坪稀土矿床成因研究——来自包裹体的证据

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床是中国的第二大轻稀土矿床。碳酸岩-正长岩杂岩体是矿区主要的围岩,萤石是主要的脉石矿物。在四川冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床霓辉重晶石型矿体早期萤石中笔者发现了大量的流体-熔体包裹体,对萤石矿物包裹体研究结果表明,牦牛坪矿床的晚期萤石矿物中至少存在6种类型包裹体：（1）气液包裹体（V-L）;（2）含CO2三相包裹体（L-L-V）;（3）含有少量子晶的多相包裹体（L-V-D或L-L-V-D）;（4）流体-熔体包裹体或多子晶包裹体（L-L-V-MS）;（5）固体包裹体（S）和（6）已经爆裂的高压包裹体等。各种类型的包裹体代表了不同的成岩阶段,并存在成因上的内在联系。气液包裹体（V-L）初融温度为-24．5--22．0℃,冰点温度为-2．5～-6．0℃,盐度为4．2％～9．2％。均一温度集中在142-146℃。含CO2三相包裹体（L—L—V）Tm-CO2为-56．6℃,Tm-clathe为＋2．1-＋10．0℃,盐度为0．1％～13．0％;Th-CO2为＋25～＋30．3℃,均一温度为230～265℃。含子晶的多相包裹体（L—V—D或L-L—V—D）子晶溶化温度在260～285℃之间,与前两类包裹体具有明显的成因上联系。流体-熔体包裹体或多子晶包裹体（L—L—V—MS）CO2含量约为10vol％;固相成分含量30vol％到90vol％,为长板状或立方体子晶,有些子晶呈圆形,正高突起,一轴负晶,可能为稀土碳酸盐矿物;Tm-CO2为-65．0～-58．0℃,初熔温度为-55．0--52．0℃,Th-CO2为＋26．5～＋28．3℃,气体水合物溶解温度为＋26．0～＋31．0℃;CO2相在220～276℃均一到水溶液相。固体组分一般会出现4次明显的溶解过程,即200～240℃、240—300℃、270～370℃和370～720℃四个阶段。包裹体的显微测温和拉曼成分分析结果显示早期流体中富含H2O、CO2、H2S和心等挥发分,并富含大量的重晶石、氟碳铈矿的子矿物,晚期成矿流体中则以H2O和CO2为主。根据矿床地质特征和矿物包裹体的研究结果,我们认为源区地幔岩石的低程度部分熔融形成富集稀土的碱性碳酸岩岩浆,侵位过程中产生液态不混熔现象,分异出携带大量高度富集REE的富F和CO2的高温流体,并主要以气相形式迁移稀土元素,在气成热液阶段REE富集成矿。矿床的成矿作用是由碳酸岩岩浆气液流体的沸腾、充填和交代过程而实现的。萤石的形成经历了气相迁移、深部成岩、上升交代、侵位成岩的过程。萤石的形成与稀土矿化有密切的关系。     

河南省大方山-葫芦峪金矿床流体包裹体研究

大方山-葫芦峪金矿区位于华北地台南缘与北秦岭造山带的衔接过渡带,矿脉赋存于构造蚀变破碎带中。矿床各成矿阶段流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,通过对各阶段包裹体分析得知,主成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度范围在197℃-305℃之间,流体包裹体盐度范围在10.98-0.88wt%NaCl 之间,包裹体气相成分中富含 H2 O 和 CO2,少量 O2和 N2,液相成分中相对富含 K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋、SO2-4、Cl-离子。流体包裹体研究表明,金矿床成矿流体为多来源的中低温流体。     

四川阿坝州党坝伟晶岩型锂辉石矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

四川省阿坝州党坝伟晶岩型锂辉石矿床是可尔因稀有金属矿集区内的典型矿床。通过对党坝锂辉石矿物流体包裹体研究结果表明:1)锂辉石矿物中富集气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体,见少量含子矿物三相包裹体;流体包裹体均一温度为260℃-314℃,盐度为w(NaCl,eqv)=2.96%~9.08%,指示党坝矿床成矿流体具中温、低盐度特征。2)激光拉曼光谱分析气相成分主要为H2O,CO2次之,见少量的CH4、N2;液相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2、CH4;含子矿物包裹体的子晶矿物为方解石。3)成矿流体应属H2O-NaCl±CO2±CaCl2±CH4±N2体系,流体密度为0.72~0.88g/cm3,认为在成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液。4)气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体以及含子矿物三相包裹体共存于同一视域中,且均一温度相近,表明流体发生沸腾或不混溶作用导致相分离并发生锂辉石聚集沉淀是党坝锂辉石矿床形成的主要原因。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床成因研究——来自流体包裹体的证据

甲玛铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段,是近年来勘探发现的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床。通过冷热台显微观察与测温、扫描电镜、激光拉曼探针测试,对甲玛矿床各成矿阶段典型矿物的流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体富含挥发分,临界相均一的流体来自岩浆超临界流体出溶,主成矿阶段具有沸腾包裹体组合特征,有机质包裹体荧光效应显著。显微测温结果显示,岩浆-热液阶段斑岩中石英斑晶的流体包裹体均一温度范围为250～540℃,含石盐子晶高盐度包裹体盐度范围为35～61(wt%)NaCl.eq,中等盐度的临界均一的气液包裹体盐度范围为3～29(wt%)NaCl.eq,岩浆期后热液阶段斑岩、角岩中石英脉的流体包裹体均一温度范围为210～410℃,盐度范围为33～41(wt%)NaCl.eq,与其不混溶共生的中低盐度气液两相流体包裹体盐度范围为5～25(wt%)NaCl.eq。矽卡岩阶段矿物均一温度范围为130～360℃,盐度范围为3～41(wt%)NaCl.eq,从岩浆热液过渡阶段到石英-硫化物阶段均一温度与盐度呈阶梯式降低趋势。斑岩体石英的流体包裹体中含有较多黄铜矿子矿物,岩浆结晶分异过程中已经具成矿元素的富集。激光拉曼探针测试结果显示,成矿早期至主成矿期矿物流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO2、CH4和N2,各阶段矿物流体包裹体气相成分具有继承性。成矿流体为高温度高盐度,富含CO2、CH4的流体。成矿流体主要源于岩浆,后期混有大气降水。当岩浆热液上升时因压力的突然释放造成高温含矿热流体发生减压沸腾,CO2和CH4等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿物质快速沉淀。矿床在成因上与岩浆-热液成矿作用密切相关。     

滇西兰坪盆地西缘铜矿床矿物流体包裹体研究

滇西兰坪中新生代盆地西缘发育众多的铜多金属矿床，主要以脉状或透镜状赋存于由砂岩、粉砂岩和页岩组成的含盐红色碎屑岩建造中，或产于火山岩中。本文在前人工作基础上，对区域3个代表性矿床进行了系统的矿物流体包裹体地球化学研究，结果表明：区域铜矿床矿物流体包裹体类型简单，以气液两相包裹体和液相包裹体为主；均一温度不高，显示成矿为中低温度；流体包裹体成分显示为a^＋（K^＋）＋Ca^2＋Cl^-＋SO^2-4型，表明成矿流体主要是以大气降水补给的热卤水；成矿流体气相组成主要为H2O和CO2，还原性烃类气体的存在并与氧化性气体的反相关关系显示其与盆地有机质的密切关系及在成矿过程中的重要性。结合成矿地质背景及矿物氢氧同位素的分析，认为该带中的矿床地幔物质参与成矿是次要的，成因上应为受深断裂控制的、大气降水补给的热卤水型矿床。     

河北承德黑山铁矿床热液成矿特征及流体包裹体研究

黑山大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床产于大庙斜长岩杂岩体中,是承德地区最重要的"大庙式"岩浆型铁矿床。笔者在矿区野外地质观察过程中发现,穿插于斜长岩中的铁磷矿脉、磁铁矿硫化物矿脉有热液成矿作用的显示,表明黑山铁矿床成因除传统认为的岩浆期结晶、熔离、矿浆贯入成矿作用外,还有热液期的成矿作用发生。本文对热液成矿期铁磷矿石中磷灰石和矿化蚀变石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,磷灰石中原生包裹体可以分为气液两相包裹体、含子矿物包裹体、含液态CO2三相包裹体、单液相、单气相包裹体5类,均一温度主要集中于180～420℃,盐度主要集中于6.2%～38.9%NaCleq,流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO2、N2和CH4,液相成分主要为H2O,固相成分主要为方解石、石盐、白云石及铁氧化物子矿物。石英中流体包裹体类型和成分与磷灰石中的类似,但固相成分未发现石盐和不透明金属子矿物,均一温度变化于149～422℃,盐度变化于5.7%～22.9%NaCleq。成矿流体为CaCl2-NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,均一温度和盐度呈现正相关连续渐变的特征。铁磷矿石的磷灰石中原生包裹体为流体包裹体,盐度高,子矿物种类复杂,组成中富含CO2和CH4等,这些特征显示成矿流体以岩浆热液为主;成矿机理可能与大气降水对岩浆热液的稀释有关。     

江西岩背锡矿床流体包裹体特征与成矿作用研究

岩背锡矿床位于武夷山南段江西会昌县境内,是一个大型独立斑岩锡矿床.矿床产于花岗斑岩和流纹斑岩的接触带内,矿体以富含原生黄玉为特征.矿石构造以浸染状、细脉浸染状和脉状为主.矿石矿物主要有锡石、黄铁矿、黄铜矿和辉钼矿等;脉石矿物主要有石英、黄玉、萤石、绿泥石、绢云母等.对岩背锡矿各阶段石英流体包裹体进行了岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析.结果表明,流体包裹体的类型主要为富液相气液两相包裹体,其次为富气相气液两相包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体和含石盐子矿物多相包裹体.成矿前期和成矿后期以富液相气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度分别为228 ～ 433℃、147 ～ 195℃,w(NaCleq)分别为4.34％～17.26％、1.91％～6.3％.成矿期4类包裹体均发育,以富液相气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度为180～349℃,w(NaCleq)为3.87％～15.47％.激光拉曼分析显示,流体包裹体的气相成分主要是H2O、CO2、SO2、HCl和HF.已有的氢、氧同位素研究表明,成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,晚期有大气降水的混入.矿床的初始流体来源于岩浆水,低温度、低盐度大气水的混入,导致流体温度、盐度降低和锡石的沉淀.     

吉林大黑山斑岩型钼矿床流体包裹体研究

吉林大黑山钼矿床位于兴蒙造山带东缘,为一典型的超大型斑岩型钼矿床,矿体主要产于花岗闪长斑岩岩体内。矿床的成矿阶段包括石英-黄铁矿、石英-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿、石英-辉钼矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-碳酸盐化5个阶段。流体包裹体研究结果表明:流体包裹体的类型主要为气液两相包裹体,其次为纯气相和纯液相包裹体,还有少量含子矿物的三相包裹体。流体包裹体的均一温度为160℃~417.6℃,盐度为4.48%~41.05%。从早阶段到晚阶段成矿流体的温度具有规律的演化,均一温度分别为400℃~417.6℃,340℃~378℃,230℃~340℃,218℃,160℃~185℃。其中含子矿物三相包裹体均一温度为320℃~405℃,盐度为34.43%~41.05%,密度为0.94g/cm3~1.03g/cm3;气液两相包裹体均一温度为160℃~417.6℃,盐度为4.48%~13.55%,密度为0.62g/cm3~0.97g/cm3。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体成分主要为CO2。氢氧同位素研究结果显示,该矿床的成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,后期有大气水的加入。流体沸腾是大黑山钼矿床成矿的重要机制。     

黑龙江霍吉河斑岩型钼矿床流体包裹体研究

黑龙江霍吉河钼矿床位于小兴安岭-张广才岭钼矿带北缘,为一典型的大型斑岩型钼矿床,矿体赋存在花岗闪长岩体内。矿床成矿阶段包括石英-黄铁矿、石英-辉钼矿、石英-多金属硫化物以及石英-碳酸盐化4个阶段。对采集的不同成矿阶段样品进行流体包裹体岩相学观察和显微测温发现,流体包裹体的类型有气液两相包裹体、纯气相和纯液相包裹体、少量含子矿物的三相包裹体。流体包裹体的均一温度为114℃~418℃,盐度w(NaCl)为0.71%~47.97%,流体的密度为0.57g/cm~3~1.15g/cm~3,压力为8.31 MPa~49.42 MPa。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体成分主要为CO_2。氢氧同位素研究结果显示,成矿流体的δD为-78.4‰~-110‰,δ18 O值为-3.51‰~7.62‰;表明该矿床的成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,后期有大气水的加入。液相包裹体、气相包裹体和含子矿物三相包裹体密切共存,相同的均一温度范围内,盐度相差较大,表明成矿流体经历了沸腾过程,沸腾作用可能是引起钼等成矿物质沉淀的重要机制。     

湖北省陨西县三天门金矿床包裹体-同位素地球化学及成矿流体特征

通过矿床流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析研究成矿流体性质,探讨矿床成因类型。研究结果表明,流体包裹体有气液两相、含纯液相和纯气相包裹体3种类型。气相成分以CO2为主,其次为H2O,总体属CH4-H2O-CO2体系;结合氢氧同位素地球化学特征（δD值为-64.1‰～-124.4‰;δ18O值为1.34‰～-6.96‰）,确定成矿流体是岩浆热液与大气降水的混合流体。含矿硫（δ34S）指示硫主要为深部岩浆来源,并经历了陆壳硫的混染,包裹体均一温度以240℃～270℃区间为主,属中低温热液矿床。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。