利用噪声记录估计福建地区中上地壳体波速度结构

本文利用福建地震台网25个宽频带台站的噪声记录提取瑞利波和勒夫波频散曲线反演地壳波速结构,并利用爆破观测结果对该速度模型进行检验.结果表明:利用该方法得到的地壳波速结构在浅部分辨率较好,深部波速结构的反演结果精度较低,这主要是由于本文所选台站间距较小,提取得到的面波频散曲线在短周期部分精度较高,而长周期部分面波频散曲线的偏差较大.综合噪声反演结果与传统反演结果,本文最终给出了一个新的速度模型,利用该模型计算得到的理论走时与爆破观测走时具有很好的一致性.     

岩石的初动隐伏效应对波速测量的影响

为了提高波速测量精度，关键是测准波的到时，对波形曲线的试验表明，随着测量装置放大倍数的增加，除了波的振幅增加之外，还观测到波的到时前移现象，这就给波速测量带来了较大误差，在实测数据的基础上，就隐伏效应和量化误差的机理进行了分析，认为是隐伏效应和量化误差的共同作用，引起了波的到时的不稳定，而问题的实质是整个测量系统的阻尼衰减，最后就提高波速的测量精度提出了两点建议。     

芦山震中区上地壳剖面二维波速结构模型反演

CT技术已经广泛应用到科学和工程领域,特别是在地球物理学和土木工程质量无损检测方面.本文用精密可控的地震波雷达在芦山震中区持续300 s向地壳主动发射低能量的线性调频弹性波,通过高灵敏度的地震仪器接收信号,实现对上地壳剖面波速结构进行无破坏性探测.用短时傅里叶变换分析记录到的线性调频信号的时间和频率特征,并用能量累积法提取信号的走时形成走时曲线图,识别震相后用射线追踪方法进行P波走时反演,得到了芦山地震震中区上地壳剖面二维波速结构.分析结果表明地震波雷达发出的信号符合控制要求,重复性高达99.7%;用能量累积法得到的地震波走时曲线易于识别震相.从芦山地震震中区上地壳剖面二维波速结构中可以看出,在芦山震中区附近有明显的波速差异,并且出现了向上凸起、向下急剧下降,再缓慢上升,呈"铲形"特征,存在低速层,分析出芦山地震是一次逆冲型地震,并且距震中区近的检测点波速比偏低,距震中区远的检测点波速比偏高.通过与其他方法研究结果对比,证明了用地震波雷达信号走时反演地壳波速结构是可行的.     

地震定位与区域台站最优分布

确定地震震源位置和发震时刻的误差,在已知走时曲线的情况下,一方面取决于波到达时刻的观测误差,另一方面,台站的地理分布也起着重要的作用。国外一些地震学家采用某些方法对台站分布的测震误差和最优布局进行了计算。其工作简述如下: 日本的佐藤泰夫和南斯拉夫萨格勒布大学的D.Skoko等人,从1965年来,首先采用直达波的走时方程,对5个台站组成的台网测定地震的经纬度,深度,发震时刻和波速的误差     

利用联合反演技术进行反射地震的波速成象

本文介绍了根据反射地震数据进行波速成象的一种方法,其基础为多种反演技术的综合。由于要求的波速图象C（x,z）具有间断性,除利用走时数据T（x,t）外,在地层比较水平的情况下,还利用了均方根速度V（x,t）和统计子波W（t）的数据来成象。计算机层析成象过程分为三步:首先重做速度分析,取得与初次反射走时一致的均方根速度数据;然后用反射走时与均方根速度联合反演对应分析道的层速度和界面深度;最后由联合反演结果和反射面走时求波速图象函数的数字化版。文中还给出了波速成象方法在我国西北某沉积盆地上的应用及验证结果。     

岩石临破裂前波速变化特征的实验研究

为了提高波速的测量精度以便能观测到岩石临破裂前波速的微小变化,采用了波形的数值化,波的叠加,波的互相关和DTE(Subsample delay time estimate)方法和cosine插值,使时间分辨率提高到0.001 μs,波速分辨率达到1 m/s.在较小的应力增量(0.17 MPa)下测量了波的延迟时间,进而得到速度随应力的变化规律.实验结果显示在0.98破裂强度时岩石波速最大,然后下降直到破裂,此期间的波速下降量约30m/s.同时对临破裂前波的主频能量进行了计算,其变化规律与波速相同,认为破裂前的有关变化与岩石膨胀有关.最后用涨落模型讨论了延迟时间的方差变化.     

对《中国地区地震P波和S波走时表》使用的检验

综合介绍了根据我国台网的观测资料、采用国际先进方法编制的《中国地区地震 P 波和 S 波走时表》,检验表明,它比J—B 表及国外其他走时表更符合我国实际,用以测量震源参数具有较高精度。     

远震P波衰减因子的测量与Q成像方法

概述了远震P波衰减因子的测量方法,并将作者在走时层析成像研究中提出的方法推广到三维Q值图像重建中,并认为,与走时层析成像相比,有其特殊的困难,主要表现在δt^*的测量值具有较大的误差,且各接收台站的δt^*的测量精度也会明显不同．此外,理论误差可能也比较大．为此,有必要采用具有抗数据失常能力的“健全”方法,并建议使用l1范数极小化反演的有效数值方案．     

用相关分析法提高波速测量精度

本文尝试利用相关分析法，计算回波之间的相关系数，以确定反射波之间的走时，从而提高波速测量精度，实测表明，这种方法是可行的。     

曲线坐标系因式分解程函方程及其走时计算

地震波走时广泛应用于静校正、层析成像、Kirchhoff偏移成像、地震定位等研究.复杂地表条件是影响走时计算精度的重要因素.近年来,发展的曲线坐标系程函方程为精细刻画起伏地表条件下的地震波走时场特征提供了新的思路.然而,基于有限差分程函方程的求解方法不可避免地受到震源奇异性的影响,即震源附近波前的曲率较大,此时使用平面波近似假设的差分格式会导致较大误差.而震源误差会随着波前的传播到达整个计算区域,从而影响整个区域的求解精度.针对该问题,本文借鉴因式分解的思想,推导建立了曲线坐标系因式分解程函方程,并针对性地发展了其数值求解方法,从根源上解决了复杂模型走时计算中的震源奇异性问题.数值实例表明因式分解法能够有效降低震源误差,显著提高起伏地表走时计算的精度和效率,为起伏地表地震波走时计算提供更佳的选择,在复杂模型的地震资料处理中展现出广泛的应用前景.     

垂向非均匀介质的走时反演

本文提出了一种利用反射波走时曲线计算垂向非均匀介质速度和反射界面深度的方法。当在地球表面没有获得来自地下某一深度范围内介质的任何信息时,可以认为这一深度范围内的地震波速度具有连续性。利用来自其底部反射界面的反射波走时曲线,可以计算出该深度范围的地震波速度结构。对三种模型进行了理论计算,所得反演解与真实值较为一致,其中计算出的反射界面深度最为精确。利用本文提出的方法可以计算两个相邻反射面之间的垂向非均匀速度结构,如低速层等。     

Relocation of Wyoming Mine Production Blasts Using Calibration Explosions

—?An important requirement for a comprehensive seismic monitoring system is the capability to accurately locate small seismic events worldwide. Accurate event location can improve the probability of determining whether or not a small event, recorded predominantly by local and regional stations, is a nuclear explosion. For those portions of the earth where crustal velocities are not well established, reference event calibration techniques offer a method of increased locational accuracy and reduced locational bias.¶In this study, data from a set of mining events with good ground-truth data in the Powder River Basin region of eastern Wyoming are used to investigate the potential of event calibration techniques in the area. Results of this study are compared with locations published in the prototype International Data Center's Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB). A Joint Hypocenter Determination (JHD) method was applied to a s et of 23 events. Four of those events with superior ground-truth control (mining company report or Global Positioning System data) were used as JHD reference events. Nineteen (83%) of the solutions converged and the resulting set of station-phase travel-time corrections from the JHD results was then tested. When those travel-time corrections were applied individually to the four events with good ground-truth control, the average locational error reduced the original REB location error from 16.1?km to 5.7?km (65% improvement). The JHD locations indicated reduced locational bias and all of the individual error ellipses enclosed the actual known event locations.¶Given a set of well-recorded calibration events, it appears that the JHD methodology is a viable technique for improving locational accuracy of future small events where the location depends on arrival times from predominantly local and/or regional stations. In this specific case, the International Associ ation of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) travel-time tables, coupled with JHD-derived travel-time corrections, may obviate the need for an accurately known regional velocity structure in the Powder River Basin region.     

河北省南部及邻区地壳P波速度结构三维反演

1980—2012年河北省及邻区测震台网地震记录,使用了河北省南部及邻区（34.0°—38.0°N,112.0°—118.0°E）63个固定地震台站和4 540个地震事件,得到27 709条P波到时数据,采用速度结构与地震位置联合反演的方法,获得研究区内地壳P波三维速度结构,重新确定中小地震震源位置。速度结构揭示：研究区域内地壳的P波速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,在10—25 km深度上横向不均匀性更加显著;大地震基本发生在速度异常体或高低速交界区域。地震重新定位结果显示：地震P波走时均方根残差（RMS）从1.68 s降到0.82 s;地震呈明显条带状分布,震源深度与地质构造年代具有一定负相关性。     

华北地区上地幔速度结构

本文选用了北京台网记录的来自不同方位并通过华北地区的140个地震,使用平滑法和dT/d△法,得到P波慢度曲线;采取走时和慢度结合使用的方法,得到走时曲线;从Gerver-Markushevich公式出发,导出一个易于计算的简捷形式,并由此反演初始速度模型;通过模型理论走时曲线的计算,选出与实测数据符合得较好的模型。平均模型中,低速层出现的深度较浅,约60公里;在360-420公里和660-680公里深处,存在两个速度急剧增加的梯度层;500公里处可能还有一个较小的梯度层。华北的东南和西南方向上,相当于660公里梯度层的深度的差异还较为显著。     

STUDY ON FOCAL DEPTH OF THE MS5.4 CANGWU EARTHQUAKE IN GUANGXI

On July 31th, 2016, a magnitude 5.4 earthquake struck Cangwu Country, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, it was the largest earthquake recorded by Guangxi Seismological Network since it set up. The number of people affected by the earthquake had reached 20 000, and the direct economic losses caused by the earthquake were nearly 100 million Yuan. After the earthquake, USGS provided a global earthquake catalog showing that the focal depth of Cangwu earthquake was about 24.5km. However, the result given by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor showed the focal depth of this earthquake was 15.6km. However, the result obtained by Xu Xiaofeng et al. using CAP method was 5.1km. It was clear that the focal depths of Cangwu earthquake given by different institutions were quite different from each other. However, accurate focal depth of the earthquake has important significance for exploring the tectonic mechanism near the epicenter, so it is necessary to further determine the more accurate depth of the Cangwu earthquake. In order to further accurately determine the focal depth of Cangwu earthquake, we used the global search method for travel-time residual to calculate the focal depth of this earthquake and its error range, based on the regional velocity model, which is a one-dimensional velocity model of the Xianggui tectonic belt produced by the comprehensive geophysical profile. Then, we inverted the focal mechanism of this earthquake with the CAP method. Based on this, the focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake was further determined by the method of the Rayleigh surface wave amplitude spectrum and the sPL phase, respectively. Computed results reveal that the focal depth of this earthquake and its error range from the travel-time residual global search method is about(13±3)km, the focal depth inverted by CAP method is about 10km, the focal depth from sPL phase is about 10km, and the focal depth from Rayleigh surface wave amplitude spectrum is about 9~10km. Finally, we confirmed that the focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is about 10km, which indicates that this earthquake still occurred in the upper crust. In the case of low network density, the sPL phase and Rayleigh wave amplitude spectrum recorded by only 1 or 2 broadband stations could be used to obtain more accurate focal depth. The focal depth's accuracy of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake in the USGS global earthquake catalog has yet to be improved. In the future, we should consider the error of the source parameters when using the USGS global earthquake catalog for other related research.     

A Fast Sweeping Scheme for Calculating P Wave First-Arrival Travel Times in Transversely Isotropic Media with an Irregular Surface

Seismic wave propagation shows anisotropic characteristics in many sedimentary rocks. Modern seismic exploration in mountainous areas makes it important to calculate P wave travel times in anisotropic media with irregular surfaces. The challenges in this context are mainly from two aspects. First is how to tackle the irregular surface in a Cartesian coordinate system, and the other lies in solving the anisotropic eikonal equation. Since for anisotropic media the ray (group) velocity direction is not the same as the direction of the travel-time gradient, the travel-time gradient no longer serves as an indicator of the group velocity direction in extrapolating the travel-time field. Recently, a topography-dependent eikonal equation formulated in a curvilinear coordinate system has been established, which is effective for calculating first-arrival travel times in an isotropic model with an irregular surface. Here, we extend the above equation from isotropy to transverse isotropy (TI) by formulating a topography-dependent eikonal equation in TI media in the curvilinear coordinate system, and then use a fast sweeping scheme to solve the topography-dependent anisotropic eikonal equation in the curvilinear coordinate system. Numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the scheme in calculating P wave travel times in TI models with an irregular surface.     

联合利用走时与波形反演技术研究地壳三维速度结构(Ⅱ)——应用

使用阻尼最小二乘法进行震源参数和地壳三维速度结构的走时联合反演．所用资料为Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差,并用人工地震资料的二维解释结果作为三维速度模型的特定约束条件．为建立初始模型,又利用天然地震构成了准二维剖面．在走时反演基础上,利用遗传算法进行了几个地震事件的波形反演尝试,并对走时反演获得的地壳速度结构模型的局部进行了修正．以３４°～４２°Ｎ,９４°～１１２°Ｅ作为研究区域,在该区域中收集了１９８６年以来大量地震的Ｓ波和Ｐ波到时差资料,７条人工地震二维速度剖面资料和２个数字化地震台的几个地震的三分向记录资料．对这些资料进行了处理,最后得出了０～２５ｋｍ深度不同截面的速度分布,并对所得结果进行了分析．     

固体潮观测数据的预处理

本文介绍了固体潮观测数据的平滑检验和NAKAI法检验之方法原理和具体应用。平滑检验可以有效地监测並改正观测数据中的随机错误,突跳或坏读数;经平滑改正后,可使观测数据的读数误差小于1毫米。用NAKAI(1975)提出的方法检验观测数据可以监测仪器灵敏度变化情况和数据质量好坏,根据该检验计算获得的有关参数(主要是漂移系数和方差)剔除质量不好的48小时数据组或修正某些质量不好的数据可提高调和分析结果的精度。     

3-D Non-linear Travel-time Tomography: Imaging High Contrast Velocity Anomalies

In this paper we present an approach for 3-D travel-time tomography, which works well in reconstructing high contrast velocity anomalies in both location and strength. It uses a revised ‘irregular’ approach to the shortest-path method as the ray tracer and a damped minimum norm, and constrained least-squares CG approach as the inversion solver. In ray tracing, the advantages of the revised ‘irregular’ over the ‘regular’ approach are that the secondary nodes introduced on the cell surfaces significantly improve accuracy of computed travel times, without dramatically increasing the total number of cells and nodes; the tri-linear velocity function defined across the cell guarantees accurate ray tracing in a high velocity contrast medium; and the capacity to calculate a relatively large 3-D model, due to the fast run speed (at least one order of magnitude over the ‘regular’ approach) and less number of total nodes. The introduction of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ bounds into the inversion process changes the conditioning and makes the solution meaningful in a physical sense. Thus the artifacts caused by noise and high velocity contrasts are substantially suppressed and the image quality is considerably improved, making the solution realistic with noisy or inconsistent travel-time data. Several numerical tests indicate that we can obtain good quality images even for high velocity contrast anomalies (say more than 20%) in the target region. This means the inversion algorithm is an efficient and effective procedure. Meanwhile, the inversion procedure is not very sensitive to the quality of the travel-time data, which is promising for practical usage.     

综合回归分析与中国东部六省地区Lg波衰减的测定

本文提出了具有共同斜率不同截距的多条测线的ldquo;综合回归分析rdquo;方法.设x, y满足线性关系:Y=KX+Cii=1, 2, hellip;, N则由最小二乘原理解出综合回归系数K和Ci, 及其标准差的代数表达式.选取苏、鲁、豫、皖、冀、浙六省及其附近地区, 19个地震80个台站的短周期DD-1地震仪记录.用综合回归分析法测定了ldquo;波传播速度为3.54km/s, 约1秒Lg波埃里相（LG）的滞弹性衰减系数gamma;Lg=0.00435plusmn;0.00010km-1, Lg非埃里相（MAX）的gamma;max=0.00305plusmn;0.00010km-1.前者即为介质的衰减系数;后者具有统计的意义, 可用于最大震相震级公式的建立.计算中使用了LGZ, LGH, MXZ, MXH四个震相, 各近600组振幅数据, 和555组走时数据。震中距范围约为50——1100km.