安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜(金)矿床成矿模式

长江中、下游断裂坳陷带是我国重要的铜、金、铁、硫成矿带,存在一系列块状硫化物矿床及与其伴生的矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿床.本文以铜陵矿集区冬瓜山铜、金矿床为例,探讨了这类矿床的成矿模式.冬瓜山矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.层状硫化物矿体产于晚泥盆世砂岩和晚石炭世碳酸盐岩之间,具明显的层控特征,矿体下盘发育细脉-网脉状硫化物矿化以及硅化和绢云母化,矿体中伴有热水沉积岩,矿石具典型的沉积构造.燕山期岩浆热液对层状矿体进行了叠加和改造,改变了矿石的结构构造和矿石成分.黄铜矿交代黄铁矿变斑晶呈环斑结构或脉状交代结构,交代磁黄铁矿呈交代假象结构或交代残留结构.矽卡岩型矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.09‰～0.83‰,集中在0.23‰～0.83‰.层状矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.45‰～0.78‰,与矽卡岩矿体中黄铜矿的65Cu值大致相当,这说明两类矿体中的铜具有相同的来源.铜、氢和氧同位素研究表明,冬瓜山矿床铜来自岩浆岩,叠加的成矿流体主要为岩浆流体.提出了冬瓜山矿床属喷流沉积-岩浆热液叠生成因的成矿模式:在晚石炭世,海底喷流成矿作用形成了块状硫化物矿床,矿石成分以硫、铁为主;燕山期岩浆热液一方面对块状硫化物矿床进行改造,致使其富集铜等成矿物质,另一方面与围岩相互作用形成矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.     

西藏查个勒铅锌钼铜矿床H-O-S-Pb同位素特征及成矿指示——兼与念青唐古拉成矿带中-东段铅锌(铜钼)矿床对比

查个勒铅锌钼铜矿床位于念青唐古拉铅锌银铁铜成矿带西段南缘,为查明其成矿物质来源及矿床成因,对该矿床开展了系统的H、O、S、Pb同位素研究,并与念青唐古拉成矿带中-东段典型铅锌(铜钼)矿床进行对比。查个勒矿床石英H、O同位素(δD值介于-189‰～-157‰之间,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值介于-2.2‰～2.9‰之间)指示其成矿流体主要由岩浆水与大气降水混合组成。矿区北部铅锌矿体硫化物δ~(34)S值为-5.6‰～-0.8‰,均值为-3.7‰,显示岩浆硫和地层硫混合的特征。矿区南部(铜)钼矿体硫化物δ~(34)S值为1.1‰～2.6‰,均值为1.8‰,显示岩浆硫的特征。矿石硫化物和花岗斑岩全岩~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的比值分别为38.988～39.269、39.002～39.559,15.657～15.747、15.643～15.664,18.614～18.688、18.663～19.058。矿石硫化物与花岗斑岩的Pb同位素特征相似,均表现出上地壳Pb源的特征,推测成矿物质主要来自上地壳岩浆源。查个勒矿床H、O、S、Pb同位素特征与中-东段典型铅锌(铜钼)矿床相似,表明念青唐古拉成矿带铅锌(铜钼)矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源一致。作者认为查个勒矿床是一个受岩浆和构造共同控制的斑岩型(铜)钼+矽卡岩型-热液脉型铜铅锌矿床,在念青唐古拉成矿带,自西向东分布有多处斑岩型(铜)钼矿+矽卡岩型-热液脉型(铜)铅锌矿矿集区。     

粤东新寮岽铜多金属矿区钻孔深部矿体铜同位素研究

新寮岽铜多金属矿床是近年来粤东地区新发现的铜多金属矿床之一,矿区位于东南沿海锡、钨、铜等重要矿产发育地区,成矿地质条件非常好。本文通过对矿体中黄铜矿的铜同位素研究表明,其δ~(65)Cu值(-0.34‰~+1.37‰)与斑岩型矿床的δ~(65)Cu值基本一致,成矿物质Cu主要来源于深部岩浆,成矿流体显示为中高温(250~420℃)岩浆热液特征,Cu的分馏与岩浆热液活动关系密切,矿体的形成与成矿流体出溶有关。铜同位素组成随深度增加有增高趋势,能形成规模矿体。同时,铜同位素可以直接指示热源的位置,在热液流体石英脉出现的区域,铜矿体δ~(65)Cu值都低于0,在热液接触带、特殊的赋矿围岩和构造作用部位铜同位素值较高,预示着主矿体的边缘或前锋,是最为明显的找矿标志。     

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿硫同位素地球化学研究

西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,Cu、Mo、Pb+Zn、Au、Ag均达大型规模,并伴生Co、Bi、W、Ni等多金属矿化。黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿、辉铜矿等硫化物为主要的矿石矿物,硫酸盐矿物以硬石膏为主,含矿岩浆岩以花岗斑岩、二长花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩为主。通过对甲玛矿区主要硫化物和硬石膏的硫同位素分析,并结合前人研究,甲玛矿区硫化物的硫同位素δ34S值变化于13.6‰～+12.5‰,平均值1.33‰(样品数86)、硬石膏δ34S值+0.5‰～+1.8‰,平均值+1.13‰(样品数3)、岩浆岩δ34S值0.7‰～0.2‰,平均值0.5‰(样品数3),与岩浆硫δ34S值0±3‰一致。闪锌矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿矿物对的硫同位素地质温度计,显示成矿温度为408～433℃,说明其形成时硫同位素处于平衡状态。冈底斯成矿带上的驱龙等斑岩型矿床中硫化物和岩浆岩硫同位素,均具有δ34S值变化范围小,平均值接近0值,与岩浆硫特征一致的特点,反映了甲玛铜多金属矿床具有矽卡岩-斑岩型矿床硫同位素地球化学特征,硫以岩浆来源为主。     

新疆希勒库都克铜钼矿床硫同位素特征及成矿物质来源探讨

位于东准噶尔北缘的希勒库都克铜钼矿床是一个以钼为主的斑岩型矿床,形成于早石炭世。希勒库都克铜钼矿床硫化物δ34S值介于+0.4‰~+7.6‰之间,平均为+4.1‰,其中黄铁矿δ34S值为+0.4‰~+7.6‰(平均+4.2‰)、辉钼矿δ34S值为+3.2‰~+4.7‰(平均+4.2‰)、黄铜矿δ34S值为+1.6‰~+2.5‰(平均+2.1‰),均显示出岩浆硫的组成特征。硫化物稀土元素特征与含矿斑岩类似,暗示成矿物质可能来源于含矿斑岩;流体包裹体地球化学及H-O同位素特征也表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液。而含矿斑岩高的正εNd(t)值、低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值表明含矿岩浆可能主要来自于地幔源区。综合研究区硫化物硫同位素、稀土元素及流体包裹体地球化学特征等分析,本文认为希勒库都克铜钼矿床成矿物质主要来自地幔源区,且含矿岩浆可能经历了地壳深部壳幔物质混合均一化的过程。     

西藏冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床的Cu、Mo同位素组成及其意义

选取西藏冈底斯成矿带的驱龙、达布斑岩型铜钼矿及鸡公村石英脉型钼矿为研究对象,分别挑选含矿斑岩和石英脉中的黄铜矿、辉钼矿进行Cu、Mo同位素测定.结果表明,西藏冈底斯斑岩型黄铜矿的δ^65/63Cu介于0.01‰~0.98‰,辉钼矿的δ^97/95Mo介于-0.34‰^-0.15‰,热液脉型矿床中辉钼矿的δ^97/95Mo介于-0.35‰^-0.23‰.形成于陆-陆碰撞造山后的冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床的Cu同位素与俯冲带产出的斑岩型矿床中的Cu同位素组成具有一定的相似性,均表现为单峰分布的特征.驱龙斑岩型矿床中热液脉与含矿斑岩中的δ^65/63Cu具有一致性,可能反映了二者在来源上具有一致性.在冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床中,不同蚀变带具有不同的Cu、Mo同位素组成,自蚀变中心向外,δ^65/63Cu与δ^97/95Mo表现出负相关趋势,可能与成矿流体的性质密切相关.冈底斯石英脉型钼矿较斑岩型铜钼矿δ^97/95Mo相对偏负,结合两类矿床的成矿年代,可能暗示两类矿床的成矿物质是同一源区连续演化的结果.     

西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿铜同位素研究

本文通过Cu的同位素组成示踪斑岩型铜矿床Cu的来源,探讨岩浆-热液过程中Cu同位素的分馏.选择驱龙矿区从早到晚的三期热液脉以及早期钾硅酸盐化蚀变同期的样品,挑选新鲜的黄铜矿,测定其Cu同位素组成.早期A脉:为不规则石英-钾长石脉、石英-硬石膏脉及黑云母脉,δ~(65)Cu的范围为-0.44‰～-0.09‰,集中在-0.44‰～-0.31‰,平均值-0.29‰;B脉,为石英+硬石膏+黄铜矿±辉钼矿±黄铁矿脉和绿帘石-石英脉,δ~(65)Cu的范围为-0.42‰～+0.14‰,集中在-0.25‰～-0.18‰,平均值-0.18‰;晚期D脉,为板状黄铜矿-黄铁矿及黄铁矿脉,δ~(65)Cu的范围为-0.27‰～+0.47‰,集中在-0.27‰～-0.05‰,平均值-0.02‰;早期钾硅酸盐蚀变带,δ~(65)Cu的范围为-0.47‰～-0. 1‰,平均值-0.29‰.矿区铜同位素组成基本同岩浆岩一致(Zhu et al.,2000,2002;Maréchal et al.,1999,2002),表明Cu主要来自斑岩岩浆.不同期次热液的Cu同位素具有明显的分馏,早期相对富集~(63)Cu,晚期相对亏损~(63)Cu,A脉与B脉的同位素组成的差异可能与岩浆-热液演化过程有关,D脉的同位素组成差异可能是大气降水大量混入的结果.     

江西德兴朱砂红斑岩铜矿床H-O-S-Pb同位素特征及意义

江西德兴斑岩铜矿田位于扬子地块东南缘,毗邻赣东北深断裂;该矿田由富家坞、铜厂及朱砂红矿床组成,属世界超大型斑岩铜矿。本文在系统的野外观察及室内岩相学观察的基础上,通过H、O、S、Pb同位素地球化学研究手段,探讨该矿床的成矿流体及成矿物质来源。H、O同位素研究结果显示,矿石石英脉中石英的δ~(18)O值范围为8.4‰~11.2‰,与之平衡的δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值范围分别为0.44‰~3.14‰,含矿石英脉中石英的δD值范围为-73.2‰~56.9‰,成矿流体以岩浆分异热液及天水热液为主。矿石中硫化物δ~(34)S组成变化范围较窄,为-4.3‰~-0.9‰,多数集中在0值左右且在S同位素直方图上呈塔式分布特点,表明具有岩浆硫(0±3‰)的特征。矿石硫化物中Pb同位素组成比较稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为18.079~18.643、15.545~15.578和38.058~38.595。朱砂红矿床硫化物中Pb同位素组成与德兴含矿斑岩大致相同,明显区别于源自双桥山群地层的矿石中Pb同位素组成,表明成矿物质主要来源于含矿斑岩,并非双桥山群浅变质地层。朱砂红矿床的流体来源为岩浆分异热液及天水热液的混合,成矿物质主要来自斑岩,矿床发育与斑岩体密切相关。德兴矿区三个矿床对比研究表明,朱砂红斑岩型矿床H、O同位素特征与铜厂斑岩铜矿床大体一致,成矿流体来源基本相似;三个矿床中S同位素表现为从东南的富家坞矿床向西北的朱砂红矿床由高到低的变化趋势,但变化范围基本保持一致,朱砂红矿床可能比铜厂矿床及富家坞矿床受更多围岩物质混染;三个矿床Pb同位素总体显示出壳幔混合铅的特征。三个矿床为同一成矿系统,矿床的差异可能源自岩浆与围岩混染程度的不同。     

内蒙古别鲁乌图铜硫多金属矿成因类型及找矿标志

别鲁乌图铜硫多金属矿是早期发现的内蒙古中部较大的铜硫多金属矿床。根据获得的矿床主要矿物地球化学分析,表明黄铁矿S/Fe为1.795~2.002(2),Co/Ni值大于1,表现出岩浆热液型黄铁矿特征;雌黄铁矿、铅锌矿、闪锌矿均表现出中高温成因特征。结合矿床的矿石构造特征、矿物生成顺序、围岩蚀变及成矿温度,认为矿床成因类型为岩浆期后热液充填交代型脉状矿床。黄铁矿、雌黄铁矿和毒砂的δ34S‰为0.2‰~1‰,变化范围较窄,接近陨石S的成分,表明其成矿物质可能与深部华力西晚期中基性侵入岩有关。铁帽为金属硫化物风化淋滤残留的产物,是直接的找矿标志,华力西晚期侵入岩、北东东向—近东西向断裂构造和明显的热液蚀变(硅化、绿泥石化和滑石化为主)也是主要的找矿标志。     

云南澜沧老厂深部斑岩钼(铜)矿成矿物质来源的同位素地球化学证据

通过对云南澜沧老厂深部斑岩钼(铜)矿的S、Pb、H、O同位素地球化学特征的综合分析研究,探讨了隐伏斑岩型矿床的成矿物质来源.研究表明:斑岩钼(铜)矿体主要硫化物的δ34S在3.99‰～+1.8‰之间,平均值为- 1.32‰,分布范围较窄,指示硫具有壳-幔混合源特征;隐伏的成矿花岗斑岩和矿石中主要硫化物的铅同位素组成的变化范围和平均值均具明显的相似性,206pb/204pb比值变化于17.863～ 18.701之间(平均值为18.411),207pb/204 Pb值变化于15.448～15.733之间(平均值为15.628),208 Pb/204 pb值变化于37.753～39.104之间(平均值为38.615),指示矿区斑岩型矿体中的原始铅具有壳-幔混合源的特点,深部地幔也是重要源区之一;斑岩型钼(铜)矿体脉石矿物石英的δ18QH2O在-9.51‰～+9.41‰之间,δD在- 93‰～- 46.2‰之间,指示斑岩矿体成矿流体介质水既有岩浆水又有大气降水,其中,在远离主岩体的外接触带大气降水(雨水)参与成矿的程度相对较高.     

北祁连天鹿铜矿床砂岩型铜矿石特征

天鹿铜矿床是古生代海相砂页岩型铜矿.其铜矿石主要为粉砂岩型,包括斑铜矿矿石、辉铜矿矿石、辉铜矿斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿矿石、黄铁矿黄铜矿矿石等6种自然类型.矿石结构主要为结晶结构和交代结构,矿石构造以浸染状为主.主矿层中的矿化沿岩层垂向具有明显的分带性,从底部到顶板为:斑铜矿→辉铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿,具有典型的化学沉积成因铜的硫化物排列组合特征.这些特点与中国及国外海相砂页岩型铜矿相一致.     

天鹿铜矿床粉砂岩型铜矿石特征

天鹿铜矿床是前陆盆地古生代海相砂页岩型铜矿，铜矿石主要为粉砂岩型，包括辉铜矿矿石、辉铜矿斑铜矿矿石、斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿矿石、黄铁矿黄铜矿矿石6种自然类型，矿石结构主要为结晶结构和交代结构，矿石构造以浸染状为主，主矿层中的矿化沿岩层厚度具有明显的垂直分带性，从底部到顶板为：辉铜矿→斑铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿，为典型的化学沉积成因铜的硫化物排列组合特征，上述特点与我国及国外海相砂页岩型铜矿一致。     

新疆铜矿类型与找矿靶区

在分析研究新疆铜矿类型、地质特征、矿区地质构造及找铜潜力的基础上，对进一步的找铜靶区进行了初步预测．新疆铜矿工作程度总体较低，各构造成矿区和类型都有找铜前景，最具潜力和最有希望找到大型铜矿床的是阿尔泰，东、西天山和西昆仑地区斑岩型、海相火山沉积型、斑岩—夕卡岩复合型、海相沉积热液叠加型与铜镍矿化物型的成矿类型．     

Future copper resources

Concerns about future supplies of raw materials demand careful examination of underlying assumptions and data. Flawed deposit information, ignored undiscovered resources and questionable assumptions about future consumption require a new look at copper resources.A careful compilation of 1978 copper-bearing mineral deposits totals 2700 million metric tons of copper including past production—considerably more than reported in previous studies. About 69% of the copper is in porphyry copper deposits and 12% in sediment-hosted copper, Magmatic sulfide (mostly intrusive Ni) deposits account for 5.1%, and IOGC adds about 4.7%. VMS deposits represent 45% of the 1978 deposits but only 4.9% of the copper.The largest 20% of the deposits account for over 92% of the total copper metal. In other words, total Cu content in the smaller 1600 deposits is only about 8% of all Cu known in all deposits. This is a consequence of highly skewed frequency distributions of deposit tonnages and contained metals in all kinds of mineral deposits. This relationship is critical if one is concerned about long-term supply of copper. Typically, distributions of contained metal can be modeled well by the lognormal distribution for individual types of deposits.Information used here and in many other studies on copper includes past production. Total past production through 2015 is about 667 million tons Cu. After subtracting past production from the total copper in known deposits, the remaining unproduced copper from known deposits is 2030 million tons. Known deposits inform us about undiscovered copper resources.Over 80% of known copper is in porphyry copper and sediment-hosted copper deposits. A reliable and robust USGS managed global assessment of 225 tracts for porphyry Cu and sediment-hosted Cu produced an expected value estimate of 3500 million tons Cu in undiscovered deposits. Deposit types not assessed such as IOGC are likely to have significant amounts of undiscovered copper. If the proportion of total Cu accounted for by the two major deposit types assessed is the same proportion in all undiscovered deposits, total Cu expected in these other deposit types would add an additional 850 million tons. The reasonable estimate of copper in undiscovered mineral deposits of 4350 million tons when added to the unmined 2030 million tons in known deposits provides an estimate of 6380 million of tons Cu, which far exceeds estimates published by other researchers.Growth in copper production appears to be exponential over time but appears to be linear with respect to population. Demand for copper is not driven by time, but rather by population and per capita income. Rates of population increases are slowing and incomes in many countries are increasing. Per capita consumption of copper will increase over the coming years as populous nations such as China and India develop increasing per capita incomes, but the demand will likely level off as their economies improve. The large estimated copper resources along with evidence of slowing demand for copper over the long term considerably extend the time of “peak copper” and the long mine life of large deposits means the decline in production after will not be rapid. The focus of copper supply concerns should be on important problems such as improving recovery rates, careful consideration of the benefits and costs of mining very large deposits, technologies to increase exploration success in covered areas and reducing costs of underground mining.     

Biological copper extraction from melting furnaces dust of Sarcheshmeh copper mine

This paper deals with bacterial leaching of copper dust emanating from furnaces at Sarcheshmeh copper complex. Regarding the considerable amount of acid leachable copper, a sulphuric acid leaching process was performed prior to bacterial leaching. Some shake flask and then bioreactor tests were conducted using a mixed culture of Acidithiobacilli and the effect of significant parameters such as culture medium, pulp density and bacterial inoculation rate were investigated. By increasing the pulp density because of higher toxicity and shear stress much more microorganisms and richer nutrient medium were needed. Favoured conditions that governed the agitated bioreactors caused a remarkable promotion in metal dissolution rate in comparison with shake flask. Copper recovery by bacterial leaching in shaking flasks and chemical leaching after 22 d were 87% and 38%, respectively. At the same condition, the maximum copper recovery in bioreactor was 91% within 6.5 d.     

Reaction of soil enzymes and spring barley to copper chloride and copper sulphate

Study was carried out to compare the effect of the degree of contamination of soil with copper on the soil enzyme activity, depending on the type of chemical compound with which a metal reaches the soil and on the method of soil use. An effect of increasing doses of copper on growth and the development of spring barley has been studied. The study was carried out as a pot experiment on two types of soil: loamy sand and light loam. Copper was introduced to soil as copper(II) sulphate(VI) and copper(II) chloride at four doses: 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg Cu²⁺ kg^?1 d.m. of soil. Soil without copper was used as a control sample. The experiment showed that contamination of soil with copper applied as CuCl₂ and CuSO₄·5H₂O upset the homeostasis of soil. Dehydrogenases and urease were the most sensitive to contamination of soil with Cu²⁺, both as copper(II) chloride and as copper(II) sulphate(VI), and acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were the least sensitive. Greater changes in enzymatic activity were observed in loamy sand than in light loam. The differences in the impact of copper(II) sulphate(VI) and copper(II) chloride on the soil microbiome were relatively small, because mean ED₅₀ for copper(II) chloride was 341 mg Cu²⁺ kg^?1 d.m. of soil, and for copper(II) sulphate(VI) it was 364 mg Cu²⁺ kg^?1 d.m. of soil. This inhibitory effect of copper persisted throughout the period of the experiment. The sensitivity of spring barley to copper compounds was lower than the enzymes under study.     

西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究

对甲马铜多金属矿床流体包裹体研究表明与成矿有关的流体包裹体主要有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体三类,包裹体的均一温度范围变化大,从240℃到＞500℃.矿床形成早期干夕卡岩阶段,矿物形成温度大于500℃,湿夕卡岩阶段均一温度区间集中在270℃～360℃之间,该时期为硫化物矿物形成的主要沉淀阶段.矿床的矿物组合、包裹体类型及包裹体激光拉曼探针分析表明成矿流体以高盐度、富含Na、K、Ca、Si、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-等成分为特点,流体来源以岩浆作用为主.甲马矿床属与岩浆作用有关的典型夕卡岩型多金属矿床.根据甲马矿床与附近驱龙斑岩铜矿流体包裹体和同位素特征对比分析,提出二者应属于同一成矿系列.     

五子骑龙矿床——被改造的斑岩铜矿上部带

五子骑龙矿床产于紫金山矿田的一个早白垩世火山管道旁侧。火山管道中充填的英安斑岩向深部逐渐相变为花岗闪长斑岩。由于后期断裂的破坏，该花岗闪长斑岩及其矿化系统被上冲到与五子骑龙矿床相邻的中寮矿床近地表位置，从而形成斑岩型铜矿床－中寮矿床。五子骑龙矿床中，环绕英安斑岩发育明矾石化、迪开石化、埃洛石化和红柱石化蚀变，这些蚀变是改造并叠加早期绢英岩化蚀变的结果。其铜矿石中的铜蓝、硫砷铜矿和蓝辉铜矿，也经常交     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定铜精矿及铜矿石中砷的研究

通过对铜精矿及铜矿石中大量铜离子等多种金属离子对原子荧光光谱法测定砷干扰的消除,建立一种适合的溶样方法,选择了最佳的分析条件,克服了普通原子荧光法溶解样品的不足,本方法测定砷的检出限为1μg/g。本方法测定了3个国家一级标准物质中砷的含量,测定值与推荐值吻合,确定方法适合铜含量比较高的样品中砷含量的测定。     

海纹石的宝玉石矿物学特征

对产于多米尼加的海纹石样品进行了矿物学测试和分析.镜下观察显示,海纹石呈致密的纤维状结构,纤维长约0.01～0.02 mm;X射线衍射表明,海纹石样品主要由针钠钙石组成,并未检测到其它杂质成分,与能谱分析结果一致;不同色调的海纹石样品在红外光谱和紫外-可见光吸收光谱上都没有表现出本质的差别.