上海天文台硬件相关处理机Mark5数据回放功能实现

m2hc程序是上海天文台硬件相关处理机的一个子系统，实现从Mark5系统自动回放甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）原始观测数据给相关处理机的功能。目前已工作在绕月探测工程VLBI测轨任务中。该文详细介绍了m2hc的设计和实现以及应用结果。     

FX型相关处理机长期累加器子系统的研究

介绍了中国VLBI网FX型相关处理机的结构和功能，并着重阐述了相关处理机的长期累加器子系统(LTA)，它是相关处理机的条纹数据压缩部件。通过对长期累加器子系统的研究，提出了对该子系统的改进方案，以提高硬件线路的集成度和系统的可靠性，适应了对相关处理机更快速度、更高精度及多台站测量的要求，并说明了实现方法及其改进后的特点。     

我国探月工程VLBI相关处理机简介

甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)是重要的射电天文技术,具有极高的空间分辨率,是国际上广泛采用的深空探测器高精度角位置测量手段[1]".相关处理机是VLBI数据预处理的核心设备.由于VLBI观测数据的相关处理具有数据密集和计算密集的双重特点,普通计算机的性能难以达到对数据处理速度的要求,需要有专用的高速硬件数据处理单元来完成相关处理.我国探月工程VLBI地面测控系统中所使用的硬件相关处理机是基于大容量、高性能的在线可编程门阵列(FPGA),自主研制的高速数据处理单元,可以实时处理每台站最高速率达1 Gb/s的数据,其数据处理结果,经过软件验证并与欧空局(ESA)提供的数据进行了比较,结果符合良好.     

CVN硬盘系统和软件相关处理在e-VLBI试验中的应用

介绍了中国VLBI网（CVN）的e-VLBI技术研究进展．CVN包括上海佘山、乌鲁木齐南山2个固定观测站和云南昆明的流动站，以及上海天文台的2台站硬件相关处理机。2003年上海天文台自行研制了基于PC技术的VLBI数据记录、回放系统，命名为CVN硬盘系统，并成功将其安置于CVN观测站和处理机系统。硬件处理机经过改造后，已能处理来自硬盘和原有磁带系统的数据．从2003年至今，中国VLBI网采用该硬盘系统进行了多次VLBI观测和e-VLBI试验。在CVN硬盘系统基础上，软件相关处理技术的研究也得以开展。软件相关处理原型程序已经被用于台站条纹检测、卫星条纹搜索和数据处理中。该软件获得的计算结果被成功用于国内第一个3台站卫星VLBI的延迟和延迟率闭合试验，以及国内首次利用VLBI数据进行的卫星定轨试验。除此之外，该软件还用作硬件处理机的条纹引导器。为适应未来“嫦娥”月球探测工程，CVN将扩展成含有4个观测站和2个相关处理机（硬件、软件）的实时VLBI网。今后，e-VLBI将被应用于月球卫星导航以及测地和天体物理的VLBI观测。     

FX型相关处理机长期累加器子系统的研究

介绍了中国VLBI网FX型相关处理机的结构和功能,并着重阐述了相关处理机的长期累加器子系统(LTA),它是相关处理机的条纹数据压缩部件。通过对长期累加器子系统的研究,提出了对该子系统的改进方案,以提高硬件线路的集成度和系统的可靠性,适应了对相关处理机更快速度、更高精度及多台站测量的要求,并说明了实现方法及其改进后的特点。     

多制式FX型VLBI相关处理机系统的研究

介绍了在上海天文台现有两台站VLBA型VLBI相关处理机的基础上同时处理多制式磁带的研究方案，为适应MarkIV薄磁带，并兼顾1Gbit/s的VLBA格式，需升级现有处理机的高速高密度磁带机，增加磁头组，更换精密薄带读取机构，扩充数据恢复系统和FFT流水张容量，系统采用实时操作系统与FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array)相结合，完成多制式磁带高速度数据流的高精度同时控制与实时解码回放，多种实时计算，最终实现Mark4擞据的相关处理，并兼容MarkIIIA,VLBA格式。     

VLBI数据软件相关处理方法研究

VLBI技术是20世纪60年代后期发展起来射电干涉新技术，自20世纪70年代至今VLBI数据预处理主要采用硬件相关处理机。近年来随着通用计算机性能的大幅度提高，利用软件方法对VLBI数据进行相关处理逐渐成为可能。介绍了国内外VLBI软件相关处理机的研究进展情况和VLBI数据相关处理的基本数学模型。针对实际软件相关处理方法研究中数学模型应用和各类参数选取等情况作了详细介绍。根据现有数据处理精度和处理速度，进一步分析了提高软件相关处理速度的可能性。     

硬件相关处理机数据回放模块研究

硬件相关处理机系统需从数据记录缓存器读取台站数据,经数据预处理后进行下一步的相关处理。为了满足高速实时数据的传输及预处理要求,设计了VLBI数据回放模块,该模块通过千兆网络传输观测站数据,控制数据收发,并针对VLBI数据特点进行数据解码、数据校验、数据异常处理等。测试结果表明,该模块处理速率可达1 Gbit/s,在硬件相关处理机进行单台站数据速率64 Mbit/s的实时数据处理时能稳定正常工作。该模块己应用于嫦娥3号任务的硬件相关处理系统中。     

利用DiFX处理CVN天文观测数据进展

相关处理机是VLBI观测数据处理的核心单元,相关处理机的输出结果可以直接作为天文成图、测地学以及航天器干涉测量等应用的输入。DiFX是运行在分布式计算、共享存储单元的集群环境下最成功的软件相关处理机之一。首先介绍上海天文台DiFX综合平台的现状;然后介绍利用DiFX相关处理机处理中国VLBI网(CVN)天文观测数据的进展:最后简短展望了DiFX平台为CVN及国际VLBI天文观测提供相关处理服务的前景。可为利用该平台的相关处理结果开展科学研究提供参考。     

VLBI数据软件相关处理方法研究

VLBI技术是 2 0世纪 6 0年代后期发展起来射电干涉新技术 ,自 2 0世纪 70年代至今VLBI数据预处理主要采用硬件相关处理机。近年来随着通用计算机性能的大幅度提高 ,利用软件方法对VLBI数据进行相关处理逐渐成为可能。介绍了国内外VLBI软件相关处理机的研究进展情况和VLBI数据相关处理的基本数学模型。针对实际软件相关处理方法研究中数学模型应用和各类参数选取等情况作了详细介绍。根据现有数据处理精度和处理速度 ,进一步分析了提高软件相关处理速度的可能性。     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).