非坐标方法确定卫星时间信号的传递时延

在卫星电视授时系统方案中，为确定标准秒信号从发射站经卫星到用户接收站的传播时延值，需要知道收，发地面站及卫星的坐标，所以，在高精度的卫星电视授时系统中，需要建立高精度的同步卫星定位网。本文提出在没有卫星定位网的条件下，用非坐标方法来确定卫星时间信号到用户的传递时延，其授时精度为几μｓ。     

说明

<正>中国科学院国家授时中心承担国家的授时任务,保持着我国高精度的原子时基准,负责目前由国家授时中心(NTSC)、上海天文台(SO)、北京天文台(BAO)、测量与地球物理研究所武昌时辰站(WTO)和北京无线电计量测试研究所(BIRM)共同组成的我国综合原子时TA(JATC)的归算工作,通过专用长、短波授时台发播我国的标准时间与标准频率信号,并通过本刊向用户提供广泛的授时业务信息。表A、B、C分别给出了我国BPL长波授时台时间信号、BPM短波授时台的UTC(记为BPMc)和UT1(记为BPM1)时号、中央电视台在我国广播卫星转发的电视信号中插入的时间信号,以及美国罗兰C西北太平洋链导航信号中标志时间的信号、美国导航星全球定位系统(GPS)的时间信号等,相对国家授时中心协调世界时系统UTC(NTSC)的发播时间。除B表所列的卫星电视时间信号目前尚无法确切确定传播时延而直接提供临潼的实测数据外,其他授时信号的改正数均已进行过传播时延等必要的改正。     

说明

<正>中国科学院国家授时中心承担国家的授时任务,保持着我国高精度的原子时基准,负责目前由国家授时中心(NTSC)、上海天文台(SO)、北京天文台(BAO)、测量与地球物理研究所武昌时辰站(WTO)和北京无线电计量测试研究所(BIRM)共同组成的我国综合原子时TA(JATC)的归算工作,通过专用长、短波授时台发播我国的标准时间与标准频率信号,并通过本刊向用户提供广泛的授时业务信息。表A、B、C分别给出了我国BPL长波授时台时间信号、BPM短波授时台的UTC(记为BPMc)和UT1(记为BPM1)时号、中央电视台在我国广播卫星转发的电视信号中插入的时间信号,以及美国罗兰C西北太平洋链导航信号中标志时间的信号、美国导航星全球定位系统(GPS)的时间信号等,相对国家授时中心协调世界时系统UTC(NTSC)的发播时间。除B表所列的卫星电视时间信号目前尚无法确切确定传播时延而直接提供临潼的实测数据外,其他授时信号的改正数均已进行过传播时延等必要的改正。     

同步广播卫星电视中秒信号的测量结果及其分析

简单介绍了国家授时中心的卫星电视比对系统,给出了利用时间比对系统测量CCTV信号中插入的时间信号(它们或仅由卫星转发或由卫星转发后再经地方电视台转播)时延的方法和测量结果,并对其进行了分析,对定时用户具有参考价值。     

一种简易的卫星电视授时系统

提出一种简易的卫星电视接时系统，它搭载现已插入时频信息的卫星电视系统，增加一套对卫星的测距设备，将测距值插入电视信号中，就使卫星电视系统在中国境内具有精度达十几μｓ的授时功能．     

卫星授时技术控制方案

根据我国同步广播卫星的现状，本文提出在不专门占用卫星信道的情况下，保留现有的ＣＣＴＶ中的时间信号，并将卫星轨道参数以及其它参数插入到ＣＣＴＶ信号中去的技术问题以及控制方法，完成同步卫星的高精度授时工作。     

卫星授时技术控制方案

根据我国同步广播卫星的现状，本文提出在不专门占用卫星信道的情况下，保留现有ＣＣＴＶ中的时间信号，并将卫星轨道参烽以及其它参数插入到ＣＣＴＶ信号中去的技术问题以及控制方法，完成同步卫星的高精度授时工作。     

对地方电视台转播CCTV时延的测定

讲述了同步广播卫星电视时间信号的测量方法和测量结果，获得了CCTV1、CCTV2通过同一颗卫星（亚太－1A）转播的时延差值为16333μs，测量精度在10ns以内；CCTV2、CCTV4分别经两颗卫星（亚太－1A、亚洲－Ⅱ）转播，在陕西天文台卫星地面接收站时延差值为1644．20μs，精度为50μs，并分析了影响时延差值和精度的原因。同时测量了地方电视台转播亚太－1A的CCTV信号与直接接收亚太－1A的CCTV信号的时延差值，其测量精度为0．1μs。这些结果为利用同步广播卫星的电视信号进行高精度的时间服务提供了参考依据。     

卫星电视授时系统及精度估计

我国已建成短波、长波授时台，进行毫秒级、微秒级的时间服务．随着现代科技和经济的发展，上述方法已不能满足国家及国际交流的需要．本文提出卫星电视授时系统，同步卫星定位精度小于１１０ｍ，卫星授时精度为亚微秒。两原子钟利用卫星进行时刻同步，其精度与两原子钟的距离有关，相距３千多公里的两钟同步精度小于３５ｎｓ，相距数百公里的两原子钟同步精度小于２０ｎｓ     

一种基于差分的长波授时方法研究

长波授时具有覆盖范围广、信号传播稳定、抗干扰性能好的特点.长波授时的关键是精确计算长波信号在传播路径上的时间延迟.由于长波传播路径的复杂性以及气象条件的实时性变化,传统的时延预测方法难以实现较高的授时精度.借助于GPS信号,长波定时接收机可以间接获得较精确的传播路径时延.利用长波覆盖范围内相距不远的两接收点具有空间相关性以及传播路径上的电参数近似的特点,计算分析两接收点上传播路径时延的相关系数.在此基础上,提出了一种利用差分进行长波高精度授时的方法,该方法就是利用基准站上预报的差分改正数修正用户点上的传播路径时延.计算结果表明:差分修正后,传播路径时延的预测精度得到一定程度的提高,差分效果明显.这种长波差分授时计算方法可以有效利用传播路径上的公共误差,改善长波时延预测精度,提高长波的授时精度.     

The Model of Radio Two-way Time Comparison between Satellite and Station and Experimental Analysis

Time synchronization between satellite and station is the key technique of satellite navigation system and the foundation of realization of satellite navigation and positioning. Aiming at solving the problems of time synchronization, we have discussed a new method of radio two-way time comparison between satellite and station, deduced in detail the reduction model of up- and down-link pseudo ranges between satellite and station, and provided a practical calculation model of clock error between satellite and station. By calculating the differences between up- and down-link pseudo ranges, this method has eliminated the influences of common errors, such as the tropospheric delay, satellite ephemeris errors, ground station coordinates errors and so on. The ionospheric delay relevant to signal frequency is also weakened largely, thus this improves the accuracy of time comparison greatly. Finally, experimental analysis is conducted by using observational data, and the results show that the accuracy of radio two-way time comparison between satellite and station can attain about 0.34 ns, which validates the correctness of theoretical method and model.     

利用国内VLBI网跟踪大椭圆轨道卫星

2004年7月,昆明VLBI站经过改造,由上海、乌鲁木齐和昆明站组成的中国VLBI网(CVN)采用统一的MARK4格式编制器和CVN硬盘记录系统,对大椭圆轨道卫星“探测1号”的2圈轨道的共同可视弧段进行了跟踪观测．软件相关处理程序已成功地用于检测卫星遥测信号的干涉条纹和数据相关处理．采用基于条纹幅度的加权最小二乘条纹拟合方法,获得了卫星VLBI观测量及其精度估计,完成了卫星VLBI观测量的3基线闭合误差检验．应用河外射电源校准方法和多频点相位校正信号提取方法,进行了台站钟差和仪器延迟等系统误差改正．经系统差改正后的卫星VLBI观测量序列已用于“探测1号”卫星的轨道确定．     

Tropospheric Delay from VLBI and GNSS Measurements

Using an updated version of the QUASAR software package developed at the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, we have processed the VLBI observations within the international CONT14 program (May 6–20, 2014), in which a global network of 17 stations was involved (a total of ~250 000 observations). The package update concerned the optimization of data structure and the refinement of stochastic models for the random variations in wet tropospheric delay and atomic clock difference. The main goal of this paper is to compare the VLBI determinations of the tropospheric delay with its independent determinations using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). We show that both these determinations agree well between themselves only in the case of a global analysis of the VLBI observations, where the VLBI station coordinates are also refined, along with the tropospheric delay and the clock synchronization and Earth orientation parameters. If, alternatively, the station coordinates are insufficiently accurate and are not refined from VLBI observations, then it is appropriate not to determine the tropospheric delay from these observations, but to take it from the publicly accessible independent GNSS data. However, this requires that the VLBI and GNSS techniques operate simultaneously at a common observing site. We have established the shortcomings of the universally accepted method of stabilizing the global solution associated with the absence of a criterion for choosing reference stations and radio sources. Two ways of their elimination are proposed: (i) introducing a coordinated list of weight factors for the errors in the coordinates of such stations and sources into the stabilization algorithm and (ii) adopting a coordinated list of stations and sources the refinement of whose coordinates is not required at all for a certain time.     

Some properties of geomagnetic field pulsations in the 0.1–1.0-Hz frequency range: A quantitative description and comparison with the satellite and ground-based observations

By using an image-dipole magnetic field model for a variety of plasma density profiles we have studied the latitude effect of the 0.1–1.0-Hz hydromagnetic wave propagation in the Earth's magnetosphere. On comparing the results of signal group delay time calculations for dipole and model magnetic fields with ground and satellite observations we obtain some propagation characteristics of Pc1s and localize the regions of their generation. Our results show that most high-latitude Pc1 events are generated in the outer magnetosphere in accordance with ground and satellite observations and theoretical considerations. The non-dipole geometry of the geomagnetic field in the outer magnetosphere (at geomagnetic latitudes φ₀ > 66°, L > 6) has a significant effect on the hydromagnetic wave propagation.     

HF transionospheric long range propagation from satellite observed at Florence

Results are presented of a statistical analysis of experimental data on the long range HF transionospheric propagation obtained by using the radio signals emitted by the 1970-34 A satellite, and received at the Florence station, Italy.The satellite emission was generated above the F2 h_max region. The signal, which penetrates the ionosphere and propagates to remote distances, has frequently been received on Earth's surface with low attenuation. Ray-tracing techniques were employed to verify the consistency of the partially-guided low-loss paths.An analysis of the signal amplitude received is presented. An improvement over free-space propagation losses up to 6 dB over ranges of 12,000 km, and up to 8 dB for nearly antipodal satellite passes have been observed, confirming the existence and the importance of guided propagation for long-range communications between satellites and ground terminals, and also for transionospheric links.The role played by horizontal gradients in the ionospheric electron distribution, which are notably present in the sunrise and sunset regions, was investigated. These allow satellite-to-ground long range propagation, as also confirmed by ray-tracing analysis.Experimental observations are presented of the reception occurrence, path-losses and signal amplitude statistics as a function of the geometry of the link and the ionospheric situation; the propagation mechanisms involved are investigated.     

利用GPS时间传递数据修正接收机天线坐标

在采用ＧＰＳ进行共视时问比对过程中，当两站位置相隔不大长（小于１０００ｋｍ）时，由于卫星轨道误差、电离层和对流层延迟修正的误差可减少至只有几纳秒，可以主为接收天线位置的误差是其主要误差来源．利用ＧＰＳ本身的时间比对数据，不必增加别的数据来源和设备，采用相对定位的方法可提高定位精度，从而提高时间比对的精度．本文利用日本（ＣＲＬ）和北京天文台（ＢＡＯ）之间五天的共视时间比对数据，对（ＢＡＯ）的天线坐标进行修正．在水平方向和高程方向的修正偏差分别为２．９ｍ和５．６ｍ．如果试验数据足够，修正６４效果会更好．     

大气指数模型与探空资料分析的比较─关于广州地区大气层对GPS信号时间延迟问题研究之一

ＧＰＳ系统是现阶段功能最全、精度最高的卫星导航系统，大气层对ＧＰＳ系统定位和定时的影响已成为一个不可忽略的重要因素．本文从广州地区两天各两个时刻的气象探空资料中分析了各个时刻高空中几个已知高度点的折射指数，然后用线性处理的办法得到了１７ｋｍ范围左右高空中折射指数的模型，大气指数模型与此模型相比较，几个点折射指数的均方差很小，最后用这两种模型分别计算两天各两个时刻大气层对ＧＰＳ信号在垂直传播时所引起的附加时间延迟，二者之差最大不大于０．３ｎｓ，用指数模型可基本反映广州地区大气层对ＧＰＳ信号传播时间延迟的影响。     

发生在1～2GHz的Ⅲ型爆发

对北京天文台动态频谱仪1996～1999年观测到的68群Ⅲ型爆发作了统计分析,并对这些事件的频率漂移、持续时间、偏振和带宽的基本特性作了定性分析.     

CVN硬盘系统和软件相关处理在e-VLBI试验中的应用

介绍了中国VLBI网（CVN）的e-VLBI技术研究进展．CVN包括上海佘山、乌鲁木齐南山2个固定观测站和云南昆明的流动站，以及上海天文台的2台站硬件相关处理机。2003年上海天文台自行研制了基于PC技术的VLBI数据记录、回放系统，命名为CVN硬盘系统，并成功将其安置于CVN观测站和处理机系统。硬件处理机经过改造后，已能处理来自硬盘和原有磁带系统的数据．从2003年至今，中国VLBI网采用该硬盘系统进行了多次VLBI观测和e-VLBI试验。在CVN硬盘系统基础上，软件相关处理技术的研究也得以开展。软件相关处理原型程序已经被用于台站条纹检测、卫星条纹搜索和数据处理中。该软件获得的计算结果被成功用于国内第一个3台站卫星VLBI的延迟和延迟率闭合试验，以及国内首次利用VLBI数据进行的卫星定轨试验。除此之外，该软件还用作硬件处理机的条纹引导器。为适应未来“嫦娥”月球探测工程，CVN将扩展成含有4个观测站和2个相关处理机（硬件、软件）的实时VLBI网。今后，e-VLBI将被应用于月球卫星导航以及测地和天体物理的VLBI观测。     

The results of the third geodetic campaign in the local geodynamic test area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine

The high-precision coordinates of reference (reduction) points of stations located in the geodynamic area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine were determined in the local topocentric coordinate system. The local geodetic ties (eccentricities) between the reference points of the GPS station “Kiev/Goloseev” and satellite laser location station “Goloseev-Kiev” that are equal to 100.2358 m, ?11.0398 m, ?85.8256 m on the X, Y, Z axes, respectively, were obtained in the ITRF97 system as of the epoch 1997.0. The coordinates of the reference point of the station “Goloseev-Kiev” were determined in the ITRF97 system as of the epoch 1997.0 by adding local geodetic ties to the coordinates of the reference point of the GPS station “Kiev/Goloseev.” They were compared with the estimates of the coordinates of these stations obtained by the methods of cosmic geodesy and geodynamics. The local deformations of the geodynamic area that took place in the 1997–2006 period were estimated and the conclusion was made about the existence of certain trends with respect to the local displacements of the points of the geodynamic area of the MAO NAS of Ukraine.