20世纪云南地区Ms≥5.0级地震活动的基本特征

在对云南地区地震目录完整性和均匀性分析的基础上，系统总结和分析了20世纪云南地区Ms≥5．0级地震活动时、空、强分布的基本特征。有以下主要认识：（1）6．7级以上大震存在十年尺度的活跃－平静交替活动过程；（2）50年左右的大震复发周期；（3）5级以上地震活动的时、空分布具有很大的随机性，5－6级地震活动不存在活跃期和平静期之分；Ms≥5．0级地震有约2．6次／年的期望年发生率，每年发生0．8－4．5次Ms≥5．0级地震的自然概率是68．3％；（4）6级以上地震具有空间丛集特征，云南全区80％的6级以上地震只分布在全区20％左右的面积上；（5）以金沙江－红河断裂带为界，6．7级以上大震成组地在滇西和滇东交替活动；（6）5级以上地震活动的b值为0．69。     

山丹-民乐6.1级地震前地震空间相关长度增长现象和预测效果

在2003年12月25日甘肃山丹-民乐6．1级地震前,用地震空间相关长度分析方法研究了甘肃及邻区几个区域的空间相关长度增长的现象。在得出的地震危险性最高的区域发生了山丹-民乐6．1级地震,表明地震空间相关长度分析对中强地震的地点预测是一种有效的方法。     

地震综合效应场函数及其在地震预报中的应用（三）地震综合效应场函数在地震短期预报中的应用

本文在前两篇论文的基础上，进一步将地震综合效应场函数方法应用于地震短期预报。以大华北地区（３３°－４３°Ｎ，１１０°－１２５°Ｅ）为例，应用一年内该范围内发生的ＭＬ≥３级地震的综合效应场预测下一季度Ｍｓ≥４级地震的发生地点。应用１９７０—１９９０年的资料，计算预测了共８０个季度，其中预测区内发生的地震占应预测地震总数的８３％，有震预测区占总预测区的５０．５％。预测区内的地震密度是预测区外的６０—７０倍，效果颇为明显。同时还对月预报及年度预报的应用进行了尝试，其效果也较好。     

华北地区地震学参数预报效能分析

分析了1980年1月1日至1999年12月31日华北地区缺震曲线、4级地震频度、4级地震连续平静天数异常对华北地区中强、强震的预报效能，发现这三个参数的报对率在58％－61％之间，虚报率在28％－33％之间，R＞R0，这三个参数有较好的预报效果。     

中原地区M≥6级地震后的减(增)震效应

通过对中原地区1500年－2000年所有19次M≥6级地震后空间图像的分析，初步认为M≥6级地震发生后平均63年内，在距原震中平均176km内无M≥5级地震发生，全部19次震例均呈现出内部减震效应，而在其外围出现地震增强的活动图像特征，增震效应对应率为72％。这种强震后的减（增）震效应，不仅对地震危险性分析，而且对1年尺度以上的地震趋势预测均有一定的意义。     

兴海6．6级地震前后地震波的变化

2000年9月12日在青海省海南州兴海县西南发生了6．6级地震。震后发现，青海省6个专业台站的地震波速比在震前出现了下降－低值－发震的过程。波速比空间分布在兴海地震前形成了一个椭圆形的异常分布区，异常波速比的地震占总地震的73％。另外，在武台的尾波持续时间在兴海地震前显示出了较为完整的异常过程。     

云南地区中强地震长期平静被打破后首发强震空间分布特征

1 研究背景 2021年5月21日漾濞MS 6.4地震的发生,打破了云南地区5级地震368天的平静和6级地震6.6年的平静.此次地震平静被打破后,相继于6月10日、6月12日发生双柏5.1级和盈江5.0级地震,云南地区中强地震呈连发态势.云南地区中强地震连发研究结果(钱晓东等,2007)表明,在1/3连发震例中均有6级地震参与.因此,为了分析云南地区下一次6级地震的优势发生地点,文中统计了该区中强地震长期平静被打破后首发6级地震的优势空间分布,以期从统计角度,判断未来6级地震发生的可能区域.     

柯坪块体的地震活动特征

分析了柯坪块体1969年以来强震活动特征，发现该块体内6级地震的发生显示出明显的轮回特征，且发震周期与新疆地区强震活跃期吻合；西克尔和乌什2个地震活跃区的地震活动对块体内的6级地震活动有一定的预报意义；一次6级地震发生后该块体内所发生的4．5级以上地震对于预测未来6级地震的发生地点有一定的意义。     

帕米尔东北侧地震危险性评价和可能发震地点的判定

通过地震活动性周期估计、地震活动性层次模型和对大震前地震活动异常分布的分析，研究了帕米尔东北侧地区未来地震危险性以及可能发生强震的地点。研究结果表明：该区未来几年存在着发生7级以上或8级左右地震的危险性，其发震地点可能在帕米尔东北侧的西半部。     

浙江宁波ZK—03井水氡正常变化和地震效应

本文分析了宁波ZK－03井1979－1987年的水氡观测资料，发现该井水氡正常动态平稳，但在南黄海6．2级地震，舟山3．9级地震和台湾花莲7．6级地震前均有不同程度的负异常显示，文中还对异常形成和机理作了探讨。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.