信号相关性方法在西藏那曲台阵设计中的应用

作者对2004年8月在那曲地区勘址时所获地震波形数据进行了处理。利用由勘址记录波形中发现测点对之间在时域和频域的相关性，给出了台阵内外环半径的参考值，并把勘址布设的台阵作为初选台阵进行了评估。结果证明初选台阵的分辨率很高，能够做到精确的地震的精定位。     

兰州台阵勘址测点相关值曲线的计算分析与初选台阵评估

利用兰州台阵勘址观测中方的资料，对勘址测点的信号与噪声的相关值进行了计算与分析，结果得出检测PG与P震相的最佳内外环半径分别为380 m和1 500 m．根据台阵内外环半径的计算结果，以及内外环子台不要按放射状排列的要求，从勘址测点中选出了满足背景噪声水平要求的9个子台作为初选台阵，并对初选台阵进行了评估． 结果表明，此初选台阵的定位能力与检测能力均达到规定的标准．      

鹤岗地震台阵地震波形特征分析

为了提高我国微小地震监测能力,"一带一路"项目拟在黑龙江鹤岗地区建设地震台阵。在2019年8月4日至9月4日,鹤岗地震台阵监测到部分近震及远震,与黑龙江省鹤岗地震台观测数据进行对比分析,得到以下结果：与鹤岗地震台相比,鹤岗地震台阵对近震及区域性地震的监测能力较高,对远震和极远震的监测范围较大,记录完整的地震个数更多,整体背景噪声更小,地震波形质量更高,定位更精确,提高了区域地震监测能力。     

上海地震台阵的波数响应

地震台阵的历史起始于 50年代未 ,当时其目标主要是检测、区别核爆炸信号和地震信号 .地震台阵研究包括地震台阵技术研究和地球物理学中应用研究 .其中台阵技术研究可以分为台阵建设和数据处理方法研究两大部分 (Anne,1 990 ) ,地震台阵理论研究的发展可涉及到地球物理学领域的许多科学问题(Tormod,1 989;Mykkeltveit,Bungum,1 984) .台阵主要用于监测微弱事件 ,而台阵的响应特性是衡量台阵对微弱事件监测能力的一个很重要标志 ,因此 ,不论是考察一个台阵 ,还是要着手建立一个台阵 ,必做的内容之一就是计算台阵的响应特性(Harjes,1 990 ) …     

接收台阵、震源阵的传递函数与双聚束法的初步研究

根据汶川地震序列,选出距离合适、波形相关性较好的事件作为震源阵,联合永久台阵(那曲、和田台阵),进行震源阵与固定台阵组合研究,计算其台阵响应.结果表明,地震序列可以形成震源阵,按照地震台阵的特殊方法进行研究,可以提高信噪比,为揭示地下精细结构提供条件.     

利用FK扫描技术实现上海地震台阵资料的特殊震相识别

震相识别已经有很多方法,但对于弱震相识别的难题尚未根本解决。本文利用台阵技术能增强地震信号,压低噪声的特点,实现FK扫描技术结合台阵响应进行地震事件扫描,根据其所得的水平视慢度、方位角及其一致性实现震相识别,特别是特殊震相的识别,这些特殊震相的识别为研究地球内部结构提供了可靠的资料和有利的保障。     

鹤岗地震台阵勘选记录信号及噪声的相关性分析

基于2019年中国地震局"一带一路"鹤岗地震台阵勘选资料,分析了勘选测点记录的近震Pg震相和远震P波震相在时间域和频率域的相关性。时间域相关分析结果显示,鹤岗地震台阵场地对近震Pg震相和远震P波震相的最佳监测距离分别约为550 m和1 570 m;频率域相干分析显示,监测远震P波信号的最佳距离约1 570 m,与时间域分析结果一致;近震和远震的最佳监测距离分别对应勘选台阵最内圆和最外圆半径,可作为该台阵布局设计的依据。台阵增益分析显示,勘选台阵对于Pg和P波震相识别具有一定增强作用。     

次声波监测台阵及地震次声研究进展

通过文献调研,本文回顾了国际国内主要次声波观测台阵和地震次声波的最新研究进展,目的是寻找两者的差距与不足,为国内地震次声波监测台阵建设和地震次声研究提供有益的借鉴.文章首先对全球最大、分布最广泛的IMS次声观测台阵布设方式及降低风噪系统进行了详细归纳,与国内主要次声台阵在这两方面的进展对比后发现,国际次声台阵主要以小孔径多子台的方式布设,且大多配备有不同类型的降低风噪系统;国内次声台阵主要以广域台阵方式布设,仅有少部分实验性的小孔径次声台阵,且大多未布设降低风噪系统.随后文章对各类次声台阵在地震监测预报方面的研究成果进行了认真梳理,国内外对比可以发现,国内地震次声研究主要集中在震前次声方面,国际地震次声研究主要以同震次声研究为主,主要包括震中次声、衍射次声和本地次声的识别分析,以及应用相关次声信号开展次声源定位、地震动影响分析等工作.分析结果认为,今后国内地震次声监测台阵建设方面应该进一步加强小孔径多子台台阵建设及降低风噪系统布设,这更有利于次声互相关信号提取及提高数据信噪比;国内地震次声研究需要继续开拓思路,在关注震前次声波研究的同时,进一步加强同震次声波的分析,这更有利于追踪地震次...     

地震台阵监测能力综述

根据各大网站地震目录和前人研究成果,分析全球地震台网与地震台阵、我国区域台网与地震台阵的监测能力,阐述了地震台阵与密集台网/台阵的区别。研究表明,对同一地区所检测的地震数,地震台阵是地震台网的3-10倍,而震级下限可降低1.2-2级。一般情况下,以微弱信号检测为目的的地震台阵监测能力均优于以结构研究为目的的密集台网/台阵,2种台阵是目的、性质、孔径、形状、台间距、技术手段、研究方法均不同的监测系统。     

基于机器学习和台阵相关性的水力压裂微地震事件自动识别及到时拾取

利用密集台阵对水力压裂微地震进行监测将有助于优化储层压裂、揭示断层活化.为满足密集台阵海量采集数据的处理需求,本文建立了一种综合运用多种机器学习方法和台阵相关性的、无需人工干预的自动处理流程,从而能够快速得到高质量的密集台阵震相到时目录.该综合策略包括：(1)利用迁移学习在连续波形中快速检测地震事件;(2)利用U型神经网络PhaseNet自动拾取P波、S波震相;(3)利用三重线性剔除法,结合密集台阵到时相关性剔除异常到时数据和地震事件;(4)利用K-means和SVM两类机器学习算法,进一步区分发震时刻接近的多个地震事件,减小事件漏拾率.通过将该流程应用于四川盆地长宁—昭通页岩气开发区微地震监测数据,并将自动处理结果与人工拾取结果进行比对发现,二者在震级测定、定位以及走时成像结果等方面具有很好的一致性,表明本文处理流程结果精度可达到手动处理精度.本文结果为密集台阵地震监测数据的高效、高精度处理提供了新思路.     

ICEARRAY: the first small-aperture, strong-motion array in Iceland

A small-aperture, strong-motion array, the ICEARRAY, has been deployed in South Iceland, a region with a history of destructive earthquakes, some exceeding magnitude 7. The array’s purpose is: (1) monitoring future significant events in the region, (2) quantifying spatial variability of strong-motion over short distances and (3) shedding light on earthquake source processes. The number of array stations and their arrangement were based on an optimisation of the shape of the corresponding array transfer function (ATF). The optimal ICEARRAY configuration comprises 14 stations, has an aperture of ~1.9 km and a minimum interelement distance of ~50 m and possesses a near-azimuthally independent ATF with a sharp main lobe, negligible sidelobes and a wavenumber range of 1.5–24 rad/km. Accordingly, the ICEARRAY has the intended capabilities of capturing seismic waves in the frequency range of 1–20 Hz, which is of main interest to earthquake engineering and engineering seismology applications.     

水力压裂微地震井地联合监测系统及仪器

水力压裂技术是油气田增产和低渗透油田开发的有效技术手段,通过监测油层裂缝延展过程中产生的微地震事件,能够有效地判断裂缝走向.现有的井中监测方法存在成本较高、施工难度大的问题;地面监测存在信号信噪比低、垂向分辨能力差等问题.本文采用井地联合微地震监测的方法,在地面布置采集仪器的同时,选择邻近的单口监测井放置井中仪器,对微地震事件进行联合监测定位.采用联合监测的方法,在水平方向和垂直方向上都能够获得较好的监测视角,对比单一监测方法提高了微地震事件的定位精度.在此方法的基础上研制的井地联合微地震监测仪器系统,解决了现有仪器系统在进行联合监测时通讯链路不通的问题,实现了在压裂施工现场对微地震联合监测数据的实时回收、处理及结果呈现.应用本系统在大庆油田进行现场监测,获取的微地震事件对压裂裂缝进行了有效评价;通过对已知射孔点进行反演定位,采用井地联合监测将定位误差由地面监测的32 m降低至14 m,验证了本文技术的有效性.     

Detection capabilities of the BURAR seismic array—contributions to the monitoring of regional and distant seismicity

Data recorded with the Bucovina Romanian Seismic Array (BURAR) seismic array between January 2005 and December 2008 were analyzed to verify the monitoring capabilities of regional and distant seismicity. For this time interval, nearly 35,000 events detected by BURAR and identified in seismic bulletins (Preliminary Determination of Epicenters and Romanian Earthquake Catalogue) were investigated using parameters as backazimuth, epicentral distance and magnitude. A remarkably detection capability is emphasized for teleseismic observations (Δ > 20°). BURAR onsets could be associated to almost 60% of all events in the teleseismic distance, with a magnitude detection threshold of 4.5 (mb). When no threshold magnitude is applied, the full detection capability of BURAR is in the same order as the performance of GERES array, which is one of the most sensitive stations in Central Europe. For regional events, detection capability decreases to about 16% of all events within regional distance range. The site conditions (crustal structure and high frequency cultural noise) as well as array dimension, affect the signal coherency and reduce the array detection capability for regional events. For both teleseismic and regional distances, a monthly variation of BURAR detection capabilities has been found; the number of events detected during the summer time is diminished by the specific seasonal human activity and atmospheric conditions (thunderstorms). To prove the good detection capability of the BURAR for teleseismic distances, a comparison with the observations of the Romanian Real Time Network in terms of magnitude and epicentral distance was carried out. The higher signal detection capability of BURAR is due to the array techniques applied in data processing, which enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The monitoring performed by the BURAR seismic array provides a good azimuthal coverage of the regional and distant seismicity, in a large range of epicentral distances.     

Improving Airgun Signal Detection with Small-Aperture Seismic Array in Yunnan

Repeating airgun sources are eco-friendly sources for monitoring the changes in the physical properties of subsurface mediums, but their signals decay quickly and are buried in the noises soon after traveling short distances. Stacking waveforms from different airgun shots recorded by a single seismic station (shot stacking) is the most popular technique to detect weak signals from noisy backgrounds, and has been widely used to process the data of Fixed Airgun Signal Transmission Stations (FASTS) in China. However, shot stacking sacrifices the time resolution in monitoring to recover a qualified airgun signal by stacking many shots at distance stations, and also suffers from persistent local noises. In this paper, we carried out several small-aperture seismic array experiments around the Binchuan FAST Station (BCFASTS) in Yunnan Province,China, and applied the array technique to improve airgun signal detection. The results show that seismic array processing combining with shot stacking can suppress seismic noises more efficiently, and provide better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and coherent airgun signals with less airgun shots. This work suggests that the array technique is a feasible and promising tool in FAST to increase the time resolution and reduce noise interference on routine monitoring.     

On the characteristics of ground motion rotational components using Chiba dense array data

An effort is made to examine the properties of rotational (torsional and rocking) ground motions using Chiba dense array data. The Chiba array system, located 30 km east of Tokyo, Japan, is composed of 15 boreholes with separation distances varying from 5 to 320 m. This provides a unique opportunity to examine the characteristics of rotational components. For this purpose, 17 events are considered and rotational ground motions are evaluated using spatial derivatives of translational ones. The effects of seismological parameters and separation distances between stations on properties of rotational motions are examined, showing a sudden increase in rotational motions for the earthquakes with large magnitude or PGA and decrease of these motions with increasing separation distance. While the duration of torsional motion is found to be larger than translational ones, there is no significant difference between durations of rocking and vertical motions. The effects of separation distance and earthquake magnitude on rotational response spectra are also investigated. The normalized rotational response spectra are found to be strongly affected by separation distance. The spectral ratios of rotational and translational motions are not linearly proportional to period as suggested by the previous studies. Finally, the torsional motion is predicted from translation ones for different separation distances at the site. The comparison of the predicted and the calculated torsional motions reveals a weak estimation in close separation distances (<30m) and satisfactory predictions in other cases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shear-wave velocity estimation using a combination of ambient noise from small aperture array and small-scale active seismic measurements: a case study in the area of the natural gas fields of Northern Germany

In recent years, numerous induced seismic events have occurred in the proximity of the natural gas field in Northern Germany. To monitor the seismicity and to asses the seismic hazard potential, a local monitoring network was installed in the area. Focusing on the seismicity hazard assessment, a major challenge is the characterisation of potential site effects due to local soil characteristics. This is quantitatively performed by estimating the shear-wave velocity (V _s) variation with subsurface layer thickness. Such local effects can only be covered with a coarse spatial resolution due to the limited number of monitoring stations. Profiles were determined at three test sites (Langwedel, Walle and Bomlitz) by using a combined approach of small aperture 2D array ambient noise and small-scale active 1D measurements. The high-resolution frequency-wavenumber (HRFK), spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) methods were applied to the recorded ambient noise and active seismic data using various array sizes supplemented by the active measurements. This jointly allowed obtaining phase velocity dispersion curves covering a wide frequency range from 2 up to 32 Hz. The inversion of the obtained dispersion curves results in average S-wave velocity profiles down to depths of 70 m, identifying thin near-surface layers of a few meters as well as thicker layers of tens of meters in greater depth. A comparison with available borehole data shows a good correlation with the layering. Additionally, to asses the impact of a seismic event at the test sites, PGV estimations for various seismic events were performed. The final results of the test surveys demonstrate that the combined approach represents a suitable tool for near-surface characterisation, which can be used to improve the seismic hazard assessment in the area of the natural gas fields in Northern Germany.     

Optimized Seismic Threshold Monitoring – Part 2: Teleseismic Processing

v--vThis second paper (Part 2) pertaining to optimized site-specific threshold monitoring addresses the application of the method to regions covered by a teleseismic or a combined regional-teleseismic network. In the first paper (Part 1) we developed the method for the general case, and demonstrated its application to an area well-covered by a regional network (the Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site). In the present paper, we apply the method to the Indian and Pakistani nuclear test sites, and show results during the periods of nuclear testing by these two countries in May 1998. Since the coverage by regional stations in these areas is poor, an optimized approach requires the use of selected, high-quality stations at teleseismic distances.¶To optimize the threshold monitoring of these test sites, we use as calibration events either one of the nuclear explosions or a nearby earthquake. From analysis of the calibration events we derive values for array beamforming steering delays, filter bands, short-term averages (STA) lengths, phase travel times (P waves), and amplitude-magnitude relationships for each station. By applying these parameters, we obtain a monitoring capability of both test sites ranging from m_b 2.8-3.0 using teleseismic stations only. When including the nearby Nilore station to monitor the Indian tests, we show that the threshold can be reduced by about 0.4 magnitude units. In particular, we demonstrate that the Indian tests on 13 May, 1998, which were not detected by any known seismic station, must have corresponded to a magnitude (m_b) of less than 2.4.¶We also discuss the effect of a nearby aftershock sequence on the monitoring capability for the Pakistani test sites. Such an aftershock sequence occurred in fact on the day of the last Pakistani test (30 May, 1998), following a large (m_b 5.5) earthquake in Afghanistan located about 1100 km from the test site. We show that the threshold monitoring technique has sufficient resolution to suppress the signals from these interfering aftershocks without significantly affecting the true peak of the nuclear explosion on the threshold trace.     

地震台阵滤波及子台分布对聚束效果的影响(Ⅱ)——子台分布及聚束效果的分析

本假设对于确定的相关系数及子台间距存在一个相干波长，将不同频率、震中距的相关性变化的原因归纳为视波长的变化．对近事件而言，几乎不存在相关系数十分理想的子台间距的区间范围．对非理想相关的台阵，应用S．Mykkeltveit等介绍的增益公式来预测台阵的增益，其效果与实际情况吻合的较好．论述了区域台阵与侦察远处事件的台阵有诸多不同之处．     

Considerations in Phase Estimation and Event Location Using Small-aperture Regional Seismic Arrays

The global monitoring of earthquakes and explosions at decreasing magnitudes necessitates the fully automatic detection, location and classification of an ever increasing number of seismic events. Many seismic stations of the International Monitoring System are small-aperture arrays designed to optimize the detection and measurement of regional phases. Collaboration with operators of mines within regional distances of the ARCES array, together with waveform correlation techniques, has provided an unparalleled opportunity to assess the ability of a small-aperture array to provide robust and accurate direction and slowness estimates for phase arrivals resulting from well-constrained events at sites of repeating seismicity. A significant reason for the inaccuracy of current fully-automatic event location estimates is the use of f?k slowness estimates measured in variable frequency bands. The variability of slowness and azimuth measurements for a given phase from a given source region is reduced by the application of almost any constant frequency band. However, the frequency band resulting in the most stable estimates varies greatly from site to site. Situations are observed in which regional P- arrivals from two sites, far closer than the theoretical resolution of the array, result in highly distinct populations in slowness space. This means that the f?k estimates, even at relatively low frequencies, can be sensitive to source and path-specific characteristics of the wavefield and should be treated with caution when inferring a geographical backazimuth under the assumption of a planar wavefront arriving along the great-circle path. Moreover, different frequency bands are associated with different biases meaning that slowness and azimuth station corrections (commonly denoted SASCs) cannot be calibrated, and should not be used, without reference to the frequency band employed. We demonstrate an example where fully-automatic locations based on a source-region specific fixed-parameter template are more stable than the corresponding analyst reviewed estimates. The reason is that the analyst selects a frequency band and analysis window which appears optimal for each event. In this case, the frequency band which produces the most consistent direction estimates has neither the best SNR or the greatest beam-gain, and is therefore unlikely to be chosen by an analyst without calibration data.