太湖沉积物重金属及营养盐污染研究

通过太湖MS沉积岩芯元素地球化学指标的分析,对太湖沉积物污染历史进行了系统的讨论。根据化学元素的聚类分析结果、变化趋势,并与太湖流域经济发展进程对比,认为太湖沉积物铅、锌、锰、镍污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,砷、汞污染分别开始于30年代和40年代,随着底泥重金属污染程度的加重,沉积物表层磁化率明显升高;总磷自40年代以来含量不断增加,总氮、总有机碳含量增加开始于70年代末期,表明湖泊富营养化程度不断加重。太湖沉积物重金属及营养盐污染历史与该区经济发展阶段相吻合。     

长江中下游不同类型湖泊沉积物营养盐 蓄积变化过程及其原因分析*

在长江中下游的洪湖、太湖、巢湖采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、磷,并采用²¹⁰ Pb和¹³⁷ Cs定年。洪湖1950年以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖在20世纪70年代以来营养元素开始增加,而在太湖中则为80年代。结果表明草型湖中有机质增加比藻型湖迅速,洪湖湖泊沉积物有机质迅速增加与围垦活动开始时间一致。沉积物中总磷的变化不如总有机碳、总氮的变化规律性明显。洪湖两钻孔总磷背景值为0.7~0.8g/kg,太湖钻孔其总磷本底为0.6g/kg,梅梁湾大量钻孔表明总磷本底在0.5g/kg;巢湖的则更低。对比湖泊类型来看,目前为藻型湖的沉积本底磷偏低,而目前为草型湖的沉积本底磷偏高,这可能与不同生态类型湖泊营养元素的生物地球化学循环与积累的方式有关。     

太湖流域营养盐沉积200年的历史模拟研究

介绍边界条件设置为工业时代以前太湖流域处于自然农耕状况下,对太湖的总氮和总磷沉积反演200年的数值模拟研究。模拟反映了自然状况占1990s湖泊富营养化观测资料的湖区总氮约7%,占总磷约12%。模拟总氮和总磷浓度与太湖沉积钻孔沉积样推算的水体含量的数量级和变化范围相当,太湖流域的营养盐空间来源模拟也能够与流域自然地理变化吻合,表明模拟能够捕捉到流域营养盐历史变化特征,对湖泊营养物质来源、沉积和空间分布的流域环境历史变化响应具有良好模拟能力。      

长江中下游典型湖泊近代环境变化研究

选择长江中下游的典型湖泊洪湖、巢湖、石臼湖和太湖,采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、总磷,并采用210Pb和137Cs定年以研究湖泊近代环境演变。根据洪湖137Cs蓄积峰得到过去50 a里洪湖沉积速率经历了一个由慢到快再变慢的过程,1963~1986年之间沉积速率最大,达0.174 cm/a,这可能是因为当时湖区大规模开垦有关。巢湖钻孔核素的研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,可能与流域内水土流失逐步加重有关。对营养盐的分析表明,洪湖50年代以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖70年代以来营养元素开始增加,在太湖中体现为80年代,石臼湖中则为近百年来营养元素开始快速增加。从营养盐增加的幅度来看,草型湖的洪湖、石臼湖要大于藻型的巢湖以及太湖藻型区域。本文尝试利用总有机碳、总磷获取了湖泊环境变化的速率。研究表明总有机碳和总磷的变化速率存在波动性,这可能与湖泊的自我调节有关。而总有机碳的变化速率在最近时间阶段内基本呈正值,对于洪湖来说在80年代初,石臼湖在1970年左右,太湖在80年代初,巢湖在60年代。总有机碳、总磷变化速率的振荡幅度与周期也许对理解当今湖泊处于何种位置,由此采取何种湖泊管理手段提供重要认识。     

太湖人湖河道沉积物中生物利用磷和营养水平分析

为了解太湖入湖河道的营养状况,研究了太湖西部河流沉积物生物利用磷的组成与分布。研究结果显示,北部沉积物中营养元素较高,南部较低;沉积物中生物利用磷的含量次序为藻类可利用磷（AAP）〉NaHC03提取磷（0LP）〉水溶性磷（WSP）易解吸磷（RDP）,其中AAP是重要的生物利用磷,AAP的比例越高,富营养化程度越高。AAP与营养元素的相关性在不同区域河道有所不同,北部河道与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）相关性较好,中部和南部河道与沉积物有机质总量（TOM）相关性较好。沉积物的生物利用磷受不同污染源影响较大。对比河道沉积物与湖泊沉积物的特征,发现湖泊沉积物中生物利用磷（BAP）／总磷（TP）、藻类可利用磷（AAP）／总磷（TP）都高于河道沉积物,表明湖泊沉积物中的磷更容易被植物吸收。     

太湖入湖河道沉积物中生物利用磷和营养水平分析

为了解太湖入湖河道的营养状况,研究了太湖西部河流沉积物生物利用磷的组成与分布。研究结果显示,北部沉积物中营养元素较高,南部较低;沉积物中生物利用磷的含量次序为藻类可利用磷(AAP)>NaHCO3提取磷(OLP)>水溶性磷(WSP)>易解吸磷(RDP),其中AAP是重要的生物利用磷,AAP的比例越高,富营养化程度越高。AAP与营养元素的相关性在不同区域河道有所不同,北部河道与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)相关性较好,中部和南部河道与沉积物有机质总量(TOM)相关性较好。沉积物的生物利用磷受不同污染源影响较大。对比河道沉积物与湖泊沉积物的特征,发现湖泊沉积物中生物利用磷(BAP)/总磷(TP)、藻类可利用磷(AAP)/总磷(TP)都高于河道沉积物,表明湖泊沉积物中的磷更容易被植物吸收。     

新疆干旱区柴窝堡湖沉积记录的150年来气候环境特征

通过乌鲁木齐附近柴窝堡湖钻孔岩芯的粒度、有机质含量、化学元素以及同位素等多项分析,开展了研究区近150年来的气候环境演化研究.通过沉积记录与器测气象资料比较,认为沉积物的有机质含量反映了流域降水的变化,而有机质碳同位素的变化则与温度相关.在运用有序样品最优聚类分析对沉积物地球化学元素序列进行阶段划分的基础上,综合粒度、有机质含量以及同位素等多环境代用指标的分析,恢复了不同阶段的气候环境信息.结果表明,1860～1910A.D.,各环境指标显示当时湖泊水位较高,湖水较深,显示偏冷、偏湿的气候环境特征.1910～1950A.D.,粒度、地球化学元素、有机质、磁化率等指标波动明显,虽然有机碳同位素值有所升高,但仍然总体偏负,显示该阶段湖泊环境总体上波动强烈,气候不稳定.其中约1920A.D.左右,粒度显示突然变化,有机碳同位索、烧失量、元素含量等也均发生了显著的波动,指示明显气候环境事件的存在.1950A.D.以来,钻孔岩芯的磁化率升高,重金属元素含量以及总磷含量呈现明显富集,而有机质及其碳同位素变化却与器测温度和降水变化一致,指示了近期气候和人类活动对湖泊环境的影响.     

龙感湖近百年来沉积物磷的时空分布特征及其人类活动影响

湖泊沉积物蓄积的磷在湖泊环境发生变化(如pH值、Eh改变)时,往往能释放到水体,形成湖泊内源释放,造成湖泊富营养化.因此了解湖泊沉积物磷的蓄积特征,对于湖泊环境的治理和保护有重要意义.通过长江中游龙感湖不同部位钻孔的210Pb、沉积物磷和其他环境指标分析表明,近百年来东部湖区沉积速率明显大于西部湖区,北部湖区略大于南部湖区,人类活动在20世纪50年代后期主要通过修建水库和闸坝,改变龙感湖水系结构,也改变了龙感湖的物源供给,因而西部湖区沉积速率略有放缓,东部湖区变化不明显.龙感湖沉积物磷的浓度空间上表现为东部高于西部,这与不同物源磷的背景值相关,时间序列上近百年来呈上升趋势,上世纪50年代以来上升趋势更为明显.在确定沉积物磷背景值的基础上,由于人类活动导致的磷的增加量表明,20世纪50年代开始人类活动导致沉积物磷的增加量持续上升,20世纪70年代末开始增加幅度更大,这一特征与人类活动的方式有关.     

仙桃地区关键带生态演化与碳埋藏

仙桃地区湖群不断萎缩,水体富营养化水平和湿地沉积物重金属含量持续升高,江汉湖群生态系统日益脆弱,加强对该地区生态环境演化研究、分析人类活动和富营养化对湖泊生态系统的影响、探究该地区不同沉积环境的碳埋藏规律等显得尤为重要.在对江汉平原重点地区(仙桃彭场镇幅和脉旺咀幅)第四纪地质调查的基础上,选取研究区大型渔场、小型鱼塘、沟滩、湖泊、水稻田、泄洪道、旱地、汉水阶地8种不同沉积环境的16个关键带点位,分别测定了其表层及浅层钻孔沉积物的色素、TOC(total organic carbon,总有机碳)与TN(total nitrogen,总氮).表层沉积物TOC含量反映了研究区南部多湖泊区域有机碳埋藏量较高,而北部冲、洪积成因环境相对较低,与色素、TN所指示的人类活动强度和富营养化水平相吻合.湿地浅层钻孔沉积物碳埋藏速率变化整体表现为升高趋势,与色素所指示的湖泊富营养化的趋势相吻合;不同沉积环境碳埋藏速率差异较大,最高为大型渔场77.71 g·m-2·a-1、最低为汉水阶地3.61 g·m-2·a-1.研究结果表明,受到人类活动影响,湖相沉积物中碳埋藏量相对较高,湖泊碳汇功能不断增强,这对江汉平原关键带碳循环研究具有重要意义.      

武汉市墨水湖沉积物重金属污染特征与防治对策

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重,其污染特征在我国城市湖泊中具代表性。在对墨水湖不同湖区沉积物中重金属污染物空间分布特征进行分析的基础上,应用地积累指数法探讨不同重金属元素含量随深度变化的规律和原因,并对墨水湖沉积物中重金属的污染程度进行评价表明:墨水湖沉积物中重金属元素锌和汞污染最为严重,污染程度由高到低依次为:Zn>Hg>Cu>C r>Pb>A s;从整个湖区来看,分布有排污口的周边湖区污染严重,湖心污染程度较低;沉积物中主要重金属元素含量随深度增加而降低,其变化规律主要受污染状况的影响,沉积物颗粒粒径的变化和早期成岩作用的影响不大。为了改善墨水湖水质条件和重金属污染严重的现状,必须在截污、疏浚和引水工程等基本治理措施保护下,重建和恢复沉水植物系统,才能从根本上改善湖泊水质。     

A statistical approach for determining the environment impact of surface sediments from the Dongting Lake area,central China

The Dongting Lake, the second biggest freshwater lake in China, consists of three wetlands of national importance, namely the East Dongting Lake, the South Dongting Lake, and the West Dongting Lake. Surface sedi-ments were sampled from 57 locations across the lake. Nutrient concentrations [total organic carbon (TOC), total N (TN) and total P (TP)] and 16 element concentrations (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, K, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti and Zn) in the sediments were measured to investigate the impact of industrialization along the lake's coastline and sev-eral tributaries on the profiles of nutrients and heavy metals in the lake's surface sediments. R-mode cluster analysis (CA) was used to integrate geochemical data. The result showed that euthophication of the Dongting Lake resulted mainly from TN and TOC. The main polluting trace metals are Hg, As, Cd, Zn, Pb and Mn, which are largely ad-sorbed on clay minerals or Fe/Mn oxides, or deposited as carbonates. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the source of micropollutants. The worst affected district by heavy metals is the East Dongting Lake, the pollution sources may originate mainly from the Xiangjiang drainage area. The results demonstrated that multivariate methods are the potentially great tools for the interpretation of the environmental data on lake sediments.     

太湖东部湖湾水生植物生长区底泥氮磷污染特征

为了解太湖东部湖湾(贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾)表层底泥中氮、磷的污染特征及其与水生植物生长的关系,采集了各湖湾滨岸带水生植物生长区的表层底泥,探讨了水生植物的生长与分布对表层底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及总有机碳(TOC)等含量的影响,并对表层底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,水生植物生长密集区底泥中TN、TP、TOC的含量均显著低于水生植物零星生长区,说明水生植物的生长对太湖东部湖湾表层底泥中营养盐与有机碳含量具有较为明显的影响;相关性分析显示,表层底泥中TOC与TN含量呈显著相关性(R2=0.832 8),而与TP的相关性则较弱(R2=0.166 5),反映了TOC在湖泊底泥中的沉积可能成为湖泊氮的重要来源,而对磷的影响较小.利用有机指数与有机氮指数两种方法分别对东部各湖湾底泥进行污染评价,贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾底泥有机指数平均值分别为0.142 7、0.228 6与0.208 6,均属较清洁与尚清洁水平,而各湖湾有机氮指数平均值均为Ⅲ与Ⅳ级,说明底泥已遭受了一定程度的氮污染.因此,对水生植物零星生长区表层底泥中氮含量的控制与削减有利于湖泊富营养化的预防与治理.     

中世纪暖期前后我国雷洲半岛地区的古气候变化

本文对位于雷洲半岛湖光岩玛珥湖湖沉积物进行了年代学(137Cs、AMS 14C)及总碳(TC)、氮(TN)、无机碳(IC)的分析。对于湖光岩玛珥湖这一热带地区封闭湖泊而言,无机碳含量的变化可能受降水量-蒸发量控制。有机碳、氮的变化可能反映了湖泊生产率及营养状况的变化。在热带地区,湖水温度变化不大,温度可能不是藻类生长的主要控制因素,降水量的增加及湖泊营养物质的变化可能是有机碳、氮含量增加的主要原因。碳酸盐含量的高值期对应于有机碳、氮的低值阶段。1400a来碳酸盐含量有两个高值阶段,分别为AD 880~1260和AD 670~760.这两个高值阶段可能也是干旱期。湖光岩玛珥湖地球化学指标所揭示的干旱期与安徽龙感湖硅藻和孢粉的研究结果有较好的对应性,可能表明我国南部地区中世纪暖期可能存在一个干旱期。      

埃及Burullus潟湖沉积生源要素变化:百年来人类活动影响

Burullus是尼罗河河口高封闭性潟湖,其生源要素主要来源于尼罗河,是研究Aswan大坝建成以来流域变化如何影响河口湖泊环境的最佳区域。研究通过对Burullus潟湖B1岩芯的210Pb测年、粒度、以及TOC、TN、TP、BSi生源要素的测试分析,结合历史资料,试图揭示Aswan建坝前后河口湖泊营养盐的差异变化,以及这些变化对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1）沉积物中TOC、TN和TP含量自下而上总体增加,表明尽管Aswan大坝导致营养盐通量急剧减少,但由于下游人类排放N、P通量大大增加,导致下游湖泊N、P浓度并没减少;且沉积TN/TP均小于16,表明湖泊仍为P限制。2）但BSi和BSi/ TOC自下而上总体呈减少趋势,表明Aswan大坝引起的水沙减少导致湖泊中硅藻的生物量及其总初级生产力占比都在减少,潟湖水体生态环境将趋于恶化。     

中国淡水湖泊沉积物地球化学背景与环境质量基准建立的思考

利用中国150余个淡水湖泊表层沉积物和深层沉积物的地球化学数据,采用中位数绝对中位差的方法统计获得了中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、TN、TP、TOC及pH的地球化学背景值,为我国湖泊沉积物环境质量基准的建立和湖泊生态环境质量监管提供了重要依据。统计结果表明,我国表层湖泊沉积物中的As、Cd、Hg等重金属元素以及TP、TOC等发生了显著富集,显示出强烈的人类活动对湖泊沉积物环境质量的改变。在探讨国外环境质量基准值对我国淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量评价适应性的基础上,提出直接采用国外相关标准还不能客观评价我国湖泊沉积物的污染程度和生态风险,应充分考虑我国湖泊沉积物的地球化学背景,建立适应我国情况的沉积物环境质量基准。     

Sediment characteristics and water physicochemical parameters of the Lysimachia Lake, Western Greece

In the present paper, we present the sedimentological characteristics and the water physicochemical parameters of Lysimachia Lake, which is one of the most important lakes of Western Greece, as it is protected by international conventions and is listed in the Natura 2000 European Network. Sedimentological analysis involved grain size analyses, moment measures, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) measurements, as well as determination of the clay minerals content. Water physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ with portable equipment, while nutrients such as nitrates, nitrites, phosphates and ammonium ions, as well as TOC and TN were analyzed in a time period of 1 year seasonal monitoring. Geographical distribution of grain size and geochemical parameters indicated a clear partition in the northern and southern parts of the lake. This phenomenon can related to the discharging of a channel into the lake, the discharging of sewage effluents from Agrinio city during the last years as well as the type of clay minerals distribution. Clay minerals analyses indicated that smectite predominates in the northern part of the lake, whereas chlorite is more abundant in the southern parts. This explain the higher amounts of TOC and TN observed in the northern part of the lake and can be correlated with the higher external surface and adsorption capacity of minerals in the smectite-rich sediments. The four seasons monitoring of water physicochemical parameters indicates a relatively higher values of TOC and TN in the northern part of the lake, while nutrient concentrations indicate a uniform geographical distribution along the lake.     

Geochemical records of decadal variations in terrestrial input and recent anthropogenic eutrophication in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters

Increasing eutrophication and seasonal anoxia in bottom water in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters has progressed in recent decades, caused by elevated anthropogenic N and P input. Sedimentary biogenic elements were investigated to determine whether the biogenic proxies could be used in paleoenvironmental studies in an energetic estuary, as well as to reconstruct the histories of environmental changes in the East China Sea (ECS). Two ²¹⁰Pb-dated cores from the coastal and offshore waters were analyzed for organic C (TOC) and its stable isotope (δ¹³C), total N (TN), biogenic Si (BSi), total P (TP) and P species. In coastal sediment, the variations of P species, especially Fe-P, Al-P and detrital apatite P (Det-P), reflected the dry–wet oscillations in the Changjiang River for the past century, which has influenced the sediment grain size and terrestrial material input. Much lower BSi content (0.756%) at 16–22 cm likely recorded the pronounced decrease in silicate flux in the Changjiang River and its lower flow in the late 1980s. In offshore sediment, higher concentrations of TOC, TN, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP indicated higher primary productivity in response to the strong winter monsoons during the 1960s–1980s, and their 20-a fluctuations were in agreement with the decadal variations of the winter monsoon. Low contents and little variations of Al-P and Det-P indicated the slight influence of the terrestrial sediment input in offshore waters. The influence of human activities on the environment in recent decades has also been recorded in coastal sediment. Grain-size normalized concentrations of TOC, TN, TP, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP increased by 24%, 23%, 15%, 13% and 51% in the upper 16 cm of coastal sediment, indicating elevated P and N load and primary productivity since the 1990s. Elevated TN/TP ratios and decreased BSi/TOC recorded the changed nutrient structure and the decrease in the proportion of the diatom to phytoplankton community. However, the sediment record indicated that the eutrophication might actually have started from the end of the 20th century rather than the reported middle of 20th century. In contrast, biogenic elements in offshore sediment did not reflect disturbance by human activities. This study revealed that multi-nutrient proxies in sediment in the ECS could indicate natural environmental changes including runoff and the winter monsoon over the past century, as well as the influence of human activities in recent decades. Phosphorus species with distinct origins and biogeochemical behaviors could effectively reflect different aspects of past environmental conditions.     

洪湖流域传统农业条件下营养盐输移模拟研究*

文章选择位于长江中游的洪湖流域作为研究对象,应用流域分布式水文模型SWAT,探讨传统农业条件下流域营养盐输移的规律。模拟时段选择为建国初期的1951~1960年,模拟的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、传统农业生产和土地利用方式,其中土壤资料包括营养盐(N和P)、有机质含量、粒径等理化参数等。根据流域汇水范围的变化,模拟分汛期与非汛期两个时间段进行。通过对模型参数率定和调试,水文模拟结果与实测值有较好的吻合程度,由此进行营养盐输出模拟。模拟结果显示,传统农业条件下流域营养盐输出,TN和TP浓度变化有明显的季节特征,体现了耕作制度对营养盐浓度的影响; 同时,该时段营养盐浓度相比较自然条件下有了很大的改变,体现了人类活动对流域营养盐输移的影响,主要是土地利用类型变化和湖泊水域面积的缩小。     

The characteristic and environmental pollution records of phosphorus species in different trophic regions of Taihu Lake, China

Total organic carbon (TOC), Total nitrogen (TN) and the phosphorus species concentrations of sediment cores taken from Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, and East Taihu Lake regions in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in China, were determined. Experimental results showed a conspicuous eutrophication trend in the northern area of Taihu Lake. Inorganic P was found to be the main phosphorus form. Fe-bound P accounted for the largest proportion of Inorganic P in Meiliang Bay, an alga-type lake region. In East Taihu Lake, a macrophytic lake region, Ca-bound P was found in higher proportions than in other lake regions, with Organic P present in similarly large proportions. With respect to Taihu Lake sediment cores, the date at approximately 20 cm layer depth was roughly identified as 1950s, while upper 5 cm layers corresponded to the turn of the century. The drastic increase in phosphorus species concentration except for Ca-bound P was indicative of the large quantities of effluent discharge into Zhushan Bay owing to the increased industrial and agricultural production from the 1950s onwards. TN, Inorganic P, Organic P, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations increased by over 2, 2.5, 2 and 2.5-fold, respectively, over the past five decades. A large proportion of Organic P accounted for TP, and high C/N ratios indicated that East Taihu Lake can be properly classified as an oligotrophic lake.