基于MIP的压实作用对"微膨胀性"重塑泥岩微观结构影响分析

泥岩的物理力学特性在很大程度上取决于土体内部微观孔隙结构特征及其变化规律,进而影响其工程特性,为探讨压实作用对高速铁路微膨胀性泥岩微观孔隙的影响,制备6种不同干密度的重塑泥岩试样,采用冷冻干燥机对饱和后的试样进行干燥,进而通过压汞试验对不同压实状态下的重塑泥岩微孔隙形状、孔隙体积、孔隙面积进行分析研究。结果表明,重塑泥岩中除了存在圆柱形孔外,还含有大量瓶颈孔;参照shear提出的孔隙划分方法对孔径不同的孔隙进行了分类,发现重塑泥岩中的孔隙多分布于颗粒间及团粒内,压实作用在微观上表现为对大孔隙的压缩引起的大孔隙向小孔隙的转化;压实度不同的泥岩孔隙总面积几近相同且孔隙面积多存在于颗粒内,压实作用越大,团粒内孔隙面积越小;对压汞法实测孔隙率小于理论计算孔隙率这一现象进行了合理的分析及说明,应用线性回归分析了实测孔隙率与计算孔隙率的关系;确定了通过压汞法测定泥岩微孔隙结构的科学性及合理性。研究成果可为膨胀泥岩地区高速铁路修建提供参考依据,对同类工程建设具有借鉴意义。     

双孔结构非饱和压实土微观结构演化模型

在最优含水率干侧压实的黏土一般具有明显的双孔结构,其集聚体间孔隙（又称宏观孔隙）和集聚体内孔隙（又称微观孔隙）对土体宏观水力和力学特性影响差异显著,同时,水-力耦合作用下两种孔隙的演化规律也存在明显不同。双孔结构非饱和土对应的孔径分布函数为双峰孔径分布形式,该分布函数可通过叠加宏观孔隙和微观孔隙的单峰孔径分布曲线得到,并通过平移量、缩放量和分散度3个演化参数对双孔结构土的孔隙演化规律进行描述。通过构建在力学及水力加、卸载过程中演化参数与孔隙比之间的关系,提出了适用于描述变吸力下非饱和压实土的微观结构演化模型。分别基于所开展的桂林红黏土压汞试验数据和文献中的米尼亚卢博瓦膨胀土试验数据,对所建立的微观结构演化模型进行参数标定,并通过模型预测结果与试验结果的对比,验证了所建立模型的适用性。     

动渗耦合作用下软黏土渗透系数演化机制分析

针对天津地区滨海软黏土,开展了一系列动渗耦合三轴试验,系统分析了长期循环作用下软黏土渗透系数的变化规律。结合扫描电镜（SEM）和压汞试验（MIP）对不同变形阶段软黏土的微观结构特征进行分析,阐述了渗透系数的演化规律及机制。研究表明：在动渗耦合作用下,软黏土渗透系数呈现三阶段变化特征;渗透系数随渗流力呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,随动应力和频率呈现先减小后增大的特征。微观试验表明,渗透系数的演化是微结构孔隙大小、形态、分布特征渐进调整的宏观体现：加载初期,颗粒间的架空超大孔隙（孔隙直径D>2.5 μm）大幅压缩,孔隙形态变化不大,渗透系数呈线性衰减;加载中期,大颗粒破碎生成的小颗粒密布填充于大颗粒间,生成大量“密小而曲折”的小孔隙（0.05 μm<D<0.1 μm）,渗透系数呈现缓慢下降;加载末期,结构致密稳定,渗透系数基本不变。对于非稳定变形,颗粒团（聚）体间重新生成“条带”状孔隙,渗透系数反弹增大。该研究成果可为流固耦合分析中渗透系数的确定提供理论依据。     

遗址土劣化进程中微观结构变化的类比研究

长期的风化会使遗址土体劣化,进而威胁到遗址本体的安全,但在自然条件下这一演化过程尚不明确。遗址土体微观结构的变化是该过程的重要体现,研究选取风化条件近似而暴露时间不同的黄土质边坡作为类比对象,采用扫描电镜法（SEM）和压汞法（MIP）分别对表部以及内部土样的微观孔隙结构进行观察和量测。试验结果表明,表部土体微观结构的变化程度大于内部土体,并呈现一定的规律性;与内部土体相比,表部土体的土颗粒排列为致密的叠片状;其孔径分布为双峰模式,团聚体内孔隙占比较大;随着风化时间的增长,表部土体的孔隙总体积和表面分形维数逐渐减小,导致孔壁粗糙程度降低,减小了颗粒间的摩擦,在宏观上容易诱发土体表层的剥离损耗或其他病害。     

孔隙溶液对粉质黏土界限含水率的影响

针对桂林地区的粉质黏土,运用液、塑限联合测定法探讨了不同孔隙溶液作用下土体的界限含水率,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）技术从微观层面分析了水化学环境变异下土体的水化学-力学耦合作用对结构特性造成的影响。试验结果表明,随着孔隙溶液浓度的增大,粉质黏土的界限含水率均减小,且在相同浓度下同价阳离子半径较小的水溶液使得粉质黏土界限含水率下降的较为明显,随着阳离子价位的增高,其下降的幅度更大;该现象的产生主要是由于离子浓度及离子价位的增大,使得扩散双电层的厚度减小,而双电层对于土体界限含水率存在直接的控制作用。除此以外,通过探测土体的微观结构发现,水化学-力学耦合作用使得粉质黏土颗粒间发生絮凝作用,致使土粒形成粒团,土颗粒间孔隙增大,架空孔隙变多。     

冻结作用对青藏红黏土及兰州粉土微观结构的影响分析

冻土微观孔隙特征是决定冻土体一系列物理、力学性质的基本参数,冻土中存在的冰晶体其体积受温度影响发生变化会影响到冻土的土体微观结构及孔隙特质发生变化。利用可用于负温冻土观测的新型扫描电镜,通过对青藏红黏土及兰州粉土不同初始条件下的土样冻结前后微观结构进行研究分析。结果表明：冻结作用发生后,冰晶生长对周围土颗粒产生挤压作用,导致周围土颗粒的移动和结构破坏,土中大孔隙的数量增多,加之周围小孔隙补给大孔隙中的冰晶进一步生长,出现局部个别大孔隙体积增大,小孔隙体积缩小的现象,表现在孔隙率上为土体在冻结后孔隙率减小;此外,对于粒径级配不同的土体而言,冻结作用对细颗粒土的土体孔隙的尺寸、形态以及排列方式等方面的影响均大于粗颗粒土;同样,初始含水率决定了冻结作用发生后参与改变土体微观结构的冰晶体生长的"量"的大小,在冻结作用对土体结构性破坏的过程中起重要作用。研究成果定量揭示了冻结作用对不同初始条件下的土体微观结构的影响,为研究冻土宏观力学特性和冻胀机制等提供了理论基础与和试验支撑。     

上海淤泥质黏土微结构特性及固结过程中的结构变化研究

土体的微结构对土的工程力学特性具有决定性影响,对上海原状淤泥质黏土在不同固结压力下进行了固结试验,同时对相应荷载作用下的土样进行SEM试验,进而对每级荷载下土样水平切面和垂直切面上的土团粒（包括团粒的形状、平均表面面积及团粒的定向性分布）进行统计对比分析;另外,通过压汞试验对土体的孔隙进行定量分析。二者相互结合,从而揭示土体发生变形的宏观机制及土体在受力过程中具有逐渐破损、产生各向异性的特征。     

上海黏土压缩回弹变形的微观机理

黏土变形微观机理的研究过去多针对土体加载压缩开展,随着研究的深入,黏土卸载回弹变形的微观机理也逐步得到重视,但目前对此研究还很少。本文采用单向压缩及回弹试验、扫描电镜及压汞试验对上海黏土压缩及回弹变形过程中土体的微观特性及其变化进行了研究。研究结果表明,微观结构参数的变化能反映黏土的宏观变形特征。在加载过程中,随固结压力增加,土体孔隙体积减小,孔隙数量先增加再减小,孔隙平均形状系数的增加先急后缓,孔隙形态分维数先急剧减小后缓慢减小。在卸载过程中,随固结压力减小,孔隙数量增加,平均形状系数略有减小,孔隙形状分维数略有增加。加载压缩过程中,固结压力较小时中、小孔隙体积所占比例变化不大,而当固结压力较大时小孔隙所占比例显著增加、中孔隙所占比例明显减小。在卸载回弹过程中,各级固结压力下小孔隙都占绝对优势,但固结压力较大时中孔隙所占比例较大,而固结压力较小时中孔隙所占比例较小,黏土卸载回弹变形主要是小孔隙体积的少量增加。     

压实红黏土的持水性能与机制分析

了解压实红黏土的持水性能是预防路基土体开裂和失稳的基础。首先,利用15 bar压力板仪研究了4种干密度压实试样脱湿路径下的土体持水特征曲线。发现持水曲线随着干密度减小,曲线中间部分呈现水平台阶状,且干密度越小水平台阶的长度越长。然后,结合相同干密度试样的孔隙分布特征曲线,从微观结构的角度分析了压实土体不同持水性能的原因。最后,通过数据拟合的方法建立了不同压实度土体的持水特征曲线方程     

冻融循环作用下黄土孔隙率变化规律

冻融循环作用通过破坏黄土颗粒的大小和土体的骨架及组构影响黄土的孔隙率. 通过颗粒分析实验发现冻融循环后土体颗粒有变小趋势,且集中分布在0.01～0.05 mm,在冻融10次后颗粒大小趋于稳定. 对经历冻融循环后的黄土进行压汞实验,发现随着冻融次数的增加,土体孔隙中的大孔径先减少,后增多;小孔径先增多,后减少,最后向5～10 μm范围内集中. 土的孔隙率也随冻融次数的增加而发生变化. 原状黄土的孔隙率在冻融5次时达到最小值,在冻融10次时达到最大值,冻融10次之后原状黄土的孔隙率在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 重塑黄土在冻融3次时孔隙率减少了6%并达到最小值,在冻融5次时孔隙率增加3%并达到最大值,最后在40%上下波动,达到稳定状态. 渗透系数的变化曲线与通过压汞实验获得的孔隙率变化曲线相似,印证了随着冻融次数的增加黄土的孔隙率呈先减小,后增大,然后趋于稳定的变化规律.     

基于扫描电镜-氮气吸脱附和压汞法的页岩孔隙结构研究

研究页岩孔隙结构特征,对于探讨页岩气赋存机理有重要意义。本文采用扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气吸脱附法与压汞法对鄂尔多斯盆地页岩样品的孔隙结构进行了全面表征,发现所研究区域页岩孔隙类型包括溶蚀孔隙、粒间孔隙和微裂缝;孔径从几个纳米到几百个微米,BET比表面积在7~25 m~2/g之间,孔体积在0.01~0.03 cm~3/g范围。研究结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地页岩具有良好的孔隙结构,孔隙类型丰富,孔径分布范围广泛,其中纳米级孔隙占主导,纳米级孔的存在有利于页岩气的存储,微裂隙的存在则有利于页岩气的运移。说明该区域页岩气的储藏具有良好的基础环境,页岩含气量可能较丰富。     

膨胀土干湿循环过程孔径分布试验研究及其应用

采用压汞法对膨胀土干湿循环过程孔隙大小分布的演化规律进行了试验研究,结果表明,随着循环次数的增加,膨胀土的总孔隙体积、孔隙率和平均孔径等微结构参数均递增;分析了试验结果产生偏差的原因,其一是干湿循环过程中膨胀土试样的体积收缩,其二是孔隙形状和测试压力有限的影响,在此基础上对试验数据进行了合理修正。结合毛细管模型,利用修正的孔径分布曲线推算了膨胀土干湿循环过程中的土-水特征曲线,并分析了干湿循环过程中基质吸力的变化规律：以含水率28%为分界点,含水率大于该值时基质吸力随循环次数N的增加而线性递增,含水率小于该值时基质吸力随循环次数N的增加而线性递减;在此基础上,建立了基质吸力与循环次数之间的关系,为解释膨胀土力学特性的干湿循环效应开辟了一条新途径。     

基于压汞法的冻融循环对土体孔隙特征影响的试验研究

冻融循环会改变土的微观结构, 孔隙特征的变化是其结构性发生改变的重要体现. 以青藏铁路沿线粉质黏土为研究对象, 借助压汞技术对不同冻融次数下重塑土样的孔隙特征进行了研究. 结果表明:土体孔隙特征分布曲线表现出明显的双峰特征, 据此可将土样的孔隙分为大孔和小孔两大类; 冻融循环次数对小孔隙的影响较小, 小孔隙直径和体积基本保持不变; 冻融循环次数对大孔隙的影响较大, 特别是孔径为20～40 μm的孔隙, 其直径和体积均随冻融次数的增加而增大. 试样的孔隙率随冻融次数的增加并无明显规律, 但总体的变化趋势是先增大后减小. 由孔隙分形维数计算结果可知, 冻融循环在改变土体孔隙结构的同时, 使孔隙内壁的粗糙程度及孔隙结构的复杂程度降低.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Shale Microscopic Pore Characteristics Based on Image Analysis Technology

In order to evaluate the shale microscopic pore characteristics more economically and effectively in limited circumstances, the pore characteristics of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area, Sichuan Basin, were qualitatively observed and analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) with argon ion polishing method at the same time. Pore quantitative information were extracted from shale SEM and FESEM images with the help of a professional image analysis software IamgeJ2x, and combined with statistical methods, the whole pore size distribution as well as shale pore fractal dimension and the relevance between fractal dimension and organic matter content, mineral composition and pore adsorption capacity and the corresponding pore structure characteristics of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area were analyzed. The study shows that under SEM, there are mostly micro pores of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area. The main pore types include intergranular pore, clay mineral layer pore, intragranular pore and micro cracks, etc. Through argon ion polishing FESEM, there mainly develop nanoscale pores. The main pore types contain organic pore, inorganic mineral pore (pyrite intergranular pore, intragranular pore, clay mineral layer pore and intergranular pore, etc.) and micro cracks. The use of both of the two methords is more advantageous to qualitatively analyze shale pore. The whole pore size distribution of shale pore has four main peaks and the main distribution range is 3~10 nm, 10~40 nm, 100~400 nm, 1~4 μm, respectively. The shape factor of shale organic matter pore is distributed between 0.9~1 and inorganic mineral pore is distributed between 0.5~0.7. It shows that the organic matter pore is circular, nearly circular and inorganic mineral pore shape is triangle, polygon, slit shape and so on. The inorganic mineral pore shape is relativly complex because of the different pore causes. The shale pore of Longmaxi Formation in Pengshui area conforms to the fractal features, and the organic pore fractal dimension is smaller than that of inorganic mineral pore, showing that the organic matter pore structure is relatively simple. There is a certain relevance between fractal dimension and organic matter content, mineral composition, porosity, and adsorbed gas content. With the increase of the organic matter content, the shale pore fractal dimension increase, the pore structure characteristics become complicated. With the shale pore fractal dimension increasing, the biggest gas adsorption quantity increases and the ability of pore adsorption strengthens.     

Relationship between porosimetry measurement and soil–water characteristic curve for an unsaturated residual soil

Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important tool for determining the engineering properties of unsaturated soil. This depends on the size and distribution of pore structures which control the permeability and amount of volume change. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry tests can be used to determine the size, amount and distribution of pore spaces of the soil in a shorter time period compared to the pressure plate test. A soil-air characteristic curve (SACC) can be determined using the volumetric air content as measured in the Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry test. In this paper, SACC parameters are introduced. There appears to be a relationship between the soil-air characteristic curve and the soil-water characteristic curve of a soil. Relations between the SACC and the SWCC parameters are analysed in the light of unsaturated soil mechanics. The results indicate that the pore size distribution of a residual soil varies with depth due to differing degrees of weathering.     

四川盆地上三叠统须五段页岩微观孔隙结构及其控制因素

为了深入研究四川盆地上三叠统须五段陆相页岩储层微观孔隙结构,运用氩离子抛光扫描电镜(SEM)、低温氮气吸脱附以及相关地球化学分析实验等技术对该地区页岩储层的微观孔隙结构进行了研究,并对控制其纳米孔隙发育的主要因素进行了探讨。结果表明：四川盆地须五段页岩微观孔隙可分为有机孔和无机孔(粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔),微裂缝可分为构造微裂缝、有机质生排烃缝和成岩收缩缝等;孔隙结构类型以两端连通的圆柱孔、平行平面间的缝状孔和呈锥形的管孔为主;微观孔隙孔径分布区间大(1~80 nm),峰值主要集中于2~8 nm之间;以中孔(2~50 nm)为主,所占比例为6021%(或以黏土矿物孔为主,所占比例为4462%);页岩的有机质丰度和黏土矿物含量是控制纳米孔隙发育的主要因素。     

不同固结压力下强结构性黏土孔隙分布试验研究

为探讨结构性土变形的微观机制,以湛江地区结构性黏土为研究对象,对原状土和压缩试验后土样进行压汞试验,分析不同固结压力下土的孔隙分布、孔径大小以及孔隙结构特征参数的变化规律,辅以SEM图像进行孔隙形态的定性分析,并从分形理论角度对此解释与验证。结果表明,湛江黏土各孔隙组对外力的敏感度与孔隙体积含量正相关。由于压汞过程存在瓶颈效应以及边-面-角的空间接触形式,其结果可能会夸大真实小孔隙的分布密度而低估大孔隙的分布密度。结构性对压缩过程中孔隙分布影响较大,当固结压力增大至结构屈服压力后,孔径为0.01～0.50 μm的孔隙组变化明显,孔隙的连通性变差,孔径分布向小孔径范围移动,孤立式孔隙增多,大、中孔隙的界限变得不明显。湛江黏土孔隙具有多重分形特征,据此确定微裂隙、粒间孔隙和孤立孔隙孔径的分界点为0.01 μm与0.50 μm,同时给出了湛江黏土的孔径界定标准。     

An investigation into strength and porous properties of metamorphic rocks in the Himalayas: A case study

If a rock is porous in nature, the genetic complexity associated with its petrofabric makes it difficult to predict its behavior. Here, a comprehensive study of the porous nature, physical and geotechnical responses of three varieties of schist, i.e. quartz mica schist, quartz mica schist with quartz veins and biotite schist of low grade metamorphism obtained from Nathapa-Jhakri hydroelectric project site in the foot hills of Himalayas, India, has been presented. The porous nature of the schists has been brought out through the Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) testing and strength behavior through uniaxial testing. Through an experimental invesigation, the porous nature and pore size distribution parameters from MIP, which are closely related to the strength and performance of metamorphic schistose rocks, have been studied. The significance of the porous nature and its response for consideration in the design is emphasized.     

Analysis of microscopic pore structures of the silty clay before and after freezing–thawing under the subway vibration loading

With the rapid development of the subway rail transit, the effect of the cyclic loading on the surrounding foundations and buildings has drawn wide attention. In addition to the in situ tests and the laboratory triaxial tests, microscopic tests also provide an effective way to clarify the physical and mechanical characteristics of soils. On the other hand, the characteristics of the soft silty clay before and after freezing–thawing has been less studied. In this paper, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests following the cyclic triaxial tests of silty clay layer were performed to investigate the variations of the microscopic pore structures of the layer before and after freezing–thawing. The corrected Otsu method was used to obtain the binary SEM images of silty clay. The porosity results demonstrate that the magnifications from 1000× up to 5000× were suitable for observation of the silty clay microstructures. The binary SEM images of soil pore structures were quantitatively analyzed, including the porosity, the size distribution, the pore shape coefficient, the pore orientation distribution and the fractal dimension. The pore orientation of samples without loading is arranged in the horizontal direction, while the pores of samples under cyclic loadings are arranged in the vertical. After freezing–thawing, the mean anisotropy value of the microscopic pore structures increased about 12% and the porosity of samples without loadings increases about 11.24%. The lower the freezing temperature is, the larger the porosity within the samples becomes. However, the freezing–thawing has little effect on the pore shape coefficient of the silty clay. The porosity of the silty clay increases with an increase in pore diameter, but it decreases with the increase in excess pore pressure. In addition, the microscopic pore structures of the silty clay exhibit fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension is reduced by the disturbance from the effect of freezing–thawing, coupled with the effect of cyclic loading.     

红黏土工程性状的干湿循环效应试验研究

为研究湿热多雨气候条件诱发的干湿循环过程对红黏土长期性能的影响规律,对制样过程中干湿循环含水率变化幅度控制技术进行改进,制备不同干湿循环次数以及含水率变化幅度试样。利用固结排水三轴剪切与压缩试验,研究了干湿循环次数与干湿循环含水率变化幅度对压实红黏土工程性状的影响规律。结果表明,压实红黏土的黏聚力 与内摩擦角 均随干湿循环次数 的增加而衰减,首次干湿循环之后衰减效应最显著,其后较弱并趋于稳定, 的衰减程度小于c,且在低围压下的抗剪强度随干湿循环衰减更加显著;压缩模量E1-2随N的总体衰减规律与强度参数类似,但衰减幅度小于c而大于 ;随着干湿循环含水率变化幅度增大,压实红黏土c与E1-2略有减小, 基本不变,压实红黏土含水率在 4%变化范围内,具有相对稳定的力学特性。该研究表明,红黏土不宜直接用于填筑路床与边坡表层的填料,可以作为上下路堤堤心的填料,但必须采取防排水工程措施与边坡防护措施。