《水经注》中有关北京地理的科学思想

《水经注》是我国古代著名的地理学著作之一,作者郦道元是北魏时期范阳(涿州—北京)人,因此书中对北京附近的水系和地理情况进行了描述。书中称拒马河为巨马水、大石河为圣水、永定河为漯水、清水河为清夷水、温榆河为湿馀水、潮白河为鲍邱水、泃河为泃水,称永定河出山段为清泉河、流经北京城内的什刹海和中南海为高粱河。对家乡附近的地理进行了描述,称房山为大房岭、石景山为梁山,记录了昌平县、密云戍、平谷县等行政区域,记录了羊头埠(羊头岗)、马兰(马栏)、芹城(秦城)、独乐水(独乐河)、良乡、居庸关、盘山等地名。记录了中国最早的首都——涿鹿,记录了中国现代首都蓟城(北京)内曾有蓟丘,说明永定河沟通了古今首都。记录了北京最早的水利工程戾陵堰和车箱渠。     

断裂活动对金矿形成的作用机理

文章从断裂活动和热液流体迁移的热动力学角度阐述了金矿热液形成、迁移和富集沉淀的物理化学机理,得出了断裂活动不仅为金矿形成提供了储矿空间,更主要的是为金矿热液形成提供了活化热能和大量流体,为其迁移提供了动能,为其沉淀富集提供了有利的、多期多阶段的物理化学条件.     

致谢

2020年,以下专家为本刊评审了稿件,对相关稿件进行了客观、公证和诚恳的评价,为提高稿件质量付出了时间和精力,为本刊的发展做出了贡献,编辑部在此谨向他们致以衷心的感谢!     

超细钠基膨润土的制备

以莱西的钙基膨润土为原料,研究了分散方法、分散时间、分散剂种类及分散剂用量对膨润土钠化的影响,确定了最好的分散设备,提出了以3％的碳酸钠为钠化剂,0．4％的焦磷酸钠为分散剂,制备超细钠基膨润土的新工艺,并制备出了平均粒径为0．496μm的超细钠基膨润土。     

膜蒸馏处理糠醛废水的实验研究

采用中空纤维膜蒸馏技术研究了糠醛废水的膜蒸馏处理效果,考察了料液相的温度、醋酸浓度、流速、吸收液浓度等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：在温差为15℃、料液的浓度为0.306 mol/mL时,速度为8 mL/min;吸收液的质量浓度为25 g/L时,速度为3 mL/min。运行12 h后,料液的pH值由开始的1.9升高为5.1,醋酸的去除率为76.3％,糠醛的去除率为40.1％。此过程可降低料液中糠醛和醋酸的含量,减小了低分子量有机酸对微生物危害的影响,为后续生物处理奠定了基础。     

典型曲线法在山东龙口软岩煤矿区开采沉陷预测中的应用

为丰富矿区开采沉陷的预计方法,提高预测的精度,在综合大量文献的基础上,提出了典型曲线法。典型曲线法避免了由理论模型的假设和简化而造成预计公式的误差,提高了预计的精度,通过开发预计程序,方便了数据的处理,实现了典型曲线法沉陷预计的电算化。以山东龙口软岩矿区为例,详细介绍了典型曲线的建立和应用方法,预计结果和实测最大下沉值的绝对偏差为9mm,相对误差为1.1%。     

致谢

2021年度,许多专家在百忙之中抽出时间,接受编辑部邀请为本刊评审了稿件,他们对文章的学术质量进行了严格把关,付出了辛勤的劳动,为提高刊物质量做出了贡献。在此,编辑部特代表主编及主办单位,向这些专家表示衷心的感谢!这些专家有(以姓氏拼音为序).     

环氧树脂/金云母纳米复合材料的制备与表征

以环氧树脂为基体,二甲基苄胺为固化剂,经结构修饰和有机改性的金云母为增强相,制备了环氧树脂/金云母纳米复合材料,测试了环氧树脂/金云母纳米复合材料的结构、形貌、力学和电学性能。研究了金云母添加量、混合时间以及固化剂添加方式等因素对金云母在环氧树脂中剥离程度的影响。力学性能测试表明,当金云母含量为1%时复合材料的性能最好,与纯树脂相比,拉伸强度提高了32.33%,弯曲强度提高了53.77%,冲击强度提高了127%。电学性能测试表明,当金云母含量为1%时,复合材料体积电导率和表面电导率分别比纯树脂提高了2个和4个数量级。     

华庆地区长6储层四性关系及有效厚度下限研究

华庆地区长6储层主体为三角洲相沉积,储层主要为细砂岩。本次研究通过薄片鉴定、压汞、测井等资料,对研究区目的层位的"四性"关系进行了研究,认为长6储层属于典型的低孔低渗油层,岩性、物性的差异控制了储层油藏的富集程度,确定了储层物性下限的标准:孔隙度为8%,渗透率为0.08×10-3μm2;电性下限电阻率为16Ω.m,声波时差为215μs/m。通过对储层参数定量解释模型的优化,提高了储层参数计算精度,避免了有效厚度的漏失;并利用测井方法、压汞资料和密闭取心方法综合确定了长6油藏含油饱和度储量计算取值为71%。     

全力促发展 坚守耕地红线——广西“双保工程”2010年工作回顾

为深入贯彻落实党中央、国务院和自治区党委、政府关于2010年经济工作的决策部署,广西国土资源厅坚持以构建保障和促进科学发展新机制为主线,以改革创新为动力,以＂十大工程＂为抓手,制订印发了《保发展保红线工程—2010年广西行动实施方案》,并结合实际情况部署了专项行动,取得了一定的成效。     

广西大化透闪石玉的发现及初步研究

利用偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、电子探针、扫描电镜、红外光谱等测试方法,对广西大化新发现的透闪石玉进行了宝玉石特征、矿物组成及结构构造的研究,结果表明大化透闪石玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,主要结构与和田玉基本一致,其宝石特征已经达到玉石级并已制作成雕件饰品加工销售。     

辽宁岫岩县桑皮峪透闪石玉成矿年龄研究

运用偏光显微镜、电子探针对辽宁岫岩县桑皮峪透闪石玉的岩石学特征进行了研究,并运用二次离子质谱仪测定从桑皮峪透闪石玉中分离的锆石和榍石的年龄。结果表明：桑皮峪透闪石玉主要由透闪石组成,次要矿物包括磷灰石、方解石、绿泥石、石墨、褐铁矿、锆石、榍石等。偏光显微镜下桑皮峪透闪石玉的主要结构是毛毡状纤维交织结构、显微细晶质结构和纤维变晶结构;主要构造为块状构造。主要化学成分为SiO₂、MgO和CaO,Mg²⁺/（Mg²⁺+Fe²⁺）值为0.964~0.971。桑皮峪透闪石玉的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为1 851±7 Ma,榍石的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为1 848±17 Ma,表明桑皮峪透闪石玉矿形成于古元古代白云岩的区域变质时期。     

An ab initio study of the O-H stretching frequency in tremolite

We have carried out a series of ab initio molecular orbital calculations for a cluster designed to model the OH site environment in tremolite to investigate the forces affecting the O-H stretch frequency in the crystal. The results of our calculations suggest that there are repulsive interactions between the hydrogen atom and silicon and oxygen atoms in the silicate ring adjacent to the OH site in tremolite. From our model calculations, we predict that the O-H stretching frequency of tremolite should first increase, then decrease, with applied pressure. This may affect the variation in H/D fractionation factors involving tremolite and other amphiboles with depth.     

江苏溧阳透闪石玉的研究

利用电子探针、X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜等测试方法,对江苏省溧阳过去发现的白玉和新发现的青白玉、青玉和碧玉进行了研究,结果表明溧阳透闪石玉的主要矿物组成为透闪石,Na含量正常,而不是以前文献所报导的钠透闪石;其主要结构与和田玉基本一致,证明了溧阳透闪石玉也是一种典型的透闪石玉.本文还论述了其成因,指出了进一步找矿及考古意义.     

Reverse age relations of talc and tremolite deduced from reaction textures in metamorphosed siliceous dolomites of the southern Damara Orogen (Namibia)

The regional metamorphosed siliceous dolomites of the southern Damara Orogen (Namibia) show a distinct talc-bearing zone on the lower metamorphic grade side, and a distinct tremolite-bearing zone on the higher metamorphic grade side, separated by the occurrence of the fivemineral assemblage: (I) tremolite + talc + calcite + dolomite + quartz.The direction of increasing metamorphic grade is also established by a common sequence of mineral parageneses within the metapelites accompanying the marbles. The succession of talc to tremolite in siliceous dolomites with increasing metamorphic gradient is quite common, and is interpreted by analogous age relations assuming progressive metamorphism: initial formation of talc, followed by tremolite. By examining the reaction textures within and just below the five mineral paragenesis in the metamorphic siliceous dolomites of the Damara Orogen, it can however be shown that tremolite was initially formed, followed by talc. This means that talc is younger than tremolite. Tremolite may be formed at higher pressure on the P-T-path, followed by talc during the erosion-induced downward grade.Some typical textures of the critical zone illustrating the age relationship between talc and tremolite will be described here and shown by photomicrographs.     

山东栖霞杨家夼金矿地质特征及控矿条件分析

杨家夼金矿产于粉子山群张格庄组、蓬莱群豹山口组地层中,从其控矿岩性及矿化特征来看应为类卡林型金矿床。地层主要以大理岩、透闪大理岩、透闪片岩、钙质板岩、千枚状板岩、黑云变粒岩、二云片岩为主。金矿主要赋存于岩性变化复杂的薄层状大理岩、透闪大理岩、板岩、透闪片岩中,除岩性控矿外,构造也具有明显的控矿性,当断裂构造切穿或与这些成矿有利岩性叠加时,金矿化更为明显,而岩性分界线或层间破碎带也是该类金矿的有利赋存部位。     

Mechanism of tremolite carbonation

The direct aqueous carbonation of fibrous tremolite was investigated by TEM, powder XRD, and FT-IR to elucidate the transformation mechanism of tremolite into calcite. The TEM study revealed that tremolite dissolves along the weak cleavage on (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) and the cleavage fragment fibers. The preferential release of Ca, relative to Si or Mg, into the solution resulted in the crystallization of compositionally homogeneous calcite and in the concurrent formation of proto-saponite. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the amount of product calcite increased rapidly within 15 min. Subsequently, after a 5 h carbonation period, it increased slowly to about 60%. The product calcite is euhedral. In contrast, the unreacted tremolite grains retain the original crystal structure even after prolonged carbonation. The morphological modification of tremolite from fibrous to round may have important implications for the elimination of its toxicity.     

青海软玉“水线”的特征分析

＂水线＂是青海软玉的重要特征,分析青海软玉＂水线＂的结构特征,为进一步研究＂水线＂的地质成因及鉴别软玉的产地具有十分重要的意义。通过显微薄片,扫描电子显微镜观察及电子探针测试等方法对青海软玉＂水线＂的结构特征及矿物组成进行系统分析。结果显示,＂水线＂处的矿物组成均为透闪石。在偏光显微镜下,根据＂水线＂处的颗粒与主体矿物颗粒的相对大小和排列有序度,将青海软玉＂水线＂分为三种类型：＂水线＂处的颗粒较主体矿物颗粒的粗大,长约25μm,宽约4μm,排列杂乱;＂水线＂处的颗粒近平行排列,长为10～20μm,宽约2μm,与边界呈近90°夹角;＂水线＂处的颗粒细小,长约10μm,宽在0.5～1.0μm之间,边界清晰。扫描电子显微镜的测试结果显示,＂水线＂处的透闪石呈长纤维状平行排列,并有针状、粒状透闪石颗粒穿插其间,总体定向性优于主体矿物的。     

The Fluid Evolution Related to Talc Mineralization in the Hwanggangri Area, South Korea

Abstract: Scores of talc deposits distributed in the Hwanggangri Mineralized Zone, South Korea are interpreted to have resulted from the contact metamorphic process related to the igneous intrusion of the Muamsa Granite. Talc usually occurs as an alteration product from tremolite, which is crystallized during the prograde stage. It commonly forms fine–grained, fibrous aggregates, or pseudomorphs after tremolite, and abundant tremolite is included as impurities in the talc ore. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis has shown that the ores can be divided into three types depending on the concentrations of talc; talc-tremolite ore (talc > 50 %), tremolite-talc ore (10 % < talc < 50 %), and tremolite (talc < 10 %) ores. Oxygen isotope compositions of those talc ores become higher from 10.9–12.1 through 11.6–12.3 to 11.9–13.2% with increasing tremolite concentrations, while hydrogen isotope compositions are not so variable, –73 to –69%. The high value of the calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O of the fluids equilibrated with the tremolite may have resulted from the mixing of magmatic water with ¹⁸O–enriched CO₂ evolved from the decarbonation reaction during the prograde stage. However, as the decarbonation reaction ceased during the retrograde stage, the inferred oxygen isotope compositions of talc-forming fluids show similar values to those of the igneous fluids.     

韩国软玉的宝石学特征研究

近年来市场上出现的韩国软玉具有一定的宝石学价值和商业价值。在对当地区域地质进行一定了解的基础上,通过市场调研及运用现代测试方法对韩国软玉的矿物成分、化学成分和宝石学性质进行了较为系统的研究。通过显微镜下观察,韩国软玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,含量在98%左右,交代残余结构明显,但仍以毛毡状变晶结构为主。电子探针分析结果显示:韩国软玉在化学成分上与理论值较接近。运用X射线粉晶衍射仪对韩国软玉分析表明,主要矿物成分为透闪石,其各项参数指标与标准透闪石接近,含有少量方解石、蛇纹石,结晶度较好。韩国闪石玉矿床初步推断为花岗岩与白云质大理岩的接触交代矿床,这一观点与传统的新疆和田玉玉石矿床相似。