新疆阿其克库勒湖和青海尕海卤虫生物学特性比较研究

从生物学测定、孵化质量、染色体倍性、繁殖方式等方面对产于新疆阿其克库勒湖和青海尕海两品系孤雌生殖卤虫(Artemia spp．)进行了对比研究。结果表明，阿其克库勒湖卤虫的生物学测定值明显高于青海尕海卤虫；两地卤虫加工卵的孵化率和孵化速率没有明显差异；尕海卤虫孵化效率高于阿其克库勒湖卤虫；两地卤虫的染色体倍性均以二倍体为主，其中阿其克库勒湖卤虫有三倍体存在，尕海卤虫有四倍体。两地卤虫的胚后发育速度相近。研究过程中未观察到阿其克库勒湖卤虫进行卵胎生。     

西北地区3个卤虫品系生物特性比较研究

对采自新疆鲸鱼湖卤虫 (Artemia sp.)、新疆艾比湖和青海尕海卤虫 (Artemiaparthenogenetica)的 3个品系的生物学进行了测定。研究了温度与孵化率之间的关系 ,以及盐度对鲸鱼湖卤虫孵化率的影响。观察了鲸鱼湖卤虫的染色体倍性组成。除壳厚外 ,鲸鱼湖卤虫卵的生物学测定值均大于另外 2品系卤虫 ;最佳孵化温度范围 :鲸鱼湖、艾比湖卤虫为 2 0℃ ,尕海卤虫为 2 5℃。鲸鱼湖卤虫卵的最佳孵化盐度范围是 2 8。鲸鱼湖卤虫为两性生殖 ,与孤雌生殖的艾比湖和尕海卤虫一样 ,染色体倍性组成为 2 n,染色体数为 2 n=4 2     

四产地卤虫休眠胚胎的发育期及细胞数的初步观察

用石蜡切片法观察了青海尕海(GH)、新疆阿其克库勒湖(AQK)、西藏(XZ,具体产地不明)、新疆鲸鱼湖(JYH)4个卤虫种群休眠胚胎所处的发育期,发现4个种群卤虫休胚胎均处于原肠期;通过压片染色法对4个卤虫种群休眠胚胎的细胞核计数显示,其胚胎细胞数分别为3441±164(GH),3412±171(AQK),3736±212(XZ),3861±155(JYH)个。     

山东盐田及新疆盐湖卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)生物学测定值的比较

从山东的盐场和新疆的盐湖采集了卤虫卵,进行了干燥、吸水和去壳的卵径、壳厚、无节幼体体长、染色体数目的生物学测定。按照文献[12]的分类,上述研究的卤虫,均属于第二类的孤雌生殖品系。盐湖的卤虫卵吸水和去壳后比盐场的卤虫卵大。而达板城东盐湖的无节幼体是最短的。各盐场的卤虫有2倍体、4倍体及5倍体,艾比湖的卤虫有2倍体和4倍体,达板城东盐湖只有4倍体。     

我国不同产地卤虫生物学的初步研究

选用了孤雌生殖的4个卤虫品系,它们是山东埕口盐场(C),福建惠安盐场(H),青海柯柯盐湖(K),以及海南岛莺歌海盐场(Y)。对卤虫品系进行了染色体倍数的观察和温、盐度对生长、生殖的影响试验。并从养殖观点讨论了各品系的优劣。     

卤虫卵径的分组和比较

不同产地卤虫卵的卵径有其固有的分布范围,并且卵壳的厚度也有区别,因此,可利用卤虫的卵径特征进行统计比较和归类,初步确定卤虫卵的来源,以辅助卤虫品系的鉴定工作.本文利用主成分分析[principal component analysis (PCA)]和多元排列法[multi-dimensional scaling(MDS)]对已发表资料和国内部分虫卵的卵径进行分析比较.分析表明,多元分析法归类清晰,并能有效地鉴别混杂虫卵.其中,MDS法可方便地利用于卵径原始数据的分析、比较和分组.分析结果还表明,中国沿海孤雌生殖系卤虫卵通过分组得到很好分离,显示卵径随卤虫分布区域南移而增大.     

卤虫休眠卵的若干生物学特性研究进展

结合作者的研究工作对卤虫休眠卵的耐性、形态结构、胚胎发育及细胞(核)数目、以及卤虫休眠卵的生化适应性等方面的国内外研究成果及现状进行了综述,并提出应该在现有的研究基础上对Clegg的假设、卤虫卵内hsp70的分子结构特征、卤虫卵的卵壳结构及卤虫卵亚壳层的功能等方面进行深入研究,为卤虫休眠卵的基础生物学研究积累资料.     

氨氮对我国不同产地卤虫的急性毒性试验

采用静水生物试验法测定了ＮＨ３－Ｎ对我国新疆艾比湖（ＡＢ），青海柯柯湖（ＫＫ），海南莺歌海（ＹＧＨ），山东埕口（ＣＫ）产地卤虫的初孵无节幼虫，拟成虫及成体的急性毒性试验。结果表明：１．不同发育阶段的卤虫对氨氮的耐受力是：成虫＞初孵无节幼虫＞拟成虫＞。２．不同产地卤虫对氨氮的耐受力有一定的差异，ＡＢ、ＫＫ、ＣＫ产地的卤虫对氨氮的耐受力均高于ＹＧＨ产卤虫。     

Egg production of turbot,Scophthalmus maximus,in the Baltic Sea

In the brackish water Baltic Sea turbot spawn at ~ 6–9 psu along the coast and on offshore banks in ICES SD 24–29, with salinity influencing the reproductive success. The potential fecundity (the stock of vitellogenic oocytes in the pre-spawning ovary), egg size (diameter and dry weight of artificially fertilized 1-day-old eggs) and gonad dry weight were assessed for fish sampled in SD 25 and SD 28. Multiple regression analysis identified somatic weight, or total length in combination with Fulton's condition factor, as main predictors of fecundity and gonad dry weight with stage of maturity (oocyte packing density or leading cohort) as an additional predictor. For egg size, somatic weight was identified as main predictor while otolith weight (proxy for age) was an additional predictor. Univariate analysis using GLM revealed significantly higher fecundity and gonad dry weight for turbot from SD 28 (3378–3474 oocytes/g somatic weight) compared to those from SD 25 (2343 oocytes/g somatic weight), with no difference in egg size (1.05 ± 0.03 mm diameter and 46.8 ± 6.5 μg dry weight; mean ± sd). The difference in egg production matched egg survival probabilities in relation to salinity conditions suggesting selection for higher fecundity as a consequence of poorer reproductive success at lower salinities. This supports the hypothesis of higher size-specific fecundity towards the limit of the distribution of a species as an adaptation to harsher environmental conditions and lower offspring survival probabilities. Within SD 28 comparisons were made between two major fishing areas targeting spawning aggregations and a marine protected area without fishing. The outcome was inconclusive and is discussed with respect to potential fishery induced effects, effects of the salinity gradient, effects of specific year-classes, and effects of maturation status of sampled fish.     

Factors affecting the elimination of PCBs in the marine copepod Acartia tonsa

The effects of feeding, egg laying, and fecal pellet production on the elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied in a series of experiments. Copepods were exposed to ¹⁴C-labelled Aroclor 1254 and allowed to depurate in clean seawater. Copepods fed during depuration eliminated PCBs more rapidly than unfed copepods whether or not the original PCB exposure medium had contained food. Both eggs and fecal pellets contained PCBs during depuration, with the weight specific concentration of PCB in the eggs (up to 407 ppm, dry weight) exceeding four times that in the females that produced them. Female copepods eliminated PCBs twice as rapidly as males, indicating that egg production is an important route for PCB elimination.     

Reproductive investment in the intertidal bivalve Macoma balthica

Bivalve eggs generally contain large amounts of lipids which, in comparison with proteins and carbohydrates, have high energy contents and are thus costly in energetic terms. As lipid contents vary between species, comparisons of reproductive investments should not only include numbers and sizes of eggs, but also their energy content. We estimated the investment in egg material of mature females of the Baltic tellin Macoma balthica (L.) in terms of both mass and energy content. All mass below a minimum body mass (below which no eggs are produced) was defined as structural mass. This threshold amounts to a body mass index (BMI) of 5.6 (ash-free dry mass per cubic shell length in mg cm⁻³). More than half (55%) of the mass above the structural mass was invested in egg material and 45% in extra somatic tissue and tissue for production and storage of gametes. This means that the amount of eggs spawned ranged from 0 (at BMI = 5.6 mg cm⁻³) to 33% of the total ash-free dry mass (at a high BMI value of 14 mg cm⁻³). Eggs contained a relatively large amount of lipids, about 30% of their ash-free dry mass, whereas non-egg material contained only about 7% lipids. Eggs of two other bivalves in the Wadden Sea, the cockle Cerastoderma edule and the mussel Mytilus edulis, were smaller and contained only about 11% and 20% lipids, respectively. Energy content of M. balthica eggs amounted to ∼0.006 J, in the other two species to ∼0.002 J. The function of the more expensive eggs in M. balthica may be related to its early spawning in spring, causing slower larval development until first feeding.     

中国对虾育苗期球形病毒的感染及垂直传播途径的初步探讨

１９９４－１９９５年山东文登市高岛盐厂对虾育苗池和养虾池,随机和定点采集中国对虾的卵,无节幼体,蚤状幼体,糠虾幼体,仔虾及幼虾,成虾样品,利用透射电子显微镜对其进行病毒的检测。结果表明,卵细胞中含有大量的卵黄,没有明显的细胞分化,卵细胞质中有球形病毒感染;无节幼体的肝胰腺和上皮细胞的分化程度较低,有大量球形病毒分布;糠虾幼体已有明显的肝胰腺和上皮细胞的分化,肝胰腺上皮细胞的胞质中发现有球形病毒包涵     

渤海湾半滑舌鳎及焦氏舌鳎的鱼卵和仔稚鱼的形态

半滑舌鳎Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther和焦氏舌鳎C.joyneri Günther 均隶属于舌鳎科Cyonglossidae的舌鳎属Cynoglossus,系广泛分布在我国近海的底层鱼类。它们具有一定的经济价值。其中半滑舌鳎是该属中个体较大的种类,最大体长可达800毫米以上。素有名贵鱼类之称。惟产量不高。该类鱼多栖息在海湾水域,洄游距离短,活动范围小,是适合增养殖的对象之一。 关于这两种舌鳎的早期形态资料迄今尚未     

Embryonic and larval development of Babylonia formosae habei(Altena and Gittenberger, 1981)(Gastropoda: Buccinidae) on China''s coast

The development of embryos and larvae of Babyloniaformosae habei living along the southeast coast of China is observed under laboratory conditions. The egg masses are laid by females on hard substrate at night and each capsule contains 100-500 eggs. Each egg is 250-280 mm in diameter. The fast two cleavages of the embryo are meridional and equal, and a polar lobe is produced. Larval kidney, which only consists of a single cell, appears during the gastrula stage on each side of the embryo. The right tentacle develops prior to the left one. At 25-27 ℃, an intracapsulate veliger stage is reached about 4.5 d after deposition. The larvae hatch on the fifth day as swimming veligers with a shell length of 360 -500 mm. The newly hatched larva can ingest suspended algal cells from the water column and remains in the pelagic stage for 8-10 d. The newly settled juveniles are 900-1 200 mm in shell length.     

轮虫休眠卵研究进展

综述了近年来国内外对轮虫休眠卵的研竞概况。重点介绍了轮虫休眠卵的形态、影响轮虫休眠卵形成的因素、轮虫休眠卵的萌发形式及影响其萌发的因素、自然水体中轮虫休眠卵的研究概况。     

Reproduction of the giant jellyfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nemopilema nomurai</Emphasis> (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae), in 2006–2008 as peripherally-transported populations

This study investigated the sexual maturation process, release of spermatozoa or eggs and oocyte diameter of the rhizostomid medusae Nemopilema nomurai using samples collected from August 2006 to June 2008 from the waters around Korea and Japan, including peripheral areas outside the species’ usual habitat. Immature medusae were observed from June to October only in the western sector of the study area. The onset of spermatozoa and egg release occurred in September and October, respectively, and peaked in December and January. Medusae migrated eastward from source areas with the Tsushima Warm Current, where they formed gametes and spawned. Peak position and maximum oocyte diameter increased as the gonads developed according to the size-frequency distribution of oocytes. No fertilized eggs or embryos were found in the gonads. The correlation was analyzed with bell diameter, maximum oocyte diameter, sampling date, surface water temperature and gonad color to estimate which environmental factors and maturation indices were related to the maturation stage of females. Maturation stage correlated well with maximum oocyte diameter, which correlated negatively with surface water temperature. There was no significant correlation between bell diameter and maturation stage. Therefore, bell diameter was inappropriate for determining maturation index. Sex could not be distinguished clearly by gonad color. However, light pink gonads were more prevalent in males and various deep colors such as orange and brown were more frequent in female medusae.     

Horse mackerel egg identification using DNA methodology

Egg identification in plankton samples is usually needed for purposes of stock assessment. Until recently, only morphological characters were used for identifying the eggs of different fish species. Late developmental stages are easily distinguishable due to pigmentation as well as egg and oil globule size range. However, for early stages, these characteristics are difficult to be discriminated and may overlap with other species. European horse mackerel species (Trachurus trachurus, T. mediterraneus, T. picturatus) overlap significantly in their spawning areas in some European waters. Because of the fact that their eggs are morphologically similar, genetic methodologies are needed to identify eggs and larvae to species correctly. In the present study, formalin‐ and ethanol‐preserved eggs were tested to estimate the efficacy of genetic methodologies for species identification of eggs when different preservatives are used. A 370‐bp fragment of cytochrome b was successfully amplified followed by restriction fragment analysis with two restriction enzymes aiming to identify the eggs to species. Horse mackerel egg identification was accomplished with the maximum success in ethanol‐preserved eggs. However, it seems that various preservatives had different effects on the DNA quality of eggs as genetic identification was less successful in formalin‐preserved eggs. Preserving in ethanol a part of the eggs obtained in plankton surveys is suggested for purposes of accurate genetic identification, even if their morphological features are distorted in time.     

Egg cannibalism versus egg predation: their significance in anchovies

Daily egg mortality of the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens was 68 per cent in August/September 1981, an extremely high value. With recently developed methods it was possible to determine that 21,9 per cent of this egg mortality was the result of egg cannibalism by anchovies. Some 76,4 per cent of 1 500 anchovy stomachs contained anchovy eggs and the mean number of anchovy eggs in such stomachs was 14,2. Of 577 sardines Sardinops sagax caught in the anchovy spawning area, 62,1 per cent contained anchovy eggs in their stomachs, the mean number of eggs present being 19,1. When considering only collections in which sardines and anchovies occurred together, 77,0 per cent of the anchovies and 86,2 per cent of the sardines had eggs in their stomachs. The mean number of eggs per stomach was 6,6 in anchovies and 27,6 in sardines in these collections. The mean number of anchovy eggs per kilogramme wet fish mass was 335 and 757 for anchovy and sardine respectively. Although the contribution of egg predation by sardines to the total anchovy egg mortality could not be estimated quantitatively, it was obvious that it is important.