基于解耦传播的波场分解方法在VTI介质弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

由于弹性波逆时偏移更符合实际情况,而且转换波的成像结果有更高的分辨率,因此弹性波逆时偏移越来越受到重视。然而,弹性波逆时偏移需要多波多分量数据,为了减少成像结果中的串扰假象,在逆时偏移过程中进行P波和S波分解就变得非常必要。结合基于向量的激发振幅成像条件,我们把基于解耦传播的波场分解方法应用到弹性波逆时偏移中,并对比了其在各向同性介质和横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的应用效果。结果说明,该方法可以在各向同性介质中完全分解P波和S波,并保留波场的向量信息。虽然在VTI介质中有较小的分解残余,但是该分解残余不会在逆时偏移结果中产生明显的串扰;因此,这种波场分解方法可以应用于各向同性介质和VTI介质弹性波逆时偏移。该方法是在时间空间域实现的,可以在波场传播过程中直接对P波和S波进行分离,应用方便,计算效率高。与利用Helmholtz分解的弹性波逆时偏移相比,该方法避免了在PS波成像结果中的极性反转问题。在复杂Hess VTI模型的逆时偏移结果中,高速岩体和断层的成像清晰,甚至是两个低速薄夹层也能较好成像;这说明该方法对复杂介质具有较好的适应性。PS波成像结果中的各向异性体成像清晰,说明各向异性介质弹性波逆时偏移可以对传统逆时偏移不能很好成像的构造进行成像。     

叠前弹性波逆时深度偏移及波场分离技术探讨

这里探讨了Sun和McMechan提出的叠前弹性波标量逆时深度偏移方法,即在地表附近,对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量进行波场逆时延拓,然后分别对在波场延拓过程中通过波场分离得到的纯纵、横波反射波场进行偏移。在模型中,每个网格点的纵、横波成像时间,为震源到该网格点的纵波初至时间。利用纵波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对反射纵波进行逆时延拓和成像,利用横波速度模型和声波传播方程的有限差分解,对转换横波进行逆时延拓和成像,并在偏移前进行极性校正。然后,在Sun和McMechan偏移成像方法的基础上,提出了直接偏移成像方法,即对地表接收到的弹性波波场分量在整个模型范围内进行波场逆时延拓。在波场延拓过程中,对符合成像条件的网格点进行波场分离、偏移成像和转换波极性校正。最后,通过数值模拟对二种偏移成像方法的结果进行了比较。     

基于修正伪Helmholtz分解算子的横向各向同性介质纵横波波场分离

纵横波波场分离是弹性波逆时偏移成像中的关键步骤,可以有效消除纵横波串扰和成像畸变,提高成像精度。在各向异性介质中,常用的波场分离法有非平稳滤波器或者低秩近似的方法,但由于使用多次傅里叶变换,导致波场分离计算成本较高。借鉴基于Helmhotz算子构建各向同性介质纵横波解耦方程的思路,提出消除振幅畸变的修正伪Helmholtz分解算子,通过待定系数方法求解横向各向同性介质中P波和S波2种模式的表达式,并将其变换为一阶解耦的伪弹性波方程,实现时空域纵横波波场解耦。通过简单模型的波场分离测试,得到分离后的P波与S波波场,验证了该方法的波场分离的有效性。此外,将解耦得到的矢量P波与矢量S波应用到弹性逆时偏移之中,利用矢量点积互相关成像条件得到清晰的弹性波逆时偏移成像结果,说明本方法在复杂介质中有着较好的适用性,同时可以有效地应用到VTI介质弹性逆时偏移之中。     

基于双相介质弹性波波场分离的逆时偏移方法

随着地震勘探的发展,以单相介质模型为基础的声波逆时偏移和弹性波逆时偏移很难比较精确地描述地下介质和满足复杂的工程要求,尤其是在处理地下含流体多孔介质时,所以需要引入双相介质模型。首先基于Biot理论双相介质一阶速度-应力弹性波方程,利用散度场和旋度场的波场分离理论将固相和流相中的纵横波场解耦分离,并由波场快照图得出固相与流相中的纵波波场与横波波场均完成分离,而快纵波与慢纵波相互耦合均存在于纵波波场中。采用高阶交错网格有限差分方法,结合PML吸收边界条件,推导了具有波场分离的双相介质弹性波正传与反传的偏移延拓算子,结合互相关成像条件,可以得到双相介质弹性波固相与流相中的各分量偏移成像剖面。最后对模型使用该双相介质弹性波波场分离的逆时偏移方法进行偏移成像试算并取得成功,效果较常规双相介质弹性波逆时偏移成像效果有了明显提升。     

透射槽波技术在煤田勘探中的应用研究

槽波地震勘探技术可以有效探查煤层中小断层、陷落柱等地质异常体,在探测精度和距离上明显优于其他煤矿井下勘探方法。透射法作为基本的槽波地震探测方法,具有简单灵活、探测范围大、准确率高等优势。采用透射槽波方法对实际煤矿工作面内断层构造进行探测研究,通过滤波、频散分析、波场及速度分析、能量分析以及透射CT成像等关键技术对实际透射槽波数据进行精细处理,获得准确的透射槽波成像剖面。根据槽波在煤层中受到断层阻断或遇到煤层破碎时其能量将急剧降低的特征,利用透射槽波能量CT剖面,并结合实际揭露情况,解释出12条可靠断层。通过实际煤层工作面透射槽波勘探方法测试,验证了透射槽波方法的有效性以及在煤田断层等构造探测中的实用价值。     

节理面透射模型及其隔振性能研究

振动波入射到节理界面上,与软弱断层一样会产生波场的分解,能够起到隔振作用。根据线性变形节理的透反射规律研究发现,隔振后各点的波场可由透射P波与透射S波叠加而成,其能量分配服从Zoeppritz方程,不连续位移造成了透射波的衰减;法向刚度增加透射纵波系数会增加,而切向刚度与透射纵波无关,法向与切向刚度对透射S波均有影响,刚度增加透射S波振幅逐渐降低,逐步逼近于0;由于透射后波场相互干涉,不同波场延时不同,透射合成波与入射波相比,振幅降低,持续时间增加,波形尾段有畸变;总能量系数与节理面的刚度无关,而随入射角增加不断降低。     

不同煤岩介质模型的波场特征研究

准确和形象地分析煤矿微地震波在不同介质中的传播规律,能够为煤矿主动地震勘探以及反演煤矿不同区域内部介质结构提供有效的理论依据。基于二维介质模型,以煤矿典型的煤、岩单一均匀介质模型、煤岩组合多层介质模型、含断层煤岩介质模型以及含水煤岩双相介质模型为例,利用高阶有限差分法对不同煤岩介质进行了波场模拟,分析不同介质的波场特征。研究结果表明,高阶有限差分法可以准确、形象地得到煤岩不同介质条件下的纵横波的波场特征;不同介质模型的波场特征各不相同,在多层煤岩介质中不同介质的分界面会发生纵横波的反射、透射和转换,产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波;在含断层煤岩介质中断层处不仅可以产生透射波、透射转换波、反射波和反射转换波,还可以发生绕射产生绕射波;在含水煤岩双相介质中不仅有快纵波和横波,也会产生慢纵波。不同时刻的波场快照可以进一步形象地描述波场动态特征,都为矿山微震波场分析打下了理论基础。     

P波在弹性介质与饱和冻土介质分界面上的透反射问题研究

基于弹性波在冻结饱和多孔介质与单相弹性介质中的传播理论,研究了平面P波在饱和冻土介质与单相弹性介质分界面上的透反射问题。利用Helmholtz矢量分解定理,根据分界面上的边界条件,获得了平面P波从单相弹性介质入射到饱和冻土介质分界面上透反射振幅比的理论表达式。通过数值计算,分析了在不同入射频率、胶结参数、孔隙率、饱和度和接触参数下,弹性波的透反射振幅比随入射角变化的关系。研究结果表明：P波从单相弹性介质垂直入射到饱和冻土介质分界面上时只有反射P波和3种透射P波产生,当掠入射时只产生反射而没有透射现象发生。入射频率、胶结参数、孔隙率、饱和度以及接触参数等参数对反射波和透射波的振幅比影响显著。     

煤矿反射槽波探测技术研究评述

反射槽波可用于单条巷道内探测巷道两侧和掘进前方一定区域内的断层等异常地质构造。目前该项技术已在我国多数矿井开展过探测试验和工程应用,对采掘危险区治理、工作面布置和采掘方案设计等生产环节起到了重要的指导作用。阐述了反射槽波的处理方法和原理,比较了面对巷道的侧帮和掘进前方2种不同探测区域时,反射槽波数据和处理方法的异同之处,着重对反射槽波的叠加成像、偏移成像以及掘进工作面超前成像3类成像方法的技术原理、适用条件和研究进展进行了梳理和分析,总结了反射槽波在巷道侧帮与掘进前方断层、采空区以及陷落柱探测方面的典型案例。在此基础上提出进一步提高探测能力的改进方向：研究适用于槽波频散性的反褶积方法,有效压缩反射槽波并依据频散速度准确偏移归位,提高成像分辨率;通过极化处理求出槽波的偏振方向,从而减少“画弧”现象;借鉴束偏移技术,选取特定方向的槽波参与成像,提高成像信噪比;研究影响反射槽波信号强弱的地质条件和采集条件,在不增加震源能量的条件下有效增强反射槽波;研制新型震源,提高反射槽波探测应用的安全性和适用性。对反射槽波未来的应用方向进行展望,以期促进反射槽波探测技术发展,为煤矿安全高效开采提供保障。     

反射槽波探测技术中速度分析方法研究

在巷道掘进过程中,利用反射槽波探测技术探查巷道侧帮构造发育情况,并准确解释槽波波阻抗反射界面的位置对矿井生产意义重大,但现阶段反射槽波地震解释断层的位置常存在偏差,主要原因是数据处理阶段选取速度存在较大误差。为降低反射槽波速度选取误差,系统分析国内13个煤矿15个煤层的槽波速度特征,总结出反射槽波速度与直达槽波、透射槽波速度的关系。研究发现反射槽波速度高于直达槽波速度3%~12%;低于透射槽波速度1%~6%。将其研究成果引入山西某矿反射槽波探测项目,槽波解释断层位置与探巷揭露位置偏差仅为3 m,取得了较为理想的应用效果。该研究为进一步提高反射槽波探测精度提供了新思路。      

基于改进的Kolsky模型波场延拓公式的纵波Q值、横波Q值估计

描述地层吸收作用的品质因子Q作为PP波和PS波联合反演中的一个重要物理参数,对地下岩石物性参数及油气预测起着重要的作用。以改进的Kolsky模型波场延拓物理机制为理论基础,结合Zhang和Ulrych提出的计算层旅行时方法,提出了基于改进的Kolsky模型波场延拓公式的纵波Q值、横波Q值估计方法。该方法是通过不同记录道间振幅谱比对数与频率的线性回归估计出一系列的Q值,然后通过筛选、平均处理得到各层位的Q值。模型试验中,估计出的P波、PS波Q值与理论Q值误差均小于2%,这表明了该方法估计Q值的正确性和估计结果的准确性。将本文方法应用于实际地震资料中,获得了合理的P波Q值估计结果。     

Wave responses from oil reservoirs in the Arctic shelf zone

We consider the appearance of scattered PP-waves, SS-waves, scattered converted PS-waves, and SP-waves reflected from the reservoirs in the Arctic shelf zone and wave responses from them in the water column when the source and receiver are located near the water surface. We obtained a numerical solution of the direct problems of seismic prospecting in the shelf zone with a reservoir and without it. The solution was obtained using the grid-characteristic method, which makes possible to model the wave processes in detail.     

叠前PS 波Q 值提取与稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法

多波多分量地震勘探是进行岩性油气藏和隐蔽油气藏勘探的一种非常有潜力的方法。但由于实际地层是黏弹介质,造成地震波能量衰减和波形畸变,导致地震资料信噪比和分辨率难以满足油气勘探的精度要求。为更好地利用纵横波信息,需要对PP 波和PS 波进行振幅和相位补偿。通过解析法推导出一种从叠前转换波共炮点道集中提取横波Q 值的方法,将叠后稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法推广到叠前纵波和转换波的反Q 滤波中,改进了沿着纵波和转换波的传播路径进行补偿的叠前反Q 滤波算法,并进一步将常Q 层内的纵波和转换波反Q 滤波振幅补偿算子解耦为时间项和频率项的乘积,在保证补偿效果稳定的前提下,计算效率得到显著提高。     

Extraction of P-wave reflections from microseisms

The last few years there has been a growing number of body-wave observations in noise records. In 1973, Vinnik conjectured that P-waves would even be the dominant wavemode, at epicentral distances of about 40 degrees and onwards from an oceanic source. At arrays far from offshore storms, surface waves induced by nearby storms would not mask the body-wave signal and hence primarily P-waves would be recorded. We measured at such an array in Egypt and indeed found a large proportion of P-waves. At the same time, a new methodology is under development to characterize the lithosphere below an array of receivers, without active sources or local earthquakes. Instead, transmitted waves are used which are caused by distant sources. These sources may either be transient or more stationary. With this new methodology, called seismic interferometry, reflection responses are extracted from the coda of transmissions. Combining the two developments, it is clear that there is a large potential for obtaining reflection responses from low-frequency noise. A potential practical advantage of using noise instead of earthquake responses would be that an array only needs to be deployed for a few days or weeks instead of months, to gather enough illumination. We used a few days of continuous noise, recorded with an array in the Abu Gharadig basin, Egypt. We split up the record in three distinct frequency bands and in many small time windows. Using array techniques and taking advantage of all three-component recordings, we could unravel the dominant wavemodes arriving in each time window and in each frequency band. The recorded wavemodes, and hence the noise sources, varied significantly per frequency band, and – to a lesser extent – per time window. Primarily P-waves were detected on the vertical component for two of the three frequency bands. For these frequency bands, we only selected the time windows with a favorable illumination. By subsequently, applying seismic interferometry, we retrieved P-wave reflection responses and delineated reflectors in the crust, the Moho and possibly the Lehmann discontinuity.     

Application of Gaussian Beam Summation Migration in Reflected In-seam Wave Imaging

The geological conditions for coal mining in China are complex, with various structural issues such as faults and collapsed columns seriously compromising the safety of coal mine production. In-seam wave exploration is an effective technique for acquiring detailed information on geological structures in coal seam working faces. However, the existing reflected in-seam wave imaging technique can no longer meet the exploration precision requirements, making it imperative to develop a new reflected in-seam wave imaging technique. This study applies the Gaussian beam summation (GBS) migration method to imaging coal seams'' reflected in-seam wave data. Firstly, with regard to the characteristics of the reflected in-seam wave data, methods such as wavefield removal and enveloped superposition are employed for the corresponding wavefield separation, wave train compression and other processing of reflected in-seam waves. Thereafter, imaging is performed using the GBS migration technique. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for reflected in-seam wave imaging are validated by conducting GBS migration tests on 3D coal-seam fault models with different dip angles and throws. By applying the method to reflected in-seam wave data for an actual coal seam working face, accurate imaging of a fault structure is obtained, thereby validating its practicality.     

Hydrothermal Quartz Vein Formation, Revealed by Coupled SEM-CL Imaging and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry: Shuteen Complex, South Gobi, Mongolia

Abstract. Scanning electron microscopy-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging of vein quartz in the Cu-mineralised, Shuteen Complex (South Gobi, Mongolia) has revealed a complex history of crystal growth, dissolution and microfracture healing, associated with several hydrothermal events that could not be detected using other observational techniques (e.g. transmitted/reflected light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging, or secondary electron imaging).
The quartz initially grew as CL-bright/grey crystals in a 345±30C liquid reservoir, as inferred by the analysis of primary liquid fluid inclusions (average Th of 343C; 6.6∼7.7 wt% NaCl_eq). Quartz precipitation occurred at the edge of the crystals as reservoir fluids cooled to 260±25C, as indicated by micron-scale CL-dark/CL-bright quartz growth bands containing abundant fluid inclusions (with an average T_h values of 261C). Pressure fluctuations were the likely cause of dissolution, as SEM-CL imaging reveals the quartz have corroded or rounded crystal edges, and precipitation of later quartz into open space. SEM-CL imaging shows the quartz contains healed microfractures that trapped low salinity fluids (3.9 wt% NaC1_eq) with Th values of 173±15C.
SEM-CL imaging provides a means of deciphering the thermal and chemical evolution of the fossil Shuteen hydrothermal system, and the nature of hydrothermal quartz vein-forming processes, by facilitating the correlation of distinct fluid inclusion populations and their relative chronology, with specific hydrothermal events.     

弹性纵波垂直通过非线性结构面的傅里叶级数分析法

利用傅里叶级数计算任意函数形式的弹性纵波垂直通过非线性结构面的透射波和反射波的速度波形。采用双曲模型描述结构面的变形特性,基于位移不连续模型,结合波振面处动量守恒定律,推导了弹性纵波垂直通过非线性结构面的基本方程。假设应力波在含结构面岩体中传播时,结构面的存在不改变应力波波形函数的最小正周期,运用傅里叶级数理论和周期延拓方法,得到了任意函数形式的弹性纵波垂直入射时透射波和反射波速度波形的傅里叶级数解,并验证了傅里叶级数解是合理的。利用傅里叶级数解,分析了单一频率的正弦谐波入射至结构面时,透射波中各阶谐波的振幅和相位与谐波阶数的关系。研究结果表明,各阶谐波的振幅与阶数呈负指数关系衰减,前7阶谐波振幅的衰减指数为谐波阶数的二次函数,当谐波阶数大于7时,衰减指数为谐波阶数的一次函数;各阶谐波的相位与谐波阶数呈线性关系。     

Computation of synthetic seismograms for plane layered earth models including absorption and dispersion phenomena

A computer program package has been written in FORTRAN-IV language and tested successfully on an ICL 1904S computer. This program enables one to compute synthetic seismograms for layered earth models. The provision for studying the effect of absorption and dispersion of seismic waves has been made with Subroutines. The present program utilizes eight Subroutines and requires about 35 K core memory. A set of examples are illustrated for absorption and dispersion models. An exponential decay of amplitude has been used for the absorption model. This method is based on the plane wave propagation in a flat-layered earth system. Normal incident P-waves are used to eliminate the effect of other phases. Change in shape of reflected waves is observed in absorption model due to damping of energy of higher frequencies. Lack of resolution is found between closely spaced reflections at higher frequencies. The effect of dispersion on seismic waves decreases the time of primary reflections as well as amplitudes of the seismic waves.     

厚煤层内小断层的反射槽波探测技术及应用

厚煤层、巨厚煤层工作面内的小断层一般断距或延展长度的规模较小,目前的探查方法和仪器受分辨率限制一般难以探查这类小断层,而小断层探查不清,将会对智能化工作面高效回采带来较大影响。针对这一问题,开展厚煤层内小断层反射槽波探测的数值模拟及现场实验工作。在数值模拟方面,采用交错网格有限差分法对厚煤层(6 m)、巨厚煤层(20 m)两种环境下含小断层(落差小于3 m)的数值模型进行三分量弹性波模拟,在对数值模拟结果进行频谱分析的基础上研究不同模型中的直达槽波与反射槽波的特征。在实际探查方面,通过不同矿区厚煤层、巨厚煤层实际发育断层进行透、反射数据综合研究,分析和比较透射与反射槽波方法对小断层的探查情况。研究表明,工面内构造发育相对简单的条件下,反射槽波对厚煤层、巨厚煤层工作面中小断层的探测较透射槽波有更强的识别性及准确性。