辽宁遥测数字地震台网测定各种震级的对比研究

前言遥测数字地震台网建成后 ,所测定震级的可使用性成为广泛关注的问题。主要有两方面 ,一是数字台网与模拟台网所测定震级能否实现无缝连接 ,这个问题已在《同一台址的数字与模拟观测系统测定震级的对比研究》一文中进行了专门研究 (见本期第 2页 ) ,本文不再涉及 ;另一个问题是数字台网所测定的各种震级之间的关系 ,及各个遥测台测定的震级与平均震级之间的差别 ,本文将主要对这个问题进行讨论。数字地震台网采用速度型记录 ,按照中国地震局有关部门的要求 ,需要将地震资料仿真成传统的模拟记录波形 ,然后根据仿真后的波形读取地震波的周…     

江苏数字地震台网与模拟台网的震级对比

对江苏省数字地震台网观测系统与模拟台网观测系统在震级测定方面的一致性进行了探讨,定量分析了数字台网的“速度型震级”、“仿真仿移型震级”与模拟台网位移震级的差异。初步结果表明,在测量误差允许范围内,数字网的“仿真位移型震级”可以替代模拟网的位移震级,震级测定的连续性要求基本可以保证。     

山西省数字台网与模拟台网震级的对比研究

统计分析了山西省数字地震台网考核运行 3个月以来的记录地震的震级情况 ,将两套人机交互处理系统 (泰德和港震系统 )测定的速度震级及港震系统仿真后 (DD— 1)测得的位移震级 ,与山西省模拟台网 (即大同、太原、临汾、长治 9个模拟人工值守台 )所测定的位移震级进行了对比 ,研究了它们之间的相关程度、一致性、差异性 ,得出港震系统与泰德系统测定的速度震级与模拟震级、数字系统仿真 (DD— 1)后测定的位移震级与模拟震级相关系数均在 0 .940以上 ,相关性较好的结论     

陕西省数字地震台网与模拟地震台网震级比较

对1998年1月至2001年12月之间,陕西省数字地震台网与模拟地震台网测定的地震震级作了比较,结果表明：数字台网与模拟台网的地震震级差别不大,省内地震的震级不存在系统偏差。     

区域数字地震台网近距离面波震级MS的测定

使用福建区域数字台网7个宽带台观测到的47个发生于台湾地区的浅源强震(M_S ≥ 5)的近距离面波记录,量算了水平向乐夫波的最大合成振幅及震中距离,测定了所有这些强震的近距离面波震级MS。并将结果与国家台网公布的远距离平均MS震级进行比较和统计分析。结果表明,近距离测定的面波震级比远距离测定的M_S 有较大偏差。震级越小、距离越近,差异越大。对于区域地震台网测定的M_S 震级,需要做必要的修正,才能使其测定结果尽可能接近于国家台网公布的平均M_S 震级。文中还讨论了近距离和远距离面波震级测定差异的原因,及其修正办法。可供区域数字宽带台网速报本区域发生的近距离强震面波震级时参考。     

三峡重庆库区数字遥测台网地震监测能力评估

三峡重庆库区数字遥测地震台网由27个子台组成,全部采用速度记录方式。我们根据测试记录的数据,用速度震级公式ML=lg(AV/2πf) R(△),对各子台不同震级所能控制的距离进行了计算,得到台网不同震级地震的监测范围。台网基本上能够测定巫山至奉节段的ML≥1.2地震活动,同时能够测定一般地区的ML=1.8地震活动。     

福建和台湾地震台网测定地震震级差异研究

介绍了闽、台地震台网及观测资料情况,统计了1971年以来两台网均有测定的在台湾及其邻近海域地区发生的6级以上地震,并计算了福建地震台网测定近震震级范围、闽台两地震台网测定震级的差量、平均偏差及标准偏差.结果表明,福建地震台网测定台湾及其邻近海域地区强震震级普遍偏小,存在0.3～0.5级的偏差.进而分析了闽、台地震台网测定台湾强震震级的差异关系,对福建地震台网测定台湾及其邻近海域强震震级偏差改正及闽、台今后开展地震联合观测有重要参考价值.     

云南地区两个区域台网测定近震震级标度的比较

本文对昆明电信传输台网测定的持续时间震级标度(M_D)与云南区域地震台网测定的振幅震级标度(M_L)的结果进行了比较,发现当 M_L>3.0级以上时,M_D 比 M_L 普遍偏大,于是确定了这两个台网震级系统间的统计关系。并用昆明电信传输台网记录的1982年至1985年发生的178个近震资料,建立了用该台网记录的水平向和垂直向地震波持续时间测定云南地区近震震级的单台震级公式和台网平均公式。     

青海数字遥测台网地震监测能力评估

青海数字遥测地震台网由30个子台组成,全部采用速度记录方式。用速度震级公式对各子台不同震级所能控制的距离进行了计算,得到台网对不同震级地震的监测范围。     

辽宁遥测数字地震台网建设特色及在岫岩-海城地震中的作用

1　辽宁遥测数字地震台网建设概况“辽宁遥测数字地震台网建设项目”是辽宁省防震减灾技术系统建设的重要组成部分 ,是中国地震局“九五”重点项目“中国数字地震观测系统建设”即“95-0 1 -0 1课题的一个专题 ,由辽宁省政府和中国地震局共同投资建设 ,在中国地震局、辽宁省计委、辽宁省财政厅及省市电信部门等各级领导的关心、支持和帮助下完成的。辽宁遥测数字地震台网建设是在原沈阳遥测地震台网 (下称沈阳台网 )模拟观测技术系统的基础上进行数字化改造。沈阳台网是全国 6大区域遥测地震台网之一 ,始建于 1 976年 ,1 984年通过验收 ,曾…     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...