地史过程中烃源岩有机质丰度和生烃潜力变化的模拟计算

在同时考察源岩中有机质因生、排烃而损失和无机质因成岩作用而失重的基础上，模拟计算了地史过程中，随有机质类型、初始有机质丰度、成熟度及排烃效率的改变，烃源岩有机质丰度和生烃潜力的变化，探讨了有机碳恢复系数及生烃潜力损失率的可能变化范围。结果表明，地史过程中，有机质生烃潜力和有机质丰度的变化主要取决于源岩的生、排烃效率，对性质偏差的有机质，有机质的实测丰度随演化程度的增高不降反升；而对位于高成熟阶段的优质有机质，有机碳的恢复系数可达2以上；随有机质类型变好和成熟度升高，生烃潜力损失率增高；一般情况下，有机质生烃潜力的恢复幅度比有机质丰度的恢复大得多。     

地质条件下湖相烃源岩生排烃效率与模式

烃源岩排烃研究是油气地球化学研究中最薄弱的环节,而排烃效率又是准确评价常规油气与非常规页岩油气资源的关键参数。目前对于烃源岩排烃效率的认识差异很大,尚未建立完整的各种类型有机质湖相烃源岩在地质条件下生排烃效率与模式。本文以中国渤海湾、松辽等4个大型湖相含油气盆地以及酒泉青西凹陷、泌阳凹陷等9个中小型湖相富油盆地/断陷为对象,通过15000余个湖相烃源岩样品在自然热演化过程中热解生烃潜力指数的变化研究,揭示了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃特征,构建了湖相烃源岩在地质条件下的生排烃效率与模型。无论是大型湖相沉积盆地还是中小型断陷盆地,甚至是盐湖相沉积盆地,烃源岩生排烃特征基本一致。随着成熟度的增高,湖相烃源岩排烃效率逐渐增高,在低成熟阶段排烃效率较低,在成熟与高成熟阶段具有高或很高的排烃效率。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型有机质类型烃源岩排烃模式相似,相对排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于45%,成熟生油高峰时达85%~90%,至生油窗下限时达90%以上;累积排烃效率在低成熟阶段小于10%,生油高峰时达50%~60%,生油窗下限时达75%~85%,主要的排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.7%~1.2%之间,生油窗阶段生成并排出了绝大部分烃类。湖相Ⅲ型有机质烃源岩排烃效率明显低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型有机质烃源岩,生油窗阶段累积排烃效率仅为50%左右,主要生排烃阶段在镜质组反射率0.8%~2.0%之间。控制湖相烃源岩排烃量和排烃效率的主要因素是有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,而盆地类型、断裂发育程度、烃源岩沉积环境、相邻输导层孔渗条件等因素均不影响烃源岩排烃与排烃效率。     

碳酸盐岩与泥质烃源岩生气规律对比研究

配制了两套成熟度相近的碳酸盐岩和泥质岩丰度系列样品。采用半封闭外加温加压式热压模拟装置对碳酸盐岩的生烃情况进行了热模拟实验，研究了碳酸盐岩生气量随成熟度和温度变化的趋势，探讨了碳酸盐岩生气的变化规律。碳酸盐岩与泥质岩的生烃潜力是有机质质量和有机质丰度的函数，与岩性无关；碳酸盐岩的产气规律与泥质岩相似，而且两者产烃的量级也相当，并不存在碳酸盐岩生排烃效率高的现象；碳酸盐岩和泥质岩总有机碳(TOC)含量在热模拟过程中基本上不发生变化；不同岩性的有机质的产烃效率主要受温度和有机质类型决定。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩.江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标.参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩.     

烃源岩排烃系数的一元二次方程及其应用

排烃系数是成因法油气资源量评价的一个关键参数。根据烃源岩在生、排烃过程中单位体积内有机碳的质量平衡原理,以烃源岩的抽提、岩石热解仪分析数据为基础,通过6个独立代数方程推导出了关于排烃系数的一元二次方程。该方程中作为已知的参数是烃源岩的总残余有机碳（TOC）质量、残余可溶有机质（氯仿沥青“A”）的有机碳质量、干酪根热解烃有机碳质量（S2c）和有机质的原始降解率（D0）。通过黄骅坳陷板深68-1井沙-段排烃剖面上23个样品的实验分析数据,计算得出排烃系数在5％～41％之间。排烃系数计算结果的可靠性受烃源岩有机质的原始降解率的取值误差影响较大,在低成熟一成熟阶段,当混合型烃源岩有机质原始降解率的取值误差为10％时,排烃系数计算结果的相对误差一般为100～15％。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩.江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标.参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩.     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩。江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标。参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜力分析

孔店组是渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷油气勘探向深层转移的重要层系,受演化程度较高的制约,东营凹陷南坡东段孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能存在争议,为探讨东营凹陷深层含油气系统,明确孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,笔者等从含油气检测结合烃源岩分析的角度进行讨论。通过孔二段沉积时期古地貌恢复,结合地震剖面,明确了孔二段沉积时期的古地貌,探讨了孔二段烃源岩发育的平面分布特征;通过地化及薄片观察,对孔二段烃源岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度进行研究,且对高成熟孔二段烃源岩进行原始有机碳含量恢复,结合流体包裹体测试、冷阴极发光、荧光观察等系统分析,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能。研究认为,孔二段烃源岩展布范围较大,且在沉降中心发育较厚的孔二段烃源岩层;孔二段烃源岩原始有机碳含量较高,有机质来源以高等植物为主,属于Ⅱ1-Ⅲ型有机质,成熟度较高,烃源岩已进入生气阶段,综合评定为中等—较好烃源岩。孔店组主要发生两期油充注和一期天然气充注：第一期油充注发生在沙三段沉积时期;第二期油充注发生在东营组沉积时期;第三期天然气充注发生在平原组沉积时期,结合东营凹陷古近系烃源岩生排烃模拟结果,认为孔店组原油具有孔二段烃源岩的生排烃贡献。通过分析孔二段烃源岩发育特征结合生排烃研究,判识孔二段烃源岩生排烃潜能,为东营凹陷深部含油气系统研究鉴定基础。     

湖相烃源岩生烃动力学及排油效率——以松辽盆地青山口组为例

为准确评价湖相烃源岩的排油量及致密油资源潜力,结合湖相I型有机质的黄金管热模拟实验和青山口组烃源岩的有机地球化学分析,对松辽盆地湖相烃源岩生烃特征、动力学参数和排油效率进行了研究。热模拟实验的产物定量结果表明,松辽盆地青山口组湖相烃源岩具有可观的生油潜力,最大生油量约为600 mg/g·TOC,主要的生油阶段在Easy Ro=0.5%~1.2%。动力学计算结果表明,该烃源岩生油的平均活化能为218.5 k J/mol,重质组分生成活化能要低于轻质组分。结合青山口组烃源岩的生油动力学参数和英X58井热史的地质推演,证实该井湖相烃源岩的当前生油转化率为40%~60%,生油量为240~360 mg/g·TOC;通过残留烃的定量,计算得到该烃源岩的排油量为150~200mg/g·TOC,相对排油效率约为60%。生油量及排油效率结果表明,松辽盆地致密油资源潜力大。     

排烃门限存在的地质地球化学证据及其应用

排烃门限概念的提出为有效源岩的判识奠定了理论基础, 它在油气勘探与资源评价中具有重要意义.采用地球化学的方法论证了排烃门限的客观存在.研究表明, 源岩进入排烃门限后, 其反映生烃潜能的指标(S₁+S₂)/TOC、氢指数以及反映烃源岩残留烃量的指标氯仿沥青“A”都开始明显降低; 烃源岩中可溶有机质的化学成分、生物标志物的含量与分布特征也都发生明显的变化, 没有进入排烃门限的源岩可溶有机质与原油差别大, 进入门限后的源岩可溶有机质开始与原油组分较为一致.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙四段泥岩和页岩的排烃门限分别为2 200 m和2 000 m左右, 排烃强度分别为0~1 100 kg/m2和0~150 kg/m2, 累积排出烃量为7.365×108 t和1.435×108 t.      

努力推进城乡规划科技进步为城乡规划事业发展做贡献

中国城市规划设计研究院是科技体制改革后建设部唯一的直属科研机构，是全国城市规划研究、设计和信息中心，担负着为国家和建设部城乡规划决策提供技术支撑、为地方城乡规划建设提供咨询服务、促进城乡规划行业技术进步的职责。多年来，我院在不断深化院体制改革、促进院发展的同时，认真     

Possible relation of resistance of rocks to granitization and to their equilibrium and thermodynamic anisotropism

Resistance or susceptibility of different rocks to granitization and ultra metamorphism may be related to the degree of their equilibrium and to their energetic (thermodynamic) anisotropism. All rocks may be divided accordingly into active and passive ones, depending on their behavior in granitizing environments. The active group (sedimentary, elastic, clayey, mixed, noncrystalline effusives) consists of energetically anisotropic ones as well as of rocks that failed to attain their chemical equilibrium by the time of their stabilization. Such rocks are able to release a part of their energy in a certain stage of their granitization. The passive group includes sedimentary rocks (carbonate, ferruginous), fully crystalline magmatic rocks, energetically isotropic homogeneous sandstones, and quartzites). Granitization of such rocks, is, among other things, an endothermal phenomenon. Basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks are susceptible to granitization, provided they are interbedded with water-bearing sediments (including the passive ones); the resistance of such combinations to granitization is lower than the resistance of their constituents separately. Exothermal phenomena in granitization, such as release of energy from thermodynamically anisotropic bodies or of the accumulated solar energy (by crystalline substance) in reactions involving an uptake of liquid and gaseous phases, insufficient as they may be to assure a continuity of the granitization, may have a decisive effect upon the granitization-resistance of the rocks. — V.P. Sokoloff     

Applications of grain-pivoting and sliding analyses to selective entrapment of gravel and to flow-competence evaluations

Models of sediment threshold by grain pivoting or sliding over underlying particles are examined in order to explore their application to evaluations of selective entrainment of gravel by flowing water. Of special interest is whether such process-based models provide satisfactory evaluations of flow competence and the movement of large clasts by floods. A detailed derivation is undertaken, focusing first on the fluid flow and forces at the particle level. The resulting threshold equation for the particle-level velocity is then modified to yield the mean entrainment stress for the flow as a whole. This approach is appropriate for considerations of selective entrainment of grains of varying sizes within a deposit, the sorting being due to their relative projection distances above the bed and the dependence of their pivoting angles on grain size and shape. The resulting threshold equations contain a number of coefficients (e.g. drag and lift) whose values are poorly known, but can be constrained by requiring agreement with the Shields curve for the threshold of grains in uniform deposits. If pivoting coefficients based on laboratory measurements with tetrahedral arrangements of particles are used in the models, smaller degrees of selective sorting are predicted than found in the field measurements of gravel entrainment. However, if reasonable modifications of those coefficients are made for expected field conditions, then the models yield good agreement with the data. Sliding models, where sorting is due entirely to projection distances of the grains above the bed, yield somewhat poorer agreement with the field data; however, the sliding models may have support from laboratory experiments on gravel entrainment in that the data and theoretical curves have similar concave trends. The existing measurements lack documentation of the mechanisms of grain movement, so it is not possible to conclusively determine the relative importance of grain pivoting versus sliding. In spite of such uncertainties, the results are encouraging and it is concluded that pivoting and sliding models for grain entrainment do have potential for field computations of selective entrainment and flow competence.     

Response of Concrete and Masonry Dams to Ground Vibration due to Blasting

The safety and stability of concrete and masonry dams is a great concern when blasting has to be conducted close to these dams in order to construct small hydro-electric projects. There is a danger of ground vibration amplification to those residential-type buildings that are built close to these dams.

Responses of three concrete and masonry dams were measured directly by conducting a number of blasts and by monitoring vibration in the ground as well as on the dams. The amplitudes and frequencies of the motions were analysed and vibration attenuation relations were derived. These relations were used to compare the vibration levels on the dams with those in the ground.

Because of close-in construction blasts that produced high frequency ground vibrations, there was no amplification of the ground vibrations by these dams. The measured amplitudes of ground vibration were comparable to those of the dams.     

Application of fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making to select and to rank the post-mining land-use

The selection of an optimal reclamation method is one of the most important portions of the surface mining design. There are many factors in this problem which seriously influence decision-making. The fuzzy set theory was applied due to the effect of uncertain parameters involved in the decision-making process. Therefore, the fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making method was proposed. The aim of this study is to use the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method for ranking the optimal post-mining land-use and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method in order to determine the weights of each criterion. This approach is applied to the surface coal mine by employing 28 criteria which influence the decision-making procedure. The TOPSIS and AHP methods have been the most used methods of mining decision-making and demonstrated their ability to make critical decisions. By evaluating the alternatives and considering effective criteria with proposed methods, agriculture is the optimal post-mining land-use.     

A polygon-based modeling approach to assess exposure of resources and assets to wildfire

Spatially explicit burn probability modeling is increasingly applied to assess wildfire risk and inform mitigation strategy development. Burn probabilities are typically expressed on a per-pixel basis, calculated as the number of times a pixel burns divided by the number of simulation iterations. Spatial intersection of highly valued resources and assets (HVRAs) with pixel-based burn probability estimates enables quantification of HVRA exposure to wildfire in terms of expected area burned. However, statistical expectations can mask variability in HVRA area burned across all simulated fires. We present an alternative, polygon-based formulation for deriving estimates of HVRA area burned. This effort enhances investigations into spatial patterns of fire occurrence and behavior by overlaying simulated fire perimeters with mapped HVRA polygons to estimate conditional distributions of HVRA area burned. This information can be especially useful for assessing risks where cumulative effects and the spatial pattern and extent of area burned influence HVRA response to fire. We illustrate our modeling approach and demonstrate application across real-world landscapes for two case studies: first, a comparative analysis of exposure and area burned across ten municipal watersheds on the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in Montana, USA, and second, fireshed delineation and exposure analysis of a geographically isolated and limited area of critical wildlife habitat on the Pike and San Isabel National Forests in Colorado, USA. We highlight how this information can be used to inform prioritization and mitigation decisions and can be used complementarily with more traditional pixel-based burn probability and fire intensity metrics in an expanded exposure analysis framework.     

艾力格庙──锡林浩特“中间地块”的归宿及有关问题探讨

地质、地球化学、地球物理场特征和地震测深结果均表明，颇大的艾力格庙──锡林浩特“中间地块”（由Ｐｔ１ｂｙ和Ｐｔ３ａｌ组成）可能是不存在的。锡林浩特等微大陆碎块，充其量不过是晚华力西褶皱带内彼此分隔的极小型移置体。把几个不连续的小型移置体牵强的连接成巨大的“中间地块”［１，２］，是不切实际的。应该把“中间地块”改划为艾力格庙──锡林浩特晚华力西地槽褶皱带。