南海北部末次冰消期及快速气候回返事件

对南海北部陆坡Ｖ３６－０６－３柱状样上部进行高分辨率地层学研究、浮游有孔虫和稳定同位素分析，并运用转换函数法和加权平均法求取约１５０００—７０００ａＢ．Ｐ．的末次冰消期中古环境参数的变化。结果发现约１０５００—７９００ａＢ．Ｐ．期间有一次强烈的古气候回返事件，与新仙女木期相对应，但持续时间较长。在此期间，冬季平均表层水温下降２．７℃，溶解氧与磷酸盐磷含量增高，古盐度与碳酸盐溶解度略有上升，黑潮水的影响大为降低，推测系海面上升过程中爪哇海海水进入南海所致。     

珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的沉积－古地理

本文将珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的演化分为前三角洲(约４００００—３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．)、老三角洲(３２５００—７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．)和新三角洲(７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．—现在)三个阶段，并在此基础上探讨珠江三角洲沉积－古地理的变迁。研究结果表明，在前三角洲阶段，珠江三角洲为内陆环境，五条大河在中山三角一带汇合，然后向南东入海。磨刀门西江水道形成于第二阶段的３００００—２００００。Ｂ．Ｐ．；狮子洋、珠江和银洲湖等水道则是全新世才发展起来的。三角洲发生过两次海侵。第一次大约开始于３２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．，第二次大约开始于７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．。两次海侵形成了新、老两套三角洲沉积。     

北京地区末次冰消期气候环境变化记录的初步研究

对北京房山县长沟镇附近埋藏末次冰消期湖沼沉积物层序和岩性变化的观测资料，以及１４Ｃ测年、孢粉分析、磁化率、有机碳δ^１３Ｃ值和有机质含量等测定资料的综合研究表明：１)约１３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以前本区气候相当干冷，植被稀疏；２)约１３０００～１２１００ａＢ．Ｐ．气候明显变暖，植被日趋繁茂，出现针叶－落叶阔叶林；３)约１２１００～１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．气候波动相当显著，十分不稳定，并在约１１６００～１１３００ａＢ．Ｐ．和约１０９５０～１０４８０ａＢ．Ｐ．气候明显向干冷逆转；而在这两个气候逆转之间出现相对湿润或温湿的气候。这一短期气候变化与北大西洋地区有相似之处，又有差异。     

我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变

中国北方农牧交错带在１０－８．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．经历了三次阶段性增暖后进入全新世暖期。８．５－８．０ｋａＢ，Ｐ．和４．－３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．暖期的开始与结束事件中降水变化落后于温度变化３００－５００ａ；暖期盛期时的年均温较现代高２－３℃，降水多１００ｍｍ左右；暖期中存在多次短期寒冷事件，年均温最冷时较现代低３℃以上。３．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，以来冷干趋势之上叠加着大致由３００ａ稳定与５００ａ波动构成约８００ａ     

青海湖全新世以来古环境参数的研究

作者根据青海湖水下近代沉积物岩芯中胖真星介(Ｅｕｃｙｐｒｉｓｉｎｆｌａｔａ)壳微量碳酸盐占δ_１８Ｏ、δ_１３Ｃ以及单体介壳的微量元素分析，重建了青海湖区冰后期以来的古气候环境演化序列，并在此基础上通过对全湖湖水水温、盐度、同位素以及现生胖真星介的δ_１８Ｏ和微量元素分析，定量地求取了１２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来各时段的古湖盐度、水位和水温变化数据。研究结果表明：古青海湖在全新世早期湖水含盐量在２０ｇ／Ｌ上下波动，进入大西洋期湖水盐度才波动下降，５Ｏ００—２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．年间湖水含盐量在５ｇ／Ｌ以下，此后湖水盐度才缓慢上升，达到今日的１４．１３４ｇ／Ｌ；全新世早期古青海湖处于浅湖环境其平均水位比现代低约８ｍ，全新世高湖面出现在６５００、５１００和３９００—３１００ａＢ．Ｐ．年间，水位比现今仅高１７—１８ｍ；全新世大暖期的时限为９３００—５３００ａＢ．Ｐ．，该时段古湖平均水温比现代高１．８℃。     

湖相自生沉积作用与环境──兼论西藏色林错沉积物记录

内陆封闭湖泊自生沉积作用与当地的气候、环境密切相关，自生沉积速率主要受湖水蒸发量和补给水的化学成分控制，并受湖面变化影响。西藏色林错沉积物岩芯地球化学和矿物组成的变化揭示了当地１２０００年以来的气候和湖面变化，其中１２０００—１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．干旱、低湖面，１００００—４２００ａＢ．Ｐ．温湿、湖面上升，４２００年以来的干旱、湖面波动下降的趋势。     

孢粉记录揭示的2万年以来若尔盖地区的气候变化

若尔盖黑河牧场ＤＣ剖面的孢粉记录表明，末次冰期晚阶段若尔盖原高的气候表现为不稳定性，即冷暖变化频繁，其基本变化与全球一致，相对暖的阶段发生在２０－１８ＫａＢＰ，１６－１５ＫａＢＰ和１３－１１．２ＫａＢＰ；相对冷的阶段在１８－１６ＫａＢＰ，１５－１４ＫａＢＰ和１１．２－１０．２ＫａＢＰ。其中末次冰期最盛期发生于１８－１６ＫａＢＰ；１１．２－１０．２ＫａＢＰ的降温可对应于ＹｏｕｎｇｅｒＤｒｙａｓ事件。     

周原黄土及其与文化层的关系

笔者等于１９９１年将黄土高原东南缘厚１—３ｍ、基色调为红色的全新世黄土名为周原黄土，并划分为五层，分属全新世早、中、晚三期，与新石器以来的文化层有叠压和可比关系。其中，褐红色顶层埋藏土(约８０００—２８００ａＢ．Ｐ．)含新石器时代中、晚期和夏、商、周的文化层；褐色顶层埋藏土(约２８００—２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．)含春秋、战国和秦汉文化层。地质沉积地层与文化堆积地层联合研究，为地质学和考古学中的地层研究开拓了新途径。     

青藏高原晚新生代磁性地层研究

本文较详细的论述了青藏高原晚新生代晚期的２０多个地层剖面或钻孔的磁性地层极性期,得出了一批地层年代数据。如昆仑山口羌塘组为３．１ＭａＢＰ－０．６５ＭａＢＰ,在该组中发现的三趾马化石为２．０８ＭａＢＰ,定日县贡巴组为２．３ＭａＢＰ－１．９ＭａＢＰ;札达盆地札达组和香孜组为６．１５ＭａＢＰ－３．４ＭａＢＰ,３．４ＭａＢＰ－１．２５ＭａＢＰ;理塘甲洼组为１．２４ＭａＢＰ－０．４３ＭａＢＰ,还得出吉隆三跖     

渭南黄土剖面的年龄测定及十五万年来高分辨时间序列的建立

作者对渭南黄土剖面连续采取的样品进行了系统的_１４Ｃ和ＴＬ年龄测定，测得的_１４Ｃ年龄做了δ_１３Ｃ校正和日历年龄校正，并与ＳＰＥＣＭＡＰ比较，取得了很好的结果。根据测得的年龄，Ｓ０底部１４３ｃｍ处的_１４Ｃ年龄为１０３００ａＢ．Ｐ，即全新世起始于１０３００ａＢ．Ｐ．；Ｌ１可划分五层，其中Ｌ(１－２)和Ｌ(１－４)为古土壤层，Ｌ(１－２)顶部_１４Ｃ年龄为２２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，深度为３６１ｃｍ，Ｌ(１－４)．底部有一层明显的碳酸盐结核，其ＴＬ年龄为５１９１０ａＢ．Ｐ．，深度为６４０Ｃｍ；Ｌ１底部的ＴＬ年龄为７３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，深度为８５５ｃｍ，这便是马兰黄土的起始年龄；Ｓ１底部为１３４５００ａＢ．Ｐ．，深度为１２１６ｃｍ。与深海沉积物氧同位素阶段对比，马兰黄土相当于１—４阶段，Ｓ１相当于５阶段。     

气候与环境演变中的非线性关系——以末次冰期为例

通过末次冰消期国内外实例,说明在气候和环境演变中广泛存在非线性关系,简单地将辐射量增大→气温增高→海面上升→岸线后退视作线性系统,会导致错误的模式和错误的预测。由于非线性反馈的结果,当末次冰消期辐射量最大时,反而出现新仙女木期突然变冷事件,在我国也已发现相应或近似事件的证据;冰后期海面随气候转暖的上升,同样也包含曲折和反复;海面上升在某些河口可以促使沉积加速,岸线并不向后退。     

Glacial-interglacial changes in the surface water characteristics of the Andaman Sea: Evidence from stable isotopic ratios of planktonic foraminifera

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of the planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinoides ruber) from a deep sea sediment core (GC-1) in the Andaman Sea show high glacial-to-Holocene δ¹⁸O amplitude of 2.1%o which is consistent with previously published records from this marginal basin and suggest increased salinity and/or decreased temperature in the glacial surface waters of this region. A pulse of¹⁸O enrichment during the last deglaciation can be attributed to a Younger Dryas cooling event and/or to a sudden decrease of fresh water influx from the Irrawady and Salween rivers into the Andaman Sea. High δ¹³C values observed during the isotopic stages 2 and 4 are probably due to the enhanced productivity during glacial times in the Andaman Sea.     

末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部表层和温跃层海水温度演化的脱耦现象

解读末次冰消期全球水文气候演变过程对于理解气候系统对内外强迫的响应具有重要意义. 以冲绳海槽中部OKI02岩心为材料,通过浮游有孔虫Globigerinodes ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata壳体Mg/Ca比值分别重建了19 ka BP以来海槽中部表层和温跃层海水温度（SST和TWT）,结合浮游有孔虫群落组成变化重点恢复了末次冰消期（~18~11.7 ka BP）上层水体温度变化的特征和过程. 结果显示SST在LGM显著偏低,末次冰消期表现为显著的千年尺度变化,清楚地记录了HS1、B/A、YD等快速气候波动事件. 19 ka BP以来重建的TWT整体呈明显的上升趋势,但波动频繁而剧烈,末次冰消期相对较低,未显示显著的千年尺度变化. 对比北半球高纬和热带太平洋的记录发现,末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部SST开始上升的时间基本与前者相当,但明显滞后于热带西太平洋;冰消期其变化模式明显区别于热带西太平洋持续稳定的升温过程,而更类似于北半球高纬区的变化. 与SST明显不同,海槽区温跃层的升温（~18 ka BP）明显早于北半球高纬变暖,却接近于热带西太平洋海表温度开始上升的时间;且TWT的上升和波动方式也更接近于热带太平洋海温的变化模式. 对末次冰消期SST和TWT差异化演变的分析表明,AMOC对中低纬大气环流的影响可能通过东亚冬季风强度的变化控制了海槽区SST的演变,而热带太平洋ENSO过程则可能通过黑潮强度的变化决定了区域TWT的演化. 末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部SST和TWT演化存在明显的脱耦现象,显示了其与高、低纬海洋和气候变化之间的密切联系.      

Planktonic Foraminiferal and Alkenone Records of the Last Deglaciation from the Eastern Arabian Sea

The oxygen isotope record of planktonic foraminifera from tropical core MD77194 (Eastern Arabian Sea) exhibits a clear two-step deglaciation with a brief δ¹⁸O transient event. In the tropics, this δ¹⁸O maximum could correspond to a cooling or to a change in the δ¹⁸O content of sea water. In this study, past sea-surface temperature (SST) and primary production (PP) are reconstructed from foraminiferal transfer functions and compared to values estimated from alkenone measurements. SST and PP records from both proxies indicate a 1.5–2.5°C deglacial warming, coupled with a PP decrease, and a 0.5–1°C cooling during the Younger Dryas (YD). A detailed comparison between independent micropaleontological and geochemical proxies helps us identify potential biases and thus strengthen the paleo-reconstructions.     

Millennial-scale dynamics of the winter cold tongue in the southern South China Sea over the past 26 ka and the East Asian winter monsoon

Millennial-scale variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) remain elusive due to sparse and controversial reconstructions. By compiling a variety of alkenone-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, we find that the west-east SST gradient in the southern South China Sea (SCS) well documents the temporal dynamics of the winter “cold tongue” off the southern Vietnam and by inference, variations in the EAWM intensity over the past 26 ka. Our results reveal that the winter “cold tongue” SSTs were significantly colder during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas event, resulting in an increased west-east SST gradient in the southern SCS due to a strengthened EAWM. Within dating uncertainties, an intensified EAWM during cold stadials was coeval with the shutdown or a reduction in strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), exhibiting a strong linkage between the AMOC and the EAWM system. The west-east SST gradient also indicates an enhanced EAWM during the early Holocene, which may be induced by postglacial ice-sheet dynamics and a strong seasonal contrast in solar insolation. Our findings suggest that the EAWM was probably modulated by a complex interplay between the AMOC, solar insolation and ice-sheet dynamics on sub-orbital time scales.     

越南岸外晚第四纪上升流与东亚夏季风变迁

通过对南海西部越南岸外１７９５４—３柱状样中浮游和底栖有孔虫的定量分析,结合碳酸钙、有机碳和稳定同位素数据,获得南海西部上升流区近２０万年来的古海洋学记录,进而讨论了晚第四纪东亚夏季风的变迁。结果表明,在间冰期,尤其是末次间冰期,越南岸外出现表层海水古温度低、温跃层浅、生产力高,同时底层海水富营养的现象,说明上升流的存在,且该上升流有从氧同位素５期(ＭＩＳ５期)向１期逐渐减弱的趋势。结合南海现代海流及生产力分布的研究,推断该上升流由东亚夏季风驱动,其强弱的变化说明,东亚夏季风在近２０万年来有间冰期增强、冰期减弱,且从ＭＩＳ５期向ＭＩＳ１期递减的特征。     

Younger Dryas事件与北黄海泥炭层的形成

形成于海平面变化处于停滞阶段和湿润气候条件下的泥炭层是古环境变化信息的重要载体。对北黄海4个含泥炭层的沉积剖面进行研究后发现,其均集中在渤海海峡入口处,水深变化在50～54m。泥炭层的AMS14C年龄在10650～1010014 CaBP,与发生在11000～1000014 CaBP间的末次冰消气候回冷事件——Younger Dryas(YD)事件在年代上非常吻合,表明北黄海泥炭层的形成可能与YD事件的全球效应密切相关,可作为YD事件在北黄海陆架响应的一个重要证据。泥炭层在北黄海的集中出现说明,冰后期的海平面上升过程中在YD事件期间存在停滞阶段,这一时期海面已经达到渤海海峡外侧,并可能在此徘徊了近千年。此外,泥炭层的大量出现和孢粉记录表明YD事件发生期间约为10600～1020014 CaBP,此时北黄海可能处在寒冷而湿润的环境。这一发现与全球范围内大部分YD事件的海陆记录存在明显差异,说明不同地区对YD事件的响应存在差异,不能简单地利用单一的干冷模式来分析YD事件在区域上的响应特征和过程。     

A ∼25 ka Indian Ocean monsoon variability record from the Andaman Sea

Recent paleoclimatic work on terrestrial and marine deposits from Asia and the Indian Ocean has indicated abrupt changes in the strength of the Asian monsoon during the last deglaciation. Comparison of marine paleoclimate records that track salinity changes from Asian rivers can help evaluate the coherence of the Indian Ocean monsoon (IOM) with the larger Asian monsoon. Here we present paired Mg/Ca and δ¹⁸O data on the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white) from Andaman Sea core RC12-344 that provide records of sea-surface temperature (SST) and δ¹⁸O of seawater (δ¹⁸O_sw) over the past 25,000 years (ka) before present (BP). Age control is based on nine accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates on mixed planktic foraminifera. Mg/Ca-SST data indicate that SST was ∼3 °C cooler during the last glacial maximum (LGM) than the late Holocene. Andaman Sea δ¹⁸O_sw exhibited higher than present values during the Lateglacial interval ca 19–15 ka BP and briefly during the Younger Dryas ca 12 ka BP. Lower than present δ¹⁸O_sw values during the BØlling/AllerØd ca 14.5–12.6 ka BP and during the early Holocene ca 10.8–5.5 ka BP are interpreted to indicate lower salinity, reflect some combination of decreased evaporation–precipitation (E–P) over the Andaman Sea and increased Irrawaddy River outflow. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that IOM intensity was stronger than present during the BØlling/AllerØd and early Holocene, and weaker during the late glaciation, Younger Dryas, and the late Holocene. These findings support the hypothesis that rapid climate change during the last deglaciation and Holocene included substantial hydrologic changes in the IOM system that were coherent with the larger Asian monsoon.     

晚冰期Younger Drayas环境灾变

新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas Event)是过去15000年里全球最为严重的环境灾变事件。它使得冰期气候急剧回返,陆地自然环境严重恶化,并且遣成更新世末期的生物界大绝灭。该事件在深海沉积、大陆冰盖和湖泊沉积物剖面都有多种十分显著的记录。对其成因和机制的研究,将会深入揭示太阳辐射—大气—海洋气—冰盖气—陆地气—生物圈相互作用系统中的非线性反馈现象,为探索人类面临的全球变化问题提供借鉴。     

Glacial history of western Norway 15,000–10,000 B.P.

The deglaciation patterns of the Bergen and Nordfjord-Sunnmøre areas in western Norway are described and correlated. In the Bergen area the coast was first deglaciated at 12,600 B.P., with a succeeding re-advance into the North Sea around 12,200 B.P. Later, during the Allerød, the inland ice retreated at least 50 km, but nearly reached the sea again during the Younger Dryas re-advance, ending at 10,000 B.P. Sunnmøre was ice-free during an interstadial 28,000–38,000 B.P. Later the inland ice reached the sea. The final deglaciation is poorly dated in Sunnmøre, while further south in Nordfjord, it started slightly before 12,300 B.P., followed by a major retreat. No large re-advance of the inland ice occurred during the Younger Dryas. However, in the Sunnmøre-Nordfjord area many local glaciers formed outside the inland ice during the Younger Dryas. Limnic sediments outside one such cirque glacier have been cored and dated, proving that the glacier did not exist at 12,300-11,000 B.P., and that it was formed and disappeared in the time interval 11,000–10,000 B.P. (Younger Dryas). The erosion rate of the cirque glacier was 0.9 mm/year.