鲁北贝壳滩脊沉积特征及发育环境分析

渤海西南岸贝壳滩脊发育典型,贝壳含量高、规模大,不仅作为古岸线标志,还是抵御风暴潮的天然屏障。作者通过对鲁北贝壳滩脊的沉积结构,发育环境分析,将贝壳滩脊分为堤梗和堤内充填两个亚相。前者以贝壳和贝壳碎块为主,具有平行层理和高角度斜层理,后者以贝壳细碎屑为主,亦含细粉沙,具有向陆倾的平行层理。贝壳滩脊的形成和发育受多种因素的控制,其中贝壳物质的大量富集、较强的暴风浪、风的吹积作用及入海河流的改道效应等均与其有密切关系。当黄河从鲁北入海时,潮滩快速加积,贝壳贫乏,当黄河远离本区时,鲁北岸滩相对侵蚀,利于贝壳滩脊的发育。     

海南岛海岸环境特征

海南岛虱热带季风岛屿型气候，为南海大陆架岛屿，中央为山地，临海为多种类型海岸，以处于动态平衡的海蚀-海积型海岸为主。海南岛主要是基岩岬湾海岸，潮汐属日潮型，东部与南部为不规则日潮混合潮。海岸构造运动与气候变化的双重影响，更新世初期，海岸属基岩港湾型，晚更新世构造运动频敏，使不少海湾底部抬升为阶地。构造抬升运动持续到全新世，使一些珊瑚抬升为高出海面数米的阶地。海岸类型按其成因与形态可分为两大类：基岩港湾海岸与砂砾质平原海岸。基岩港湾海岸分布于山地与丘陵临海处，砂砾质平原海岸（或为三解洲平原海岸）其表现形式多为沙坝与泻湖海岸，沙坝上叠置发育着海滩、沙堤或沙丘，随着海岸加积展宽或地壳上升，老的沙坝可抬高成为海积阶地。潮流作用对洪湾众多的海南岛的发育演变以及开发利用亦有重要作用。潮汐汊道港湾规模较大，水域面积达数十平方公理。     

山东半岛东部南北岸典型砂质海岸沉积、地貌的横向差异及成因分析———以海阳万米海滩岸段和威海国际海水浴场岸段为例

根据2011年在海阳万米海滩岸段与威海国际海水浴场岸段调查获得的夏、冬两季海岸实测地形剖面与沉积物粒度数据,并收集相关水文资料,对南北两海岸地貌与沉积差异性进行分析,探讨了半岛东部南北岸典型砂质海岸动力环境的差异。研究结果表明,南部海岸宽广平缓,发育滩脊、滩肩、沙波纹等地貌,沉积物在水下岸坡上段以中粗砂、中细砂为主,水下岸坡以下段以粉砂、黏土质粉砂为主;北部海岸地形陡,发育滩肩陡坎、水下沙坝等地貌,沉积物以砾质砂为主。导致这些差异的动力为风、波浪、潮汐及沿岸流堆积。     

长江三角洲南部古沙堤(冈身)的沉积特征、成因及年代

本文从沉积结构、构造、贝壳组分与停积方式、沙体的几何形态以及垂向地层层序等方面,阐述长江三角洲南部古沙堤(冈身)的沉积特征,并据此确认古沙堤(冈身)属盐沼滩脊类型,而由各条冈身和其间泥质平原构成的整个冈身地带则是古代盐沼滩脊平源,这种滩脊与盐沼相间排列的格局,系历史时期三角洲海岸前展与后退嬗替的结果。同时,本文还以18个贝壳样品的14C测年为依据,探讨了古沙堤形成的年代分别距今6800—6000、5800—5500、4200—4000和3200年前。     

浅谈冰后期海侵以来的东海海岸砂源

冰后期海侵,海岸必然遭受改造。东海海岸砂源与海侵时期陆架均夷过程密切相关。现代堆积海岸的物质多具陆源性,但主要通过沉积物的再搬运和再沉积所形成。宽缓陆架及其大量松散物质的储备,有利于海侵时期东海陆架的细粒沉积物,在潮流作用下往复搬运和向岸迁移、加积。     

第四纪加积型红土与下蜀黄土理化特征比较

加积型红土和下蜀黄土是我国亚热带地区常见的第四纪沉积物。测试了加积型红土的粒度、矿物与石英砂表面特征、磁化率、常量元素和稀土元素等理化指标,并与下蜀黄土进行了对比分析,结果表明,加积型红土与下蜀黄土在理化特征上具有整体相似性,显示风成特性,但较下蜀黄土经历了更为强烈的化学风化作用。同一剖面自下而上为加积型红土至棕黄色下蜀土的沉积序列,揭示了中更新世至晚更新世风化成壤强度减弱、气候由湿热向干凉转变的趋势;北亚热带和中亚热带沉积年代相当的下蜀土风化特征差异反映了古环境变化的纬度效应。     

古代黄河三角洲海岸的现代特征——黄河三角洲潮滩时空谱系研究Ⅰ

从冀鲁交界的大口河口向东至顺江沟为蜿蜒120km的粉沙淤泥质海岸。作者先后于1987、1992和2000年对该海岸进行了多次实施考察，并应用80年代至90年代末以来的航空和卫星遥感等资料对其进行了综合分析。公元11－1128年，黄河尾阎在此摆动入海，开成河口滩型海岸。1128年以后，黄河自此迁走，在海洋动力作用下，由河口滩型海岸逐渐演变成为典型的潮滩型海岸。该岸段海岸发育了广阔平坦的、相带十分明显的潮滩地带。在潮滩上同时发育了岛链状贝壳堤、残留冲积岛和巨大的多级分叉贯通性的潮水沟网络，构成了独具特色的海岸地貌环境体系，即黄河三角洲潮滩海岸时空谱系中的古代典河三角洲海岸。     

古代黄河三角洲海岸的现代特征--黄河三角洲潮滩时空谱系研究I

从冀鲁交界的大口河口向东至顺江沟为蜿蜒120 km的粉沙淤泥质海岸。作者先后于1987、1992和2000年对该海岸进行了多次实地考察，并应用80年代至90年代末以来的航空和卫星遥感等资料对其进行了综合分析。公元11～1128年，黄河尾闾在此摆动入海，形成河口滩型海岸。1128年以后，黄河自此迁走，在海洋动力作用下，由河口滩型海岸逐渐演变成为典型的潮滩型海岸。该岸段海岸发育了广阔平坦的、相带十分明显的潮滩地带。在潮滩上同时发育了岛链状贝壳堤、残留冲积岛和巨大的多级分叉贯通性的潮水沟网络，构成了独具特色的海岸地貌环境体系，即黄河三角洲潮滩海岸时空谱系中的古代黄河三角洲海岸。     

辽东湾东岸砂质海岸的地貌特征

根据辽东湾东岸12段砂质海岸的实测剖面、表层沉积物粒度以及收集的水文资料,对其海岸类型、海岸动力环境等特征进行了研究,并运用Dean参数Ω探讨了研究区砂质海岸的动力地貌特征。结果表明:研究区砂质海岸发育岬湾型和沙坝-潟湖型两种海岸类型,并受浪控型、过渡型及潮控型三种海岸动力影响。辽东湾东岸砂质海岸动力地貌特征根据Dean参数Ω可划分为消散型与过渡型两种,两者在辽东湾东岸相间分布。     

青岛港湾海岸区第四纪地下卤水生存环境与富集条件

青岛港湾海岸区发现可利用卤水资源是中国北方沿海第四纪滨海相地下卤水研究的又一次重要进展。青岛港湾海岸区只有全新世海侵期，具备成卤古海水来源。虽然海岸平原狭小，第四系沉积层浅薄，却有封闭环境优良的湾中湾和堰坝式沉积盆地提供聚卤场所。又有滨海第四纪沉积盆地地质基础以及入海径流贫乏的水文条件，为地下卤水形成和富集创造了有利环境。港湾海岸区海岸地貌特点控制了卤水分布区呈斑块状散布，局部岸段可形成小型矿带。青岛胶州湾沿岸含卤岩系结构特征在中国北方沿海具有典型性，故命名为“胶州湾型”     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.