藏南洛扎地区中生代生物组合与沉积环境分析

较详细分析了．洛扎地区晚三叠世一早白垩世地层中的生物习性特点,对生物的形态功能、行为习性、化石埋藏、生物与环境的关系以及生物之间的相互关系等进行了初步探讨,划分了与环境相适应的十四大古生物群落,晚三叠世高水位体系域Monotissalinaria-M．haueri生物群落,陆棚风暴碎屑岩型Entoliumnieniexionglaense—Cruziana群落,陆棚泥质-火山岩型Coroniceras群落,早侏罗世海侵体系域Melanoides—Discohelix群落,早中侏罗世高水位型Hastites—Chondrites群落,深海凝缩层型Discinisca-Euestheria群落,晚侏罗世浅海陆棚泥岩型Buchiablanfordiana-Vingatosphinctes-Belemnopsis群落,凝缩段泥岩环境中的Belemnopsisaucklandica群落,穹隆或洼地及斜坡带上低位域Hibolithes jiabulensis—Belemnoposs sinensis群落,广海陆棚型Belemnopsis—BfandiacePas—Haplophylloceras群落,广海瞄掘型Himalayites-Spiticeras群落,广海陆棚型Berriasellidae-lnoceramus群落,广海陆棚型Cruralina-Peregrinella群落,闭塞泻湖型Ancylocaratidae—Bochitidae群落。建立了区内晚三叠-早白垩世沉积-生态地层格架。     

黔东北震旦纪陡山沱晚期庙河型生物群的生态特征及埋藏环境初探

贵州省东北部江口县桃映震旦纪陡山沱组上部发现的庙河型生物群,包括宏体藻类、可能的后生动物、遗迹化石以及其它生物化石等,进一步证实这类宏体生物群在扬子地区震旦纪陡山沱晚期有较为广泛的分布。通过与鄂西庙河生物群、皖南蓝田植物群的对比,震旦纪陡山沱晚期宏体生物群的生活环境主要为开阔浅海向台缘斜坡相过渡地带。通过对黔东北庙河型生物群的研究,认为陡山沱晚期的宏体生物群为以营固着生活方式为主,生活于透光性较好、具有一定水动力条件和一定含氧量的相对静水贫氧浅海环境;其固着基底为富含水份的未固结的粥性-软质基底。这些宏体生物群多呈半漂浮状竖立于海底,构成初步的“海底草原”,为生物群中依赖一定氧而生活、生长和繁殖的动物提供了必要的支持。生物死亡后,大部分生物躯体倒伏于沉积物表面,在贫氧和较快沉积速率的沉积环境中,生物遗体被较好保存,并很快被沉积物所埋藏。随着沉积物的增厚,生物遗体被完全封闭,导致生物遗体腐烂和分解过程终止,使其得以很好保存。较快的沉积速率、贫氧和相对平静水体的环境是生物群得以很好保存的重要因素。     

贵州关岭上三叠统瓦窑组中碳酸盐岩结核形成的生物作用

贵州省关岭县新铺乡附近的晚三叠世早期地层瓦窑组底部产具重大科学意义的关岭生物群。关岭生物群产出地层中伴有大量大型碳酸盐岩结核。这些结核中部都有植物茎干,结核内的海百合、双壳、菊石、牙形刺等生物化石含量明显高于结核周围的岩石,且有许多生物化石直接附着在植物茎干上。这类结核的形成,除化学沉积作用外,还有生物作用的影响。海百合、双壳类和菊石类栖息在植物茎干上营假浮游生活,随着栖息生物量和化学沉积物灰泥的增加,逐渐沉积在海底形成结核。     

黔西南贞丰中上三叠统竹杆坡组地球化学特征及其环境意义

贵州贞丰挽澜中上三叠统竹杆坡组中产出一个以棘皮动物为主的化石库,其埋藏模式与典型的兴义动物群不同。为了研究该化石库形成的环境背景,分析了沉积学和微量元素地球化学特征。研究表明,竹杆坡组纹层状灰岩段—瘤状灰岩段下部主要为缺氧环境,瘤状灰岩段中上部以贫氧—氧化环境为主。水体的氧化还原状态主要受控于海水循环的受限程度。受风暴潮的影响,海水氧气含量出现短暂的增高,这是棘皮动物繁盛的关键因素;而随后的缺氧环境则有利于生物保存形成化石库。     

下三叠统奥伦尼克阶含鱼化石结核地质意义初探

早三叠世奥伦尼克期含鱼化石碳酸盐岩结核在许多地区的海相地层中都有发现,如非洲东部的马达加斯加、欧洲北极圈内的斯匹兹卑尔根群岛`以及北美加拿大西部的不列颠哥伦比亚等。在我国安徽巢湖、江苏南京龙潭、句容等地的下三叠统奥伦尼克阶斯密斯亚阶(Smithian)顶部泥岩中也发育有大量含鱼化石的钙质碳酸盐岩结核,俗称"鱼瘤",其中的鱼化石保存完整且精美。安徽巢湖的"鱼瘤层"位于斯密斯亚阶-斯帕斯亚阶(SmithianSpathian,简称S-S)界线之下,围岩为灰色薄层泥质灰岩与灰黑色含瘤泥页岩互层,指示当时沉积期水体安静,相对缺氧,处于还原环境。对"鱼瘤层"的成因分析表明,在酸性的海水中有机体在缺氧条件下分解可形成局部的碱性环境,使碳酸盐围绕有机体沉积形成结核。因此,"鱼瘤层"的存在指示当时的海水为缺氧的沉积环境。研究区"鱼瘤层"对应碳同位素值(δ13 C)为升高趋势,并由负值变为正值,且"鱼瘤层"的存在也可作为识别S-S界线的参考标志之一。基于现有碳氧同位素、孢粉学证据和菊石地理分布及生物多样性的研究,斯密斯期末期全球气候环境发生变化,海水表面温度较高,酸化且缺氧,引发一次小规模生物绝灭事件。"鱼瘤层"的形成、碳同位素正向漂移以及菊石纬度分异度的变化都是斯密斯亚期-斯帕斯亚期之交全球海洋环境事件(S-S事件)的不同表现形式。     

安徽巢北地区栖霞组臭灰岩段富有机质成因探讨

以安徽巢北地区二叠纪栖霞组臭灰岩段为研究对象,从岩石学、古生物学及沉积学特征出发,探讨臭灰岩段富有机质与风暴事件沉积之间的关系。臭灰岩段岩性整体为灰黑色中厚层状石灰岩,层间夹数毫米至数厘米厚灰黑色钙质泥岩,整套岩层富含有机质;其中生物化石丰富,整体为热带、亚热带正常盐度浅水生物组合为特征;为正常浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积,沉积期表现为一个明显的海侵过程,并受风暴作用的频繁扰动。臭灰岩段沉积环境并非“贫氧或缺氧”条件,而是正常富氧环境。富有机质特征一方面得益于沉积期较高的生物产率,同时还与风暴事件沉积作用密切相关,即在风暴作用下,沉积物发生快速堆积,有机质未来得及与富氧水体发生长期接触即被埋藏覆盖,从而导致有机质被良好保存,形成臭灰岩段富有机质特征。风暴作用频发与研究区臭灰岩段沉积期所处的低纬度特征有关。     

从生物化石组合特征剖析黑色页岩的沉积环境——以鄂西长阳地区寒武系牛蹄塘组为例

提要：寒武系地层在鄂西地区广泛分布,湖北省长阳县天柱山以黑色炭质页岩为主要特征的寒武系牛蹄塘组下部黑色页岩中保存有丰富的高肌虫（Sunella）、大型双瓣壳节肢动物（Perspicaris）、宏体藻类、软舌螺类和可疑的海绵类（(?)Sinospongia）,同时,见有零星分布的黄铁矿。通过对生物化石古生态及保存情况的研究,认为鄂西长阳牛蹄塘组沉积早期宏体生物生活于海底表层贫氧、水体上层充氧、透光性较好的、较为平静的浅海环境,且海底处于氧化-还原界面附近。由于页（泥）岩沉积时具有较高水分,在快速沉积背景下将死亡生物躯体埋藏,伴随着沉积的不断进行,沉积水与外界水体交换量逐渐减少,加之生物腐烂产生的H2S气体,形成了沉积物内部的强还原环境,有机质得以保存,最终形成黑色页(泥)岩。     

安徽巢北地区栖霞组臭灰岩段富有机质成因探讨

以安徽巢北地区二叠纪栖霞组臭灰岩段为研究对象,从岩石学、古生物学及沉积学特征出发,探讨臭灰岩段富有机质与风暴事件沉积之间的关系。臭灰岩段岩性整体为灰黑色中厚层状石灰岩,层间夹数毫米至数厘米厚灰黑色钙质泥岩,整套岩层富含有机质;其中生物化石丰富,整体为热带、亚热带正常盐度浅水生物组合为特征;为正常浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积,沉积期表现为一个明显的海侵过程,并受风暴作用的频繁扰动。臭灰岩段沉积环境并非"贫氧或缺氧"条件,而是正常富氧环境。富有机质特征一方面得益于沉积期较高的生物产率,同时还与风暴事件沉积作用密切相关,即在风暴作用下,沉积物发生快速堆积,有机质未来得及与富氧水体发生长期接触即被埋藏覆盖,从而导致有机质被良好保存,形成臭灰岩段富有机质特征。风暴作用频发与研究区臭灰岩段沉积期所处的低纬度特征有关。     

内蒙古固阳茜连脑包一带早白垩世植物及其埋藏学研究

内蒙古中部早白垩世地层发育,含植物化石较好,但经系统描述和报道的材料并不多。对固阳城西茜连脑包一带下白垩统的植物化石进行了系统采集,化石采自固阳组灰黑色泥岩以及灰绿色、黄绿色粉砂质泥岩中。在对植物化石进行系统鉴定及描述的基础上,探讨了化石植物的埋藏环境。其中保存于灰黑色泥岩中的植物化石形态较为完整,且泥岩指示弱水动力条件,因而这些化石可能为近原地埋藏;而保存于粉砂质泥岩中的化石保存较为破碎,且粉砂质泥岩表示水动力较强的环境,故这些化石可能经过水流搬运,为异地埋藏。通过以上化石的保存状态及岩性特征,可知茜连脑包一带早白垩世固阳组化石埋藏类型为近原地埋藏和异地埋藏两种,且植物化石指示较温暖湿润的古气候环境。     

早三叠世生物复苏期的特殊沉积——"错时相"沉积

经历了对二叠纪末大灭绝及相关地质灾变事件的多年热点研究后,近年来科学家们将注意力转移到灭绝后的事件效应上,即生态系和沉积体系状况。但紧随二叠纪末灭绝事件之后的早三叠世生态系以分异度极低的广适性分子和机会分子为主,这就突显沉积记录的重要,也使得下三叠统地层中的特殊沉积及相关构造——“错时相”沉积,如扁平砾石砾岩、蠕虫状灰岩、潮下皱纹构造、微生物岩、海底碳酸盐胶结岩扇、薄层灰岩和条带灰岩等,成为研究灭绝—残存—复苏领域的学科前沿。作为地质历史环境一次大跃变后的直接产物,“错时相”沉积紧接生物大灭绝后出现,并随中生代海洋生态系的重建而退出正常浅海环境,这种耦合关系表明沉积体系、生态系、生物灭绝与复苏、异常环境之间存在必然的联系。对于化石保存单调稀少的下三叠统地层,“错时相”沉积的研究,为探索二叠纪末生物灭绝与复苏提供了宝贵的材料和全新的视角。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.