二阶Born近似及其在逆散射GRT反演中的应用

传统的地震逆散射广义Radon变换(GRT)保幅反演方法是建立在散射场一阶Born近似(单散射)的基础上,仅仅适用于弱扰动介质模型.本文从散射场积分方程出发,通过研究二次散射的特征,讨论和验证了基于局部二阶Born近似的GRT非线性保幅反演方法,将传统GRT线性保幅反演算子的适用范围扩展至非均匀强扰动介质.数值测试结果表明:在散射场近似模拟方面,二阶Born近似比一阶Born近似更为准确,二次散射效应主要集中在主散射点周围的局部区域内,超过这一范围,二次散射强度趋于稳定;在保幅反演方面,本文基于局部二阶Born近似的GRT非线性反演算法,明显优于传统的GRT线性反演算法,可以准确重构强扰动介质模型,而计算效率与线性反演方法相当.     

参考波速线性变化时的声波方程逆散射反演

声波方程的逆散射反演乃是求解双曲型偏微分方程系数项反问题的一种解析方法,一般利用Born近似把这一非线性反问题线性化,并给出了恒参考波速介质中反问题解的解析表达式.由于Born近似假定波速扰动为一级无穷小,因此,在大多数情况下,恒参考波速介质模型的反问题的解无法得以应用.本文研究介质参考波速沿某个方向线性变化时的声散射理论,导出了声波方程逆散射问题解的解析表达式,从而既可使Born近似的假定在大多数情况下能得以满足,又可利用快速Fourier变换快速实现介质波速扰动的反演成象.     

地球构造反演问题的新途径

本文讨论地球内部构造反演问题的某些新途径.其内容如下:地球构造反问题与固有值反问题;反散射问题中介质间断性的成象与因果广义Radon变换,包含地球构造反问题的新提法,反散射问题的线性化,古典Radon变换与广义Radon变换,线性化反问题的渐近解,渐近解和偏移格式.     

声波方程逆散射反演的近似方法

我们在文献[1]里研究了介质参考波速沿某个方向线性变化时的三维声散射理论,导出了声波方程逆散射反演问题解的解析表达式.考虑到应用时的实际条件,本文根据上述反演方法导出2.5维模型的声波方程逆散射反演的波速扰动计算公式,给出该方法在“高频”近似条件下的波速扰动反演计算公式,从而使我们提出的“参考波速线性变化时的声波方程逆散射反演”理论更接近实际应用条件.本文给出的这些反演公式仍然具有原方法的优点,即不但可以使Born近似的假定在大多数情况下能得以满足,而且可以利用快速Fourier变换来快速实现介质波速扰动的反演成象.     

声波方程逆散射反演的近似方法

我们在文献[1]里研究了介质参考波速沿某个方向线性变化时的三维声散射理论,导出了声波方程逆散射反演问题解的解析表达式.考虑到应用时的实际条件,本文根据上述反演方法导出2.5维模型的声波方程逆散射反演的波速扰动计算公式,给出该方法在“高频”近似条件下的波速扰动反演计算公式,从而使我们提出的“参考波速线性变化时的声波方程逆散射反演”理论更接近实际应用条件.本文给出的这些反演公式仍然具有原方法的优点,即不但可以使Born近似的假定在大多数情况下能得以满足,而且可以利用快速Fourier变换来快速实现介质波速扰动的反演成象.     

波动方程反问题与广义RADON变换反演的一种关系

本文把波动方程反问题与广义Radon 变换的反演相联系。在假定弱散射条件下,把波动方程反问题转化成广义Radon 变换的反演问题,即如何从一系列关于目标函数在某类子流形上的积分值,去求出目标函数.这种转化提供了一种研究波动方程反问题的途径。     

运用离散震源和接收器阵列的绕射层析

我们提出了线源阵列绕射层析的理论及其数值模拟结果,一些方法适用于离散源和接收器放在重建目标附近,而非远场的大量成象问题,因此,这些新的成果冲击了至今还主要以平面波源为基础的许多逆散射研究。我们的推导包含了合成平面波的方法,得出基于广义投影-切片原理的反演公式。尽管用离散阵列合成平面波的有关方法是已知的,但是导出把合成法直接并入散射公式的理论是有帮助的。本文提出了弱非均匀介质中满足Born和Rytov近似的传播场公式,这些公式为处理散射和逆散射问题提供了一种简便算法。以一个数值例子说明了绕射层析反演的两个重要特点:1)有限视野的影响,2)用不同频率信号探测的结果。该例子利用了由精确的正演模拟方法得出的数据,因而为证明弱散射近似对反问题的有效性提供了有力的证据。     

1990年中国地球物理学会第6届年会中有关层析成象的学术内容

1990年10月13-17日在武昌召开了中国地球物理学会第6届年会,在计算地球物理,深部构造、震源物理和勘探地球物理方法等四个专题中报告了与CT理论和技术有关的内容40余篇,涉及广义Radon变换的应用,非间成象问题,跨孔地震层析成象的反演方法,数据不     

地震逆散射偏移与反演综述

随着油气勘探领域逐渐向深层、复杂型、隐蔽性油气藏转移,油气资源的勘探难度越来越大,传统反射地震勘探技术难以满足日益增长的油气勘探需求,亟需发展适合复杂地质构造的地震波偏移反演新技术.针对地球深部非均匀结构体引起的地震散射波,发展地震逆散射偏移反演理论和技术将有可能解决复杂构造成像反演的技术难题.本文回顾地震波逆散射偏移反演理论的发展历史和基本原理,以逆广义Radon变换求解线性化逆散射问题为基础,介绍逆散射理论在介质结构成像、物性参数反演、多次波衰减等方面的技术延伸,同时将其应用到合成数据和实际数据资料,探讨地震勘探逆散射方法的技术优势和应用潜力.     

地球物理学中的电磁场积分方程正演

本文对地球物理学中的电磁场积分方程正演进行了综述,重点分析和讨论了积分方程正演中的散射场近似求解方法.散射场近似解法可以在保证计算精度的前提下有效的提高计算效率,使积分方程正演突破了传统简单孤立异常体研究的限制,适用于大规模复杂三维电磁场快速正演.本文着重对近年来国内外学者提出的散射场近似求解方法,如扩展Born近似、高阶广义Born近似、准线性(QL)近似和准解析近似(QA)等进行了分析和讨论,指出了各种近似解法的优缺点和适用范围.并在前人工作的基础上总结了地球物理学中的电磁场积分方程正演的基本原理和关键问题及解决方法,包括并矢格林函数、散射场的近似求解方法以及全积分求解方法等.最后,本文提出了积分方程法发展趋势和实际工程应用的前景以及面临的困难和待解决的问题.     

PARAMETRIZATION OF GRT INVERSION FOR ACOUSTIC AND P–P SCATTERING1

The generalized Radon transform (GRT) inversion contains an explicit relationship between seismic amplitude variations, the reflection angle and the physical parameters which can be used to describe the earth efficiently for inversion purposes. Using this relationship, we have derived parametrizations for acoustic and P–P scattering so that the variations in seismic amplitude with reflection angle for each parameter are sufficiently independent. These parametrizations show that small offset and large offset amplitudes are related to different physical parameters. In the case of acoustic scattering, the small-offset amplitudes are related to impedance variations while large-offset amplitudes are related to velocity variations. A similar result has been established for P–P scattering. The Born approximation (which is used to derive the GRT inversion) does not correctly predict the amplitude due to velocity variations at large offsets, and thus the inversion of velocity is not as satisfactory as the inversion of impedance.     

Seismic inversion with generalized Radon transform based on local second-order approximation of scattered field in acoustic media

Sound velocity inversion problem based on scattering theory is formulated in terms of a nonlinear integral equation associated with scattered field. Because of its nonlinearity, in practice, linearization algorisms (Born/single scattering approximation) are widely used to obtain an approximate inversion solution. However, the linearized strategy is not congruent with seismic wave propagation mechanics in strong perturbation (heterogeneous) medium. In order to partially dispense with the weak perturbation assumption of the Born approximation, we present a new approach from the following two steps: firstly, to handle the forward scattering by taking into account the second-order Born approximation, which is related to generalized Radon transform (GRT) about quadratic scattering potential; then to derive a nonlinear quadratic inversion formula by resorting to inverse GRT. In our formulation, there is a significant quadratic term regarding scattering potential, and it can provide an amplitude correction for inversion results beyond standard linear inversion. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the linear single scattering inversion is only good in amplitude for relative velocity perturbation ( \( \delta_{c}/c_{0} \) ) of background media up to 10 %, and its inversion errors are unacceptable for the perturbation beyond 10 %. In contrast, the quadratic inversion can give more accurate amplitude-preserved recovery for the perturbation up to 40 %. Our inversion scheme is able to manage double scattering effects by estimating a transmission factor from an integral over a small area, and therefore, only a small portion of computational time is added to the original linear migration/inversion process.     

Seismic velocity analysis in the scattering-angle/azimuth domain

Migration velocity analysis is carried out by analysing the residual moveout and amplitude variations in common image point gathers (CIGs) parametrized by scattering angle and azimuth. The misfit criterion in the analysis is of the differential-semblance type. By using angles to parametrize the imaging we are able to handle and exploit data with multiple arrivals, although artefacts may occur in the CIGs and need to be suppressed. The CIGs are generated by angle migration, an approach based on the generalized Radon transform (GRT) inversion, and they provide multiple images of reflectors in the subsurface for a range of scattering angles and azimuths. Within the differential semblance applied to these CIGs, we compensate for amplitude versus angle (AVA) effects. Thus, using a correct background velocity model, the CIGs should have no residual moveout nor amplitude variation with angles, and the differential semblance should vanish. If the velocity model is incorrect, however, the events in the CIGs will appear at different depths for different angles and the amplitude along the events will be non-uniform. A standard, gradient-based optimization scheme is employed to develop a velocity updating procedure. The model update is formed by backprojecting the differential semblance misfits through ray perturbation kernels, within a GRT inverse. The GRT inverse acts on the data, subject to a shift in accordance with ray perturbation theory. The performance of our algorithm is demonstrated with two synthetic data examples using isotropic elastic models. The first one allows velocity variation with depth only. In the second one, we reconstruct a low-velocity lens in the model that gives rise to multipathing. The velocity model parametrization is based upon the eigentensor decomposition of the stiffness tensor and makes use of B-splines.     

Fast hyperbolic deconvolutive Radon transform using generalized Fourier slice theorem

The hyperbolic Radon transform has a long history of applications in seismic data processing because of its ability to focus/sparsify the data in the transform domain. Recently, deconvolutive Radon transform has also been proposed with an improved time resolution which provides improved processing results. The basis functions of the (deconvolutive) Radon transform, however, are time-variant, making the classical Fourier based algorithms ineffective to carry out the required computations. A direct implementation of the associated summations in the time–space domain is also computationally expensive, thus limiting the application of the transform on large data sets. In this paper, we present a new method for fast computation of the hyperbolic (deconvolutive) Radon transform. The method is based on the recently proposed generalized Fourier slice theorem which establishes an analytic expression between the Fourier transforms associated with the data and Radon plane. This allows very fast computations of the forward and inverse transforms simply using fast Fourier transform and interpolation procedures. These canonical transforms are used within an efficient iterative method for sparse solution of (deconvolutive) Radon transform. Numerical examples from synthetic and field seismic data confirm high performance of the proposed fast algorithm for filling in the large gaps in seismic data, separating primaries from multiple reflections, and performing high-quality stretch-free stacking.     

Scattering pattern analysis and true-amplitude generalized Radon transform migration for acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry

In multi-parameter ray-based anisotropic migration/inversion, it is essential that we have an understanding of the scattering mechanism corresponding to parameter perturbations. Because the complex nonlinearity in the anisotropic inversion problem is intractable, the construction of true-amplitude linearized migration/inversion procedures is needed and important. By using the acoustic medium assumption for transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry and representing the anisotropy with P-wave normal moveout velocity, Thomsen parameter δ and anelliptic parameter η, we formalize the linearized inverse scattering problem for three-dimensional pseudo-acoustic equations. Deploying the single-scattering approximation and an elliptically anisotropic background introduces a new linear integral operator that connects the discontinuous perturbation parameters with the multi-shot/multi-offset P-wave scattered data. We further apply the high-frequency asymptotic Green's function and its derivatives to the integral operator, and then the scattering pattern of each perturbation parameter can be explicitly presented. By naturally establishing a connection to generalized Radon transform, the pseudo-inverse of the integral operator can be solved by the generalized Radon transform inversion. In consideration of the structure of this pseudo-inverse operator, the computational implementation is done pointwise by shooting a fan of rays from the target imaging area towards the acquisition system. Results from two-dimensional numerical tests show amplitude-preserving images with high quality.     

A COMPARISON BETWEEN KIRCHHOFF AND GRT MIGRATION ON VSP DATA1

A modern approach to migration is to perform wavefield extrapolation, subject to an imaging condition. Correct wavefield extrapolation requires that the boundary conditions at the array of geophones satisfy the wave equation. A sufficient condition is to perform the survey with a single stationary source. Contrary to this condition, many VSPs are conducted in deviated wells, where the source is maintained vertically above the down-hole geophone at each well station. Such a survey fails to provide the boundary conditions theoretically necessary for wave-equation migration. A recently published inversion scheme, referred to as acoustic generalized Radon transform migration (GRT migration), was developed to handle any configuration of sources and geophones, including moving-source deviated-well VSP surveys. GRT migration may be viewed as a weighted version of the generalized Kirchhoff migration, derived in this paper from the exploding-reflector model. When a VSP-survey geometry has been specified, GRT migration can be expressed in terms of array parameters, and compared with the equivalent expression for Kirchhoff (wave-equation) migration. The differences between the two integrals are significant and their effect is demonstrated on VSP data.     

抛物Radon变换法近偏移距波场外推

本文给出了抛物Radon变换的基本原理,以及部分动校正后的CMP道集抛物线近似有效性的证明,基于带限正反最小平方抛物Radon变换的Levinson递推算法,对缺失的近偏移距地震波场进行叠前重建和外推.给出了抛物Radon变换法地震道重建外推的基本原理和叠前地震数据规则化的处理流程,另外对于Radon域均匀采样的情形,本文给出了均匀层状介质和Marmousi模型的近偏移距外推结果,计算结果验证了算法的稳定性和适用性.     

三维Radon变换的一种快速解析方法

3D Radon变换及其反变换是X-CT三维图像重建理论的核心,它在其他许多学科领域也有广泛应用。3D Radon变换的表达式是一个三重积分,按照定义直接计算相当费时。为此,研究一种新的快速的方法实现3D Radon变换,对X-CT图像重建理论及相关领域的发展有重要意义。本文以算法仿真常用椭球模型为基础,通过求解椭球模型与空间任意平面的面积,实现了用解析的方法快速得到模型的Radon变换,进一步比较了它与传统方法的优缺点,最后根据Radon反变换重建出原物体模型;计算机仿真结果验证了这种方法的正确。     

沿圆曲线的Radon变换数值解

研究具有紧支集且在支集内连续的二元函数沿上半圆曲线的Radon变换反演问题。基于对投影函数的Fourier变换，反演问题可以归结为具有弱奇性及震荡核的Abel积分方程的求解。我们证明了当圆曲线中心及半径在一定范围内变化时，在已知沿上半圆曲线的Radon变换情况下，这个积分方程的解具有唯一性，并给出了消除Abel积分方程弱奇性的数值方法。在考虑投影数据噪声的情况下，给出了多次加权改善系数矩阵条件数稳定的数值方法，并通过数值模拟验证所提出方法的有效性。      

Time-domain hyperbolic Radon transform for separation of P-P and P-SV wavefields

A time-domain hyperbolic Radon transform based method for separating multicomponent seismic data into P-P and P-SV wavefields is presented. This wavefield separation method isolates P-P and P-SV wavefields in the Radon panel due to their differences in slowness, and an inverse transform of only part of the data leads to separated wavefields. A problem of hyperbolic Radon transform is that it works in the time domain entailing the inversion of large operators which is prohibitively time-consuming. By applying the conjugate gradient algorithm during the inversion of hyperbolic Radon transform, the computational cost can be kept reasonably low for practical application. Synthetic data examples prove that P-P and P-SV wavefield separation by hyperbolic Radon transform produces more accurate separated wavefields compared with separation by high-resolution parabolic Radon transform, and the feasibility of the proposed separation scheme is also verified by a real field data example.