Experiment on Dust Flux During Duststorm Periods over Desert Area

The present study investigates the characteristics of turbulent transfer and the conditions for dust emission and transport using the dust concentration and micrometeorological data obtained during dust events occurring in the spring of 2004 over the Hunshandake desert area. The turbulent exchange coefficients and turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat are calculated. The relationships between dust flux, friction velocity, and wind speed are also explored. The results show that thermal turbulence is dominant during daytime of non-dusty days. The dynamic turbulence increases obviously and the sensible heat flux reduces by different degrees during dust events. There is an efficient downward transfer of momentum before duststorm occurrence, and both the dynamic turbulence and the thermal turbulence are important in the surface layer. The dynamic turbulence even exceeds the thermal turbulence during severe duststorm events. The values of dust flux vary in the range of -5 5, -30 30, and -200-300 μg m^-2 s^-1 during non-dusty days, blowing dust, and duststorm events, respectively. A slight upward transport of dust is observed during non-dusty days. The dust flux gradually varies from positive to negative during duststorm periods, which indicates the time evolution of dust events from dust rising to stably suspending and then deposition. The dust flux is found to be proportional to u＊^3. The threshold values of wind speed and friction velocity are about 6 and 0.4 m s^-1, respectively.     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地起沙近地层动力学阈值的试验研究

利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地沙尘暴探测与监测试验站2008年和2009年春季沙尘和近地层观测资料,研究了不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘浓度随摩擦速度的变化规律,对比分析了不同天气(晴天、扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴)入射短波辐射和净辐射的演变,并利用两层高度沙尘浓度差,区分局地起沙和非局地起沙,有效地避免了沙尘水平输送引起的起沙阈值的低估。结果表明,起沙前,摩擦速度和沙尘浓度数值都较低;临近起沙阶段,摩擦速度迅速增大而沙尘浓度基本保持不变;起沙时,摩擦速度数值较高,沙尘浓度迅速增大;沙尘天气减弱阶段,沙尘浓度随摩擦速度近似呈线性减小。科尔沁沙地春季临界起沙摩擦速度u*t和临界起沙风速ut分别为0.62m.s-1和9.5m.s-1,扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气的起沙阈值依次略有增加。与晴天天气相比,沙尘天气到达地面的短波辐射和净辐射明显减少。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风蚀起沙特征观测研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2009-2018年的地面观测资料,细致解析塔中地区的风蚀起沙特征,所得结论如下：(1) 临界起沙风速表现出明显的季节变化特征,夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季, 塔中地区的临界起沙风速介于4.47-4.92 m/s,日最大值出现09:00-10:00时。(2) 春夏季是沙尘的多发季节。春、夏季,沙尘水平通量的平均值分别为2638.9 kg/m和3298.9 kg/m,起沙持续时间的平均值分别为291.5 h和336.7 h。(3) 风蚀起沙事件更容易发生在白天, 沙尘水平通的最大值出现在10:00-11:00,起沙持续时间的最大值出现在10:00-13:00。(4)风蚀起沙事件在春季主要集中在偏东方向,在夏季主要集中在偏北方向上。     

IMPACT OF DESERT DUST ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

The radiative forcing (RF) of Asian desert dust and its regional feedbacks to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system are investigated with a coupled regional climate-desert dust model. The statistical significance of desert dust effects are analyzed through 20 summer seasons (1990-2009). In order to estimate the dust effects reasonably, some improvement has been achieved for the coupled model, including the updates of optical properties and desert source area distribution. We find that the desert dust can result in a roughly weakened monsoon in eastern China, Korean Peninsula, Japan and Indian Peninsula and a strengthened monsoon in Indochina Peninsula in the lower troposphere. Moreover, the precipitation comparisons between observational data and simulated patterns are also suggestive of the desert dust effect on the EASM. In the upper troposphere, the southward shift of the westerly jet (WJ) by the dust effect can be seen as an indicator of the weakened monsoon in great part of the monsoon areas. The change of the moist static energy (MSE) contrast between land and ocean is the main reason for the EASM variations.     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地临界起沙阈值的范围确定

临界起沙阈值可表征地表土壤的可蚀性,是风蚀起沙研究中非常重要的物理量之一。基于微气象学方法,将沙尘浓度和垂直沙尘通量均开始增加且至少持续0.5 h所对应的摩擦速度(或风速)确定为临界起沙摩擦速度u_*t(或临界起沙风速U_t)。利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地地区2010-2013年春季大气环境综合观测资料,分析了不同沙尘天气过程(扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴)起沙阶段沙尘浓度和垂直沙尘通量随摩擦速度的演变特征,精细确定了该地区临界起沙摩擦速度(u_*t)和临界起沙风速(U_t)的范围分别为0.45±0.20和6.5±3.0 m/s,同时讨论了不同起沙判据对确定临界起沙阈值产生的影响。相比而言,采用的起沙判据尽可能地排除了沙尘输送和沉降过程的影响,适用于不同的沙尘天气类型,使沙尘粒子进入大气的起沙结果更趋于合理,其结果可为建立统一、合理的起沙判据提供参考。     

Review of the Field Measurements and Parameterization for Dust Emission During Sand-Dust Events

Dust emission generated by wind erosion is a basic process before the transport and deposition of dust particles. Parameterization of dust emission flux is important for accurate simulation and prediction of dust events. Field observation and numerical simulation are two approaches to understand the complex process of dust emission. Great progress has been made on the characteristics and mechanism of dust emission during dust storm events. This review introduces the major factors influencing dust emission and summarizes the calculation methods of several key parameters of dust emission, including the threshold friction velocity u.t, threshold wind speed Ut, streamwise saltation flux Q, and （vertical） dust emission flux F, from perspectives of both observation and parameterization. The paper also discusses the improvement, application, and validation of different dust emission schemes in dust models. Existing problems and future research directions are elaborated as well.     

The Cross-Correlation Function as a Tool for Detecting Source-Receptor Relationships: Application to Asian Dust Transport to North America

The cross-correlation function was used in conjunction with the daily values of the aerosol index (AI) from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) to establish and qualify a source-receptor relationship between dust over the Gobi desert and the West Coast of the United States.An objective method that can be used to determine the trajectory of dust transport and the transportation time at different locations along the trajectory across the Pacific are presented in this report.The spring season was analyzed (March to May),and the results showed that dust reaches the western United States in approximately five to six days.Although dust transport from the Gobi desert was demonstrated in the present study,the proposed cross-correlation technique can be applied to other regions and can be used to obtain useful insights on relationships between major dust sources and downwind receptor locations utilizing remotely sensed dust estimates.     

2002年和2003年春季中国沙尘暴形成和输送的对比分析

2002年春季中国华北和东北发生了数场强沙尘暴天气.而2003年春季沙尘暴发生次数较少且强度也弱.为了解这两年沙尘暴差异的原因,作者用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对两年中3、4月份候距平进行了分析.从侯距平图可看出,2002年负距平区主要位于华北和东北,并与发生大范围沙尘暴天气的区域相吻合,这与东亚大槽的发展与演变有关.在2003年高度场的距平图中,高度场的负侯距平多位于我国西部,这是因中纬度长波槽是在西部地区发展形成的.从月平均风资料分析,2002年风速大于6 m s-1的区域也与强沙尘暴区一致.2003年两个月中,我国大部地区风速都偏小.虽然2003年4月在东北有大于6 m s-1的风区,但不在我国主要的沙漠化地区.通过对大气环流及地表参数的分析,作者认为沙尘暴的易发地区多是干旱与半干旱地区,植被的生长能力弱;在降水没有比常年显著增加并使地面植被生长有明显改善的情况下,大气动力因素相对地面参数而言是主导沙尘暴年际变化的主要因子.     

2020年春季中国北方一次扬沙天气过程微气象学与沙尘输送特征

利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地和沈阳地区同步气象要素梯度观测和地面大气颗粒物(PM_2.5和PM₁₀)质量浓度观测资料, 分析了中国北方地区2020年5月10日一次大范围扬沙天气过程微气象学和沙尘输送特征。结果表明: 受大尺度天气系统影响, 此次沙尘天气过程中科尔沁沙地不同高度(< 20 m)风速均明显增加, 各层相对湿度和浅层地表含水量有所降低, 较强湍流动力作用配合干燥的土壤和大气环境有利于沙源地区地表大量的沙尘粒子释放到大气中。此后这些沙尘粒子随较强的西北气流集中在2—3 km以下高度向下游地区输送。受沙尘输送的影响, 沈阳地区10日小时平均PM₁₀浓度最高达817 μg·m^-3, 能见度减小至3.7 km。此外, 科尔沁沙地起沙过程中能见度与摩擦速度存在明显的反相关关系(相关系数R²=0.93), 与湍流动力学热通量相关性相对较小, 表明湍流动力作用在此次起沙过程占主导作用。     

甘肃省近30年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气空间分布特征

通过对甘肃省1971－2000年共30年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气发生日数的分析，给出了年平均和四季的空间分布特征，并分析了沙尘天气形成的原因。分析发现，从武威开始，经景泰、白银、会宁到天水、徽县存在一个沙舌区，是浮尘天气的多发区。该沙舌与甘肃中部至陇南的干舌基本吻合，与青藏高原东北边缘的地形走向基本一致。该沙舌的存在是甘肃省中东部生态环境脆弱、荒漠化进一步发展的重要因素。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地春季一次沙尘暴沙尘气溶胶的辐射特征

利用塔中气象站地面辐射等气象资料结合PNIO（空气动力学当量≤10um的悬浮颗粒）质量浓度资料,以2007年4月15日晴天辐射特征为背景对4月22日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地发生的沙尘暴天气进行局地辐射特征和沙尘气溶胶与净辐射作相关分析。结果表明白天沙尘的辐射强迫对地表有冷却作用,夜间起保温作用。观测期间,总辐射日峰值减少量为507W／m^2,地面长波日峰值增加量为185w／m^2,地面净辐射能量收支表现为白天的日峰值减少量为198w／m^2,夜间的日峰值增加量为40W／m^2。     

中国沙漠沙尘气溶胶对沙漠源区及北太平洋地区大气辐射加热的影响

针对2001年春季中国沙漠和北太平洋上空沙尘气溶胶的空间分布情况，利用辐射传输模式，分别计算了沙尘气溶胶对沙漠和海洋大气的辐射加热（冷却）率，并讨论了低云、中云、高云对辐射加热率的影响。结果表明:春季，位于中国沙漠和太平洋上空的沙尘层对大气具有明显的加热作用。当沙漠上空光学厚度为1.0，海洋上空光学厚度为0.3时，取春季平均太阳高度角，沙尘层对应的净辐射加热率分别为2.8 K/d和0.4 K/d。由于WMO推荐的沙尘模型比东亚沙尘模型对太阳辐射吸收强，采用该模型计算得到的中国沙漠和海洋上空的加热率比采用东亚沙尘模型分别高1.5 K/d和0.2 K/d。沙尘对大气的加热率很大程度上依赖于沙尘的大气载荷。这种依赖性首先受太阳高度角的影响， 其次也受地表反照率的影响。云对沙尘层辐射加热（冷却）率的影响与云的高度和厚度有关。低云能够加热沙漠和海洋上空的沙尘大气，冷却地面和洋面。中、高云冷却沙漠上空的沙尘层。在海洋上空，中云对云层以上的沙尘层有加热作用，对云层以下的沙尘层有冷却作用。高云对海洋上空沙尘层的辐射加热（冷却）率的影响比较小，加热还是冷却，取决于云的厚度，当云层较薄时，加热沙尘层，而当云层较厚的时候，有可能冷却沙尘层。     

我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应

利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。     

风蚀起沙的影响因子及其变化特征

以敦煌地区的戈壁和绿洲为例,对地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和风蚀起沙过程中地表土壤的粒子尺度分布及其对垂直尘粒通量的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明,地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度随土壤水分含量和植被覆盖度的增大而增大,随粒子尺度的变化是先减小后增大,在中间某一尺度处有一最小值;土壤的人工利用和管理对临界摩擦速度也有着相当大的影响,风蚀起沙过程中,地表土壤的粒子尺度分布随时间发生变化,瞬时的粒子尺度分布不同于平均的粒子尺度分布,利用前者计算得到的垂直尘粒通量对摩擦速度的变化更敏感,利用后者计算得到的垂直尘粒通量偏大。     

北京地区沙尘天气的某些特征分析

利用近几年来气象卫星对沙尘天气的监测结果,分析了影响北京地区沙尘天气的一些特征,得到以下结果:(1)影响北京地区沙尘的源地可分为3类:第1类沙尘起源于蒙古国南部地区,第2类沙尘起源于我国内蒙古地区,第3类沙尘起源于北京本地.(2)影响北京地区的沙尘路径大致有3条:第1条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古浑善达克沙地-河北省西北部-北京地区;第2条路径,蒙古国南部-内蒙古朱日和一带-河北省西部-北京地区;第3条路径,山西高原-河北-北京地区.(3)沙尘在移动过程中,强度是不断变化的.(4)大气环流是制约沙尘天气的直接原因.     

边界层特征量在河南省沙尘天气短期预报中的应用

介绍了利用边界层特征量——摩擦速度和梯度Richardson数制作河南省沙尘天气短期预报的方法。结果表明,该动力学方法更能够从本质上反映沙尘天气产生的机制,定性预报准确率为62.5%。     

Impact of Long-range Desert Dust Transport on Hydrometeor Formation over Coastal East Asia

Model simulations and hydrological reanalysis data for 2007 are applied to investigate the impact of long-range desert dust transport on hydrometeor formation over coastal East Asia.Results are analyzed from Hong Kong and Shanghai,which are two representative coastal cities of East Asia.Long-range desert dust transport impacts mainly spring and summer clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia.In spring,clouds and precipitation come mainly from large-scale condensation and are impacted mainly by dust from the Gobi,Sahara,and Thar deserts.These desert dusts can participate in the precipitation within and below the clouds.At lower latitudes,the dust particles act mainly as water nuclei.At higher latitudes,they act as both water nuclei and ice nuclei.The effect of Gobi,Sahara,and Thar dust on large-scale clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at higher latitudes.In summer,clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia come mainly from convection and are impacted mainly by dust from the Taklamakan,Arabian,and Karakum-Kavir deserts.Most Taklamakan dust particles can participate in precipitation within convective clouds as ice nuclei,while Arabian and Karakum-Kavir dust particles participate only as water nuclei in precipitation below the clouds.The effect of Taklamakan dust on convective clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at lower latitudes.Of all the desert dusts,that from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts has the relatively largest impact.Gobi dust impacts climate change in coastal East Asia by affecting spring water clouds at higher latitudes.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路气象灾害及其防御对策

通过对沙漠公路周围１６个气象站３０多年资料分析,结合近几年沙漠腹地的气象观测资料,指出大风、沙尘暴、高温等是沙漠公路一线主要的气象灾害,分析了灾害性天气的时空分布,并提出了相应的防御措施。     

巴丹吉林沙漠北缘沙尘天气过程中近地面气象要素变化及风沙流结构分析

提要：利用2013年春季在巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖地区的沙尘暴加强观测资料,对比分析该地区典型流动沙面晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴三种天气背景下各气象要素的变化特征及差异,同时对沙尘暴过程中近地层风沙活动特征进行分析。结果表明,随风速增加沙尘天气强度逐步提升且沙尘天气来临前风速、风向均表现出明显的调整现象,此后爆发过程中风速、风向相对稳定。随沙尘天气强度的增加气温逐渐减小且沙尘天气过程中地面呈利于沙尘起动的暖干状态,同时地面气压不断升高。悬浮的沙尘会导致拐子湖流动沙地各层地温有减小趋势,但减小程度相对较弱,使沙尘天气下各层地温仍保持良好的梯度变化和正弦型日变化趋势。拐子湖流沙地春季起沙风速为6.5m/s,输沙通量垂直分布状况在20cm左右具有明显的分段现象。地表100cm内总输沙量的50%和90%分别集中在地表20cm和56cm高度以内。观测期间整个5月地表0～100cm高度内的输沙通量为420.96kg/m。     

沙漠气象若干问题研究进展

沙漠占据地球陆地面积的1/4,沙漠天气和气候对全球生态、环境及气候等的影响一直都受到社会各界极大关注。本文参考国内外有关沙漠气象学研究的代表性著作,简要回顾了沙漠气象学的国内外发展历史,并从沙漠表层物理特性研究、沙漠天气与边界层研究、沙漠气候研究、沙漠影响区域及全球环境研究等多个方面阐述了沙漠气象学的研究进展。最后对沙漠气象学研究提出了展望。