新疆绿柱石(祖母绿)包裹体矿物学及成矿地质条件研究

新疆发现优质绿柱石(祖母绿)受到了国内外学者的高度关注。本文主要对新疆绿柱石(祖母绿)矿的包裹体矿物学及成矿地质条件进行研究,发现流体包裹体主要有2种类型:A型,两相盐水溶液包裹体;B型,三相盐水包裹体(含子矿物)。流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为:270～500℃,主要集中在300～480℃,最高峰值为500℃,属中高温度流体。流体包裹体盐度变化范围为:18%～60%,主要集中在20%～50%,最高峰值为60%,属中高盐度流体。成矿流体密度为0.95 g/cm3。成矿流体的压力约为65 MPa,确定新疆绿柱石矿床类型为中高温气成-热液型。     

西藏班-怒带西段荣那铜（金）矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

荣那铜(金)矿床是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段新发现的矿床,是多龙矿集区的重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模,具有超大型矿床的成矿潜力。荣那铜(金)矿床矿石矿相学与岩相学研究显示其具有典型高硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床的矿物组合(明矾石、硫砷铜矿等)和矿化蚀变特征。通过资料收集与野外观察,本文将荣那铜(金)矿床的成矿过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段与碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。为查明该矿床的成矿流体特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的石英脉(均为主成矿阶段含黄铁矿、黄铜矿石英脉)开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:80~440℃和4.63%~11.95%NaCl eqv;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:320~440℃和5.55%~10.74%NaCl eqv;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为200~400℃和29.4%~32.56%NaCl eqv;富液相与富气相包裹体的气体成分除少量N2外,气体成分均为H2O。综合分析认为,荣那矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。可见,荣那矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合及蚀变特征,但主成矿阶段石英脉流体包裹体特征与典型斑岩型铜(金)矿床的流体包裹体特征相似。因此,推测荣那高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿的深部存在斑岩型铜金矿化,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型-斑岩型铜金矿床。     

新疆东戈壁斑岩型钼矿床成矿流体包裹体温度——压力研究

东戈壁斑岩型钼矿床是在新疆境内发现的第一个特大型钼矿,钼资源量(331)+(332)+(333)约503 474.66 t,矿石平均品位0.115％.矿床的形成与隐伏斑状花岗岩体有关,矿化的主要载体是以石英脉、钾长石脉为主的各种脉体,即该矿床兼具斑岩型及脉型矿床的特征.通过对含矿脉体中流体包裹体的研究,初步确定矿床的成矿温度为197～390℃,成矿压力为531.04×105～752.10×105 Pa,成矿深度为1.68～2.39 km,成矿流体为富含多种气态组分的低盐度流体;成矿时代为华力西晚期;矿床成因类型应为浅成中高温岩浆热液型钼矿床.     

湖南城步县金水铜矿地质特征及成因探讨

金水铜矿床受构造控制,热液成矿标志明显。依据成矿地质背景及矿床地质特征、硫同位素和流体包裹体特征等研究认为,成矿物质来源深部,成矿作用具多阶段,成矿流体具热卤水性质;矿床初步确定为岩浆期后热液脉型铜矿床。     

赣南西华山钨矿床成矿流体演化特征

赣南西华山钨矿床是一个闻名中外的大型石英脉型钨矿床。为探讨成矿流体性质以及演化过程,本文对西华山石英脉型钨矿床主成矿阶段含矿石英脉中流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温学研究和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果显示,西华山钨矿床的流体包裹体以H2O-NaCl型为主,局部发育H2O-NaCl-CO2型。流体热焓-盐度图解表明成矿流体以混合作用为主,局部沸腾在热液系统演化中作用不大。通过对沸腾包裹体的测温数据进行计算,得出西华山脉型钨矿成矿压力约为27～87 MPa,矿床形成深度约为1.0～3.3 km。     

世界祖母绿矿床研究现状及存在问题

从祖母绿矿产资源、成矿地质环境与成因、祖母绿的包裹体特征研究及其呈色机理等方面,对当前世界主要祖母绿矿床的研究现状、分类等进行了评述。分析了祖母绿中包裹体的形成及其与成矿环境之间的相关性。同时也对我国的祖母绿矿床作了简要介绍。最后对祖母绿矿床研究中存在的问题提出了一些建议。     

新疆哈密市沙东钨矿成矿流体包裹体特征研究

新疆哈密市沙东钨矿是中天山地块首次发现的大型钨矿床,通过对沙东钨矿主成矿阶段形成的含白钨矿石英脉中流体包裹体进行岩相学和显微测温研究。初步确定矿床成矿温度为160℃~350℃,成矿压力为54.039~71.946 MPa,成矿深度1.80~2.40 km,成矿流体为富含多种气态组分的中低盐度流体。综合矿区成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征及流体包裹体显微测温成果认为,沙东钨矿矿床成矿流体为中高温、中低盐度的NaCl-H_2O-CO_2(-CH_4)体系。成矿流体主要来自酸性岩浆热液,主要含矿热液富碱、富硅和富CO_2、富F等挥发份流体。成矿过程中流体发生不混溶,对钨的富集起重要作用。     

达亚纳石英脉型钨钼矿床流体包裹体特征

达亚纳钨钼矿床是近年来内蒙古东乌旗-嫩江成矿带西南端的一个中小型石英脉型钨钼矿床。通过对主成矿阶段石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温研究表明,其流体包裹体主要类型有NaCl-H_2O型、CO_2-H_2O型和含子晶包裹体;显微测温实验结果表明成矿流体主要表现为中-高温,中-低盐度特征。对流体包裹体的分析发现成矿具有多期次,脉动式热液充填成矿特点,可将成矿热液划分为五期热液活动,前三期为成矿期热液活动,后两期为成矿后热液活动。达亚纳钨钼矿成矿机制为流体混合沉淀成矿。     

达亚纳石英脉型钨钼矿床流体包裹体特征

达亚纳钨钼矿床是近年来内蒙古东乌旗-嫩江成矿带西南端的一个中小型石英脉型钨钼矿床。通过对主成矿阶段石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温研究表明,其流体包裹体主要类型有NaCl-H_2O型、CO_2-H_2O型和含子晶包裹体;显微测温实验结果表明成矿流体主要表现为中-高温,中-低盐度特征。对流体包裹体的分析发现成矿具有多期次,脉动式热液充填成矿特点,可将成矿热液划分为五期热液活动,前三期为成矿期热液活动,后两期为成矿后热液活动。达亚纳钨钼矿成矿机制为流体混合沉淀成矿。     

浙江八面山萤石矿床流体包裹体地球化学研究

八面山萤石矿床流体包裹体可分为三大类型:Ⅰ气液包裹体,Ⅱ气体包裹体,Ⅲ含子矿物的多相包裹体;矿床成矿温度变化不大,主要集中在120～240°C之间。细粒条带状萤石矿石包裹体温度变化在115～250℃之间;巨晶块状萤石矿石和石英脉型萤石矿石包裹体温度集中在135～170℃之间。萤石矿床流体包裹体以低盐度成矿流体为主。成矿过程中起作用的成矿流体为KCl-H2O体系和CO2-CaF2-H2O体系,成矿溶液的离子类型属K+-Ca2+-HCO--F-型,KCl-H2O体系反映岩浆期后热液作用的结果,而CO2-CaF2-H2O体系可能反映了寒武纪矿源层成矿体系。通过包裹体研究,认为八面山萤石矿床是受地层-岩体-层间断裂共同控制"三位一体"的热液成因矿床。     

Emerald deposits and occurrences: A review

Emerald, the green gem variety of beryl, is the third most valuable gemstone (after diamond and ruby). Although it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics, Colombia supplies most (an estimated 60%, worth more than $500,000,000 per year) of the world's emeralds. However there is speculation that the emerald mines in Colombia are becoming depleted. Brazil currently accounts for approximately 10% of world emerald production. Emeralds have also been mined in Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, India, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States, and Zimbabwe.Because it is difficult to obtain accurate analyses of beryllium, most published analyses of beryl are renormalized on the basis of 18 oxygen and 3 Be atoms per formula unit. The color of emerald is due to trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium replacing aluminum at the Y site; in most cases the Cr content is much greater than that of V. To achieve charge balance, the substitution of divalent cations at the Y site is coupled with the substitution of a monovalent cation for a vacancy at a channel site.Beryl is relatively rare because there is very little Be in the upper continental crust. Unusual geologic and geochemical conditions are required for Be and Cr and/or V to meet. In the classic model, Be-bearing pegmatites interact with Cr-bearing ultramafic or mafic rocks. However in the Colombian deposits there is no evidence of magmatic activity and it has been demonstrated that circulation processes within the host black shales were sufficient to form emerald. In addition, researchers are recognizing that regional metamorphism and tectonometamorphic processes such as shear zone formation may play a significant role in certain emerald deposits.A number of genetic classification schemes have been proposed for emerald deposits. Most are ambiguous when it comes to understanding the mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of an emerald deposit. Studies of individual emerald deposits show that in most cases a combination of mechanisms (magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic) were needed to bring Be into contact with the chromophores. This suggests the need for a more flexible classification scheme based on mode of formation. Stable isotopes can be used to estimate the contribution of each mechanism in the formation of a particular deposit. Such estimates could perhaps be more precisely defined using trace element data, which should reflect the mode of formation.Emerald may be identified in the field by color, hardness, and form. It will tend to show up in stream sediment samples but because its specific gravity is relatively low, it will not concentrate in the heavy mineral fraction. In Colombia, structural geology, the sodium content of stream sediment samples, and the lithium, sodium, and lead contents of soil samples have all been used to find emerald occurrences. Exploration for gem beryl could result in the discovery of new occurrences of non-gem beryl or other Be minerals that could become new sources of Be and Be oxide.Future efforts should go towards creating a comprehensive data base of emerald compositions (including trace elements), determination of the role of metamorphism in the formation of some emerald deposits, improved classification schemes, and more effective exploration guidelines.     

祖母绿水热法生长工艺对比及进展

祖母绿是古今中外最受人们所喜爱的四大名贵宝石（钻石、红宝石、蓝宝石、祖母绿）之一,是绿色宝石之王。近年来的晶体学研究又证实,它可以作为一种优秀的可调谐激光晶体。由于自然界中高档祖母绿十分稀少,价格昂贵,因此祖母绿的人工合成受到广泛关注。世界上第一个利用水热法成功地合成出祖母绿并达到了商业性生产的是澳大利亚化学家ＪｏｈａｎＬｅｃｈｌｅｉｔｎｅｒ,他在１９５９年至１９７２年期间一直在生产,产品名称为“Ｌｅｃｈｌｅｉｔｎｅｒ”或“Ｅｍｅｒｉｔａ”或“Ｓｙｍｅｒａｌｄ”［１］;１９７１年澳大利亚的Ｂｉｒ…     

巴西典型祖母绿矿床介绍

巴西的祖母绿矿床主要属于所谓的片岩型祖母绿矿床。它们产于富含暗色岩和伟晶岩的古老地盾区内。与矿化有关的伟晶岩往往脉幅小，分异不完全。最有利于矿化的围岩是富镁的滑石片岩，含滑石片岩，含滑石大理岩和黑云母片岩等。     

祖母绿产地鉴别研究综述

祖母绿是一种名贵彩色宝石,其产地来源对祖母绿价值的评定具有重要影响。祖母绿的产地鉴别因而成为宝石实验室的重要技术,也是宝石学领域的研究热点。祖母绿的包裹体、谱学特征和化学成分是常用且关键的产地鉴别信息,但随着祖母绿产地研究数据的积累,传统的产地鉴别方法备受挑战。文章系统整理和归纳分析了全球各产地祖母绿的宝石学特征、包裹体信息、谱学特征和主微量成分数据,在综述前人研究结果的基础上,系统阐明了目前祖母绿产地鉴别的研究现状,总结了不同产地祖母绿的宝石学特征和包裹体特征,划分了紫外-可见光-近红外(UV-VIS-NIR)光谱类型,揭示了各产地祖母绿的成分指纹信息,并以案例的形式阐明区分祖母绿常见重要产地的方法。全球尺度的对比虽然表明不同产地祖母绿包裹体种类多数雷同、光谱趋同、成分含量范围重叠明显,但也从包裹体出现频率、UV-VIS-NIR光谱样式类型、重水吸收样式和成分投图参数的选择上提供了产地鉴别的新思路。综上所述,文章旨在促进祖母绿鉴别技术的发展,为祖母绿的产地溯源提供科学依据。     

Pressure-temperature-fluid constraints for the Emmaville-Torrington emerald deposit, New South Wales, Australia: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies

The Emmaville-Torrington emeralds were first discovered in 1890 in quartz veins hosted within a Permian metasedimentary sequence, consisting of meta-siltstones, slates and quartzites intruded by pegmatite and aplite veins from the Moule Granite. The emerald deposit genesis is consistent with a typical granite-related emerald vein system. Emeralds from these veins display colour zonation alternating between emerald and clear beryl. Two fluid inclusion types are identified: three-phase (brine+vapour+halite) and two-phase (vapour+liquid) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion studies indicate the emeralds were precipitated from saline fluids ranging from approximately 33 mass percent NaCl equivalent. Formational pressures and temperatures of 350 to 400 °C and approximately 150 to 250 bars were derived from fluid inclusion and petrographic studies that also indicate emerald and beryl precipitation respectively from the liquid and vapour portions of a two-phase (boiling) system. The distinct colour zonations observed in the emerald from these deposits is the first recorded emerald locality which shows evidence of colour variation as a function of boiling. The primary three-phase and primary two-phase FITs are consistent with alternating chromium-rich ??striped?? colour banding. Alternating emerald zones with colourless beryl are due to chromium and vanadium partitioning in the liquid portion of the boiling system. The chemical variations observed at Emmaville-Torrington are similar to other colour zoned emeralds from other localities worldwide likely precipitated from a boiling system as well.     

明矾石矿床稳定同位素特征在矿床类型划分中的意义

明矾石矿床是典型的浅成硫酸盐矿床,对矿床的分类也早有研究。本文以明矾石矿床的成矿物质来源为主要依据,结合矿床地质特征和稳定同位素特征,在参考了前人的分类方案后提出一种新的分类方案。在总结了前人研究的近50矿床的地质特征和硫、氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征后,将明矾石矿床分为3大类:表生型、火山-岩浆气热交代充填型和沉积型,其中又将火山-岩浆气热交代充填型分为气热型、岩浆热液型和脉(充填)型。     

新疆塔什库尔干祖母绿(绿柱石)成矿区域地质背景研究

本文通过对新疆祖母绿(绿柱石)成矿区域地质背景研究,主要对新疆祖母绿矿床产出地层——温泉沟组地层的火山岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了一系列研究、测试、分析,包括岩石化学特征,微量元素特征,稀土元素特征等,确定其构造环境为消减带活动大陆边缘,洋壳向陆壳俯冲形成岛弧之后的弧后拉张环境.总体上为大陆一侧的活动陆缘(或大陆弧)环境...     

Les gisements d'émeraude de la Cordillère Orientale de la Colombie: Nouvelles données métallogéniques

Emerald deposits of Colombia are confined to lower Cretaceous shales of the Eastern Cordillera. The tectonic pattern of the deposits is related to deep reverse and large regional fault systems. Hydrofracturing is the main factor controlling emerald mineralization. It permitted to the hydrothermal solutions to permeate through fractures but also along stratification planes forming in this case stratabound mineralizations. Emerald occurs in calcite veins, veinlets, pockets and brecciated zones associated mainly with pyrite, quartz, parisite, codazzite and fluorite. Emerald mineralization belongs to an epigenetic hydrothermal process. The alternance of arenite-shale formations in the Cretaceous probably played an important role in the accumulation of solutions and in the propagation of the hydrothermal channels. The origin of emerald involves chemical elements mobilized by the fluids in the Cr-V-Fe-Al-Si-bearing black shales. The source of beryllium remains a problem and is discussed in the paper.