Variation in Principal Modes of Midsummer Precipitation over Northeast China and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation

This study documents the first two principal modes of interannual variability of midsummer precipitation over Northeast China(NEC) and their associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. It is shown that the first principal mode exhibits the largest amount of variability in precipitation over the south of NEC(referred to as the south mode), whereas the second principal mode behaves with the greatest precipitation anomaly over the north of NEC(referred to as the north mode). Further findings reveal that, through modulating moisture transportation and upper-and lower-troposphere divergence circulation as well as vertical movement over NEC, the anomalous northwestern Pacific anticyclone and the anticyclone centered over northern NEC exert the dominant influence on the south and north modes, respectively. Additionally, it is quantitatively estimated that water vapor across the southern boundary of NEC dominates the moisture budget for the south mode, while the north mode has a close connection with moisture through NEC's northern and western boundaries. Furthermore, the north(south) mode is strongly related to the intensity(meridional shift) of the East Asian westerly jet.     

近30年六盘山东与西坡降水及空中水汽条件差异特征分析

利用1989—2018年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA-Interim高时空分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)再分析资料以及气象站降水观测资料,对六盘山区近30年东坡与西坡降水及空中水汽条件差异特征进行诊断分析。结果表明:①近30年六盘山区大气可降水量、700hPa比湿、水汽通量与降水量空间分布特征较为一致,呈东高西低、南大北小的特征。②六盘山区的水汽主要来源于低层孟加拉湾、南海及印度洋暖湿气流的水汽输送。③六盘山区的水汽输送特征表现为700hPa和750hPa以西南风水汽输送为主导,750hPa以下六盘山东侧为东南风迎风坡,受地形强迫的影响,东南暖湿气流在东坡抬升。④六盘山系东坡存在高层辐散、低层辐合或弱辐散的动力场配置,加之地形、东亚季风与天气系统之间相互作用的共同影响,造成六盘山区降水及空中水汽条件呈东高西低的分布特征。初步的研究结果可揭示区域空中水汽条件的分布特征,为该地云水资源开发提供可参考性依据。     

中国东部夏季降水与同期东亚副热带急流年代际异常的关系

利用中国738个台站的降水观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 分析了我国降水和200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流轴的年代际变化特征, 揭示了东亚副热带西风急流位置的南北移动与我国长江流域和华北降水异常之间的联系。结果表明, 我国东部地区夏季（7、 8月）降水异常主要表现为长江中下游地区多（少）雨, 华北及华南地区少（多）雨, 20世纪70年代末80年代初是这种异常分布型发生转折的时间。与此同时, 东亚高空副热带急流轴位置从70年代末开始逐渐偏南, 急流轴位置的变动将引起对流层低层水汽辐合区和高层散度分布以及垂直环流相应的变化, 进而引起降水区域的变化。相关分析发现, 当急流位置偏南时, 25°~35°N西风增强, 42°~50°N西风减弱, 华北夏季降水减少, 长江中下游地区夏季降水增多; 反之, 当急流位置偏北时, 华北夏季降水增多, 长江中下游地区夏季降水减少。与70年代末开始的我国东部地区急流轴位置逐渐南移相对应, 华北地区夏季降水呈现逐渐减少、 长江中下游地区夏季降水呈现逐渐增多的变化趋势。分析低层水汽通量和高层的散度分布以及垂直环流的差异发现, 1980年以来华北地区对流层中低层水汽通量辐合减弱, 水汽供应减少, 垂直上升运动减弱, 造成了华北夏季降水减少, 而长江中下游地区水汽通量辐合增加, 水汽供应增多, 垂直上升运动增强, 导致该地区降水增加。     

春季长江中下游旱涝的环流特征及对前期海温异常的响应

春季长江中下游降水有显着的年际、年代际变化特征,进入21世纪以来长江中下游春季降水偏少现象频繁发生.根据中国国家气候中心160站月平均降水资料和美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)月平均再分析资料,重点探讨春季(3-5月)长江中下游地区降水异常的环流特征、可能成因、机理以及对外强迫的响应.春季长江中下游降水异常偏多(少)的环流主要特征是:高层200hPa风场上东亚副热带西风急流中心位置比气候态偏北(南);中层500hPa亚洲地区的阻塞高压主要发生在乌拉尔山(鄂霍次克海)附近、西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北(南);低层850hPa风场的东亚沿海地区为偏南(北)风距平,有利于(不利于)水汽向长江中下游地区输送.大气环流内部动力过程的分析指出:东亚地区上空Eliassen-Palm(EP)通量散度在40°N为正(负)异常、30°N为负(正)异常,有利于东亚高空西风急流中心位置偏北(南),从而导致春季长江中下游降水偏多(偏少).春季长江中下游降水异常偏多(少)年最显着的前期外强迫信号表现为赤道太平洋海温呈现厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)型.     

土壤湿度年际异常对中国春、夏季气候模拟的影响

基于NCAR大气模式CAM3.1模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常两组试验对中国区域近40a(1961-2000年)气候进行了模拟。从气候态和年际变率的角度,通过分析两组试验的差值场来探讨土壤湿度年际异常对气候模拟的影响,并初步探讨了影响的可能机制。结果表明:模式模拟的温度和降水对土壤湿度的年际异常非常敏感,土壤湿度的年际变化对中国春夏季气候及其年际变率均有显著影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,模式模拟的春夏季平均温度、最高温度、最低温度在我国大范围内降低,春夏季降水在东部大部分地区明显减少,西部增加。而模式模拟的春夏季温度、降水年际变率在中国大部分地区减弱。但当考虑土壤湿度的年际变化,则能在一定程度上提高模式对气候年际变率的模拟能力。在进一步分析表明土壤湿度年际异常时,主要通过改变地表能量通量和环流场,对温度、降水产生影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,地表净辐射通量减少,地表温度降低,感热通量减少。感热通量差值场的空间变化和温度差值场的空间变化一致,感热通量对温度有一定影响。而潜热通量差值场的空间变化和降水的差值场的空间变化一致,可见降水受地表潜热通量的影响。土壤湿度年际异常引起的环流场的变化也是导致气候变化的原因之一,地表能量和环流场年际变率的改变对春夏季气候年际变率存在一定影响。     

Scale decomposition of atmospheric water budget over West Africa during the monsoon 2006 from NCEP/GFS analyses

NCEP/GFS analysis is used to investigate the scale dependence and the interplay between the terms of the atmospheric water budget over West Africa using a dedicated decomposition methodology. The focus is on a 2-month period within the active monsoon period of 2006. Results show that the dominant scales of seasonal mean precipitation and moisture flux divergence over West Africa during the monsoon period are large scales (greater than 1,400 km) except over topography, where mean values of small scales (smaller than 900 km) are strong. Correlations between moisture flux divergences in monsoon and African Easterly Jet layers and precipitation indicate that precipitation is strongly correlated to moisture flux divergence via both large-scale and small-scale processes, but the correlation signal is quite different depending on the region and vertical layer considered. The analysis of the scales associated with the rainfall and the local evaporation over 3 different regions shows that positive correlation exists over the ocean between precipitation and evaporation especially at large scale. Over the continent south of the Sahel, the correlation is negative and driven by large scale. Over the northern part of Sahel, positive correlation is found, only at small scales during the active monsoon period. Lag correlation reveals that the maximum evaporation over the Sahel occurs 1–3 days after the maximum precipitation with maximum contribution from small-scale processes during the first day. This study shows that NCEP/GFS reproduces well the known atmospheric water budget features. It also reveals a new scale dependence of the relative role of each term of the atmospheric water budget. This indicates that such scale decomposition approach is helpful to clarify the functioning of the water cycle embedded in the monsoon system.     

Intercomparison and analyses of the climatology of the West African Monsoon in the West African Monsoon Modeling and Evaluation project (WAMME) first model intercomparison experiment

This paper briefly presents the West African Monsoon (WAM) Modeling and Evaluation Project (WAMME) and evaluates WAMME general circulation models’ (GCM) performances in simulating variability of WAM precipitation, surface temperature, and major circulation features at seasonal and intraseasonal scales in the first WAMME experiment. The analyses indicate that models with specified sea surface temperature generally have reasonable simulations of the pattern of spatial distribution of WAM seasonal mean precipitation and surface temperature as well as the averaged zonal wind in latitude-height cross-section and low level circulation. But there are large differences among models in simulating spatial correlation, intensity, and variance of precipitation compared with observations. Furthermore, the majority of models fail to produce proper intensities of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the tropical easterly jet. AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Project (ALMIP) data are used to analyze the association between simulated surface processes and the WAM and to investigate the WAM mechanism. It has been identified that the spatial distributions of surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature, and moisture convergence are closely associated with the simulated spatial distribution of precipitation; while surface latent heat flux is closely associated with the AEJ and contributes to divergence in AEJ simulation. Common empirical orthogonal functions (CEOF) analysis is applied to characterize the WAM precipitation evolution and has identified a major WAM precipitation mode and two temperature modes (Sahara mode and Sahel mode). Results indicate that the WAMME models produce reasonable temporal evolutions of major CEOF modes but have deficiencies/uncertainties in producing variances explained by major modes. Furthermore, the CEOF analysis shows that WAM precipitation evolution is closely related to the enhanced Sahara mode and the weakened Sahel mode, supporting the evidence revealed in the analysis using ALMIP data. An analysis of variability of CEOF modes suggests that the Sahara mode leads the WAM evolution, and divergence in simulating this mode contributes to discrepancies in the precipitation simulation.     

我国东部夏季降水异常主模态的年代际变化及其与东亚水汽输送的关系

本文利用1958～2000年ERA-40再分析每日资料和我国516台站降水资料以及EOF方法,分析了我国东部季风区夏季降水异常主模态的年代际变化特征及其与东亚上空水汽输送通量时空变化的关系.分析结果表明了我国东部季风区夏季降水的时空变化存在两种主模态:第1主模态不仅显示出明显的准两年周期振荡的年际变化特征且也有明显的年...     

欧亚中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水的可能联系

利用国家气候中心提供的中国区域753站降水观测资料、ECMWF逐月地表感热通量再分析资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,讨论了欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水之间的联系及其相关的物理机制。分析发现欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游地区夏季降水存在显著的正相关:感热偏强期,长江中下游夏季降水偏多;感热偏弱期,长江中下游夏季降水偏少。春季感热异常偏强时,夏季东亚副热带西风急流主体位置偏东、强度偏强、范围偏大,长江中下游地区主要受辐合上升气流控制,水汽输送条件好,降水异常偏多。而春季感热偏弱时,情况大致相反,则夏季降水异常偏少。研究表明欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热通量异常变化对我国长江中下游夏季降水预测具有一定的指示意义。     

6种地表热通量资料在伊朗—青藏高原地区的对比分析

基于JRA25、ERA40、ERA-Interim、NCEP1、NCEP2和20CR,对比了不同资料中气候平均(1979—2008年)伊朗—青藏高原感热通量和波文比的季节演变,以及夏季高原感热的年际变率和线性趋势。6套资料均表明,由春到夏亚洲大地形区域地表热状况的季节演变存在明显差异,青藏高原东南部低空气旋生成,一方面增多了局地降水,减弱了地表西风,造成潜热加强,感热减弱,波文比减小;另一方面加强了伊朗高原的东北风,抑制了当地降水,令感热加强,波文比增加,构成了青藏—伊朗高原感热通量季节演变的纬向非对称分布。虽然近30 a来伊朗高原(青藏高原)夏季感热线性增加(减小)的趋势一致,但不同资料所反映的伊朗—青藏高原夏季感热通量的年际变化差别明显。     

动力降尺度CMIP5的2006—2035新疆夏季降水变化

评估了CMIP5 9个模式对新疆夏季降水的模拟效果,从中选取5个较好的模式结果,利用RegCM4动力降尺度再集合平均。通过对CMIP5 9个模式的评估,发现CanCM4、CMCC-CM、CNRM-CM5、HadCM3、MIROC4h对新疆夏季降水的模拟较好。进一步分析动力降尺度和集合平均结果,发现动力降尺度能更好地描述新疆复杂地形造成的降水,同时发现2006—2035年比1976—2005年新疆夏季的总体降水有所减少,存在明显的减少趋势。在空间分布上主要表现为天山山脉和其南侧降水显著减少,昆仑山山脉北缘降水显著增加,这与2006—2035年新疆东北侧500 hPa出现的位势高度正异常和与之相对应的反气旋式环流异常有关。这一环流异常造成了天山山脉上空水汽的显著辐散和昆仑山山脉北缘上空水汽的显著辐合。     

局地蒸发和外部水汽输送对松花江流域夏季降水的贡献

本文基于Brubaker二元模型,采用JRA-55再分析资料定量研究了局地蒸发和外部水汽输送对松花江流域夏季气候态降水及其年际变率的相对贡献,并探讨了相应的物理机制。气候平均而言,外部水汽输送是松花江流域初夏（5～6月）和盛夏（7～8月）降水的最主要水汽源。受西风带影响,初夏自西边界进入松花江流域的水汽贡献占主导,外部水汽输送对当地降水的贡献为78.9%,源自蒸发的水汽贡献为21.1%。较之初夏,由于盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送加倍,外部水汽输送贡献增加,外部水汽输送和蒸发对降水贡献分别为86%和14%。JRA-55再分析资料可以合理再现观测降水演变,1961～2016年JRA-55再分析资料降水与观测在初夏与盛夏的相关系数分别可以达到0.73和0.83。研究发现,初夏,由于西南季风异常导致的南边界进入的水汽输送异常是松花江流域降水年际变率的主要原因,自西边界、北边界进入的水汽输送与降水呈现显著负相关,初夏局地蒸发的贡献不显著,该水汽输送异常对应的环流型易发生在El Ni?o衰减年初夏。盛夏来自南边界的水汽输送起主导作用,局地蒸发贡献与降水变化显著负相关,海温强迫作用对该环流异常的强迫并不显著,中高纬度大气内部变率影响占主导。由于盛夏降水与地表温度在盛夏期间显著负相关,盛夏时期降水偏少时,温度偏高,蒸发偏强,进而蒸发水汽对降水贡献增加。     

Atmospheric moisture budget and its regulation of the summer precipitation variability over the Southeastern United States

Atmospheric moisture budget and its regulation of the summer (June–July–August) precipitation over the Southeastern United State (SE U.S.) were examined during 1948–2007 using PRECipitation REConstruction over Land and multiple reanalysis datasets. The analysis shows that the interannual variation of SE U.S. summer precipitation can be largely explained by the leading Empirical Orthogonal Function mode showing a spatially homogenous sub-continental scale pattern. Consequently, areal-averaged precipitation was investigated to focus on the large-scale rainfall changes over the SE U.S. The wavelet analysis identifies an increased 2–4 year power spectrum in recent 30 years (1978–2007), suggesting an intensification of the interannual variability. Analysis of the atmospheric moisture budget indicates that the increase in precipitation variability is mainly caused by moisture transport, which exhibits a similar increase in the 2–4 year power spectrum for the same period. Moisture transport, in turn, is largely controlled by the seasonal mean component rather than the subseasonal-scale eddies. Furthermore, our results indicate that dynamic processes (atmospheric circulation) are more important than thermodynamic processes (specific humidity) in regulating the interannual variation of moisture transport. Specifically, the North Atlantic Subtropical High western ridge position is found to be a primary regulator, with the ridge in the northwest (southwest) corresponding to anomalous moisture divergence (convergence) over the SE U.S. Changes in moisture transport consistent with the increased frequency of these two ridge types in recent 30 years favor the intensification of summer precipitation variability.     

华北夏季降水的年代际变化

利用我国740个测站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用合成分析等方法,对华北夏季降水的年代际变化特征进行分析。结果表明:华北夏季降水的年代际变化与华北夏季雨带的年代际变化密不可分。在华北夏季降水偏多阶段,华北地区雨带降水量较大,华北雨带能够向西延伸,雨带位置大多数时间能够越过115°E,并且能够接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏西;而在华北夏季降水偏少阶段,华北雨带降水量偏小,雨带虽然也能够越过115°E,但维持时间不长,且向西延伸并不明显,雨带位置很难接近华北西部边界110°E,位置偏东。华北雨带发生的年代际变化和东亚地区大气环流以及东亚夏季风的年代际变化有关。     

西藏高原汛期旱涝年水汽输送差异特征

利用西藏高原39个气象站自1961年或建站开始至2010年汛期(5—9月)的逐月降水资料,根据Z指数和区域旱涝指数分析了近50年西藏高原汛期旱涝的变化特征。在此基础上,选取了典型旱、涝年,采用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,通过合成分析方法分析了旱、涝年的水汽输送特征的差异。结果表明:近50年以来,西藏高原以旱为主,涝灾较少,干湿状况具有明显年代际变化;西藏高原汛期旱涝与水汽输送异常联系紧密,典型旱(涝)年北印度洋、西北太平洋和亚洲中纬度地区的整层水汽通量经向、纬向及整层水汽通量和水汽通量散度均存在显著差异,呈反位相分布。越赤道急流区的差异最为显著,索马里越赤道气流区的水汽输送差异主要表现在经向上,而菲律宾越赤道气流区的水汽输送差异主要表现在纬向上。     

Sub-seasonal interannual variability associated with the excess and deficit Indian winter monsoon over the Western Himalayas

During the winter season (Dec., Jan., and Feb.; DJF) the western Himalaya (WH) receives one-third of its annual precipitation due to Indian winter monsoon (IWM). The IWM is characterized by eastward-moving synoptic weather systems called western disturbances. Seasonal interannual precipitation variability is positively correlated with monthly interannual variabilities. However, it was found that the monthly interannual variabilities differ. The interannual variability for Jan. is negatively correlated with that for Dec. and Feb. Because the entire seasonal interannual variability is in phase with the El Niño Southern Oscillation, it is interesting to investigate such contrasting behavior. Composite analysis based on extreme wet and dry seasons indicates that Dec. and Feb. precipitation variabilities have a high positive (low negative) correlation with eastern (western) equatorial Pacific warming (cooling), whereas Jan. precipitation variability exhibits negligible correlations. Seasonal mid/upper tropospheric cooling over the Himalayas enhances anomalous cyclonic circulation, which along with suppressed convection over the western equatorial Pacific, shifts the 200-hPa subtropical westerly jet southward over the Himalayas. Due to the upper tropospheric anomalous cyclonic circulation, mass transfer favors anticyclone formation at the mid/lower troposphere, which is enhanced in Jan. due to a warmer mid troposphere and hence decreases precipitation compared with Dec. and Feb. Additionally, a weakening of meridional moisture flux transport from the equatorial Indian Ocean to WH is observed in Jan. Further analysis reveals that mid-tropospheric and surface temperatures over WH also play dominant roles, acting as local forcing where the preceding month’s surface temperature controls the succeeding month’s precipitation.     

Climatic features of the south-westerly low-level jet over southeast china and its association with precipitation over east China

The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley.     

一个新动力因子在登陆台风“凤凰”强降水过程中的应用

根据波动和风场辐合辐散与登陆台风强降水密切相关的特点,利用高分辨率的数值模拟资料,采用分别表征强降水区波动特征和辐合辐散特征的两个动力参数——位势散度波作用密度和散度垂直通量,对登陆台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做诊断分析;同时结合波扰动和辐合辐散两特征,发展了一个新的物理量——热力切变散度参数,并据此对台风"凤凰"的强降水过程做进一步诊断分析,结果表明在整个研究时段内,地面雨区被热力切变散度参数的异常值区始终覆盖,二者具有较一致的空间分布和时间演变趋势。基于GFS(Global Forecast System)预报产品的动力释用分析表明,利用数值预报场计算的热力切变散度参数的强信号出现在强降水区,而弱信号出现在非降水区,该参数对强降水落区有较好的指示作用。     

Strengthened influence of the East Asian trough on spring extreme precipitation variability over eastern Southwest China after the late 1980s

The relationship between variations in the East Asian trough (EAT) intensity and spring extreme precipitation over Southwest China (SWC) during 1961–2020 is investigated. The results indicate that there is an interdecadal increase in the relationship between the EAT and spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC around the late 1980s. During the latter period, the weak (strong) EAT corresponds to a strong and large-scale anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) over the East Asia–Northwest Pacific region. The EAT-related anomalous southerlies (northerlies) dominate eastern SWC, leading to significant upward (downward) motion and moisture convergence (divergence) over the region, providing favorable (unfavorable) dynamic and moisture conditions for extreme precipitation over eastern SWC. In contrast, during the former period, the EAT-related circulation anomalies are weak and cover a relatively smaller region, which cannot significantly affect the moisture and dynamic conditions over eastern SWC; therefore, the response in extreme precipitation over eastern SWC to EAT is weak over the period. The interdecadal change in the relationship between eastern SWC spring extreme precipitation and the EAT could be related to the interdecadal change in the EAT variability. The large (small) variability of the EAT is associated with significant (insignificant) changes in spring extreme precipitation over eastern SWC during the latter (former) period.摘要本文研究表明东亚大槽强度与中国西南地区东部春季极端降水的关系在20世纪80年代末后显著增强, 这可能与东亚大槽自身变率的年代际变化有关. 在80年代末之后, 东亚大槽的变率显著增强, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏强, 范围偏大, 可以显著影响西南地区东部的水汽和动力条件, 从而引起该地区春季极端降水的显著变化. 而在80年代末之前, 东亚大槽的变率偏弱, 其对应的大气环流异常也偏弱, 范围偏小, 因此不能对西南地区东部春季极端降水的变化产生显著影响.     

2009/2010年冬季云南干旱的进一步研究——前期土壤湿度影响的数值模拟

采用新一代中尺度数值模式WRFv3.2版本,模拟研究了前期(秋季)土壤湿度异常对云南冬季降水的影响。数值模拟试验结果和一系列分析清楚表明,前期(秋季)土壤湿度的异常偏低,会导致云南地区冬季(12月1日~2月28日)降水的显著减少;前期土壤湿度减少一半,可以使云南冬季的降水量平均减少30%以上,小部分区域减少达50%以上,影响十分明显。大气环流及其主要参量模拟结果的对比分析清楚表明,持续的西偏北气流和干气团的控制以及云南地区大气散度场和垂直运动场等的异常是导致降水量减少的直接原因。对降水过程的分析表明,前期土壤湿度减少对降水过程的频次和发生时间的影响较小,但对各次过程的降水强度影响明显。这是前期土壤湿度减少所导致的包括区域性蒸发量和热通量等大气物理过程的改变决定的。本研究数值模拟结果与关于区域性土壤湿度异常影响机理的已有结论基本一致。