安徽省宣城市土壤硒地球化学特征及成因分析

通过1∶25万多目标土壤地球化学调查采集的表、深层双网格土壤样品,对宣城市土壤硒地球化学特征及成因来源进行分析。结果表明：宣城市表层土壤Se含量在(0.12～8.80)×10^-6,平均含量0.44×10^-6,区内足硒和富硒土壤分布广泛,占比分别为61.90%和35.63%,富硒土壤主要分布在宁国市宁墩镇—绩溪县伏岭镇、泾县晏公镇—宣州区百棵树—水东镇、泾县陈村—赤坑山、广德县新杭镇等地。土壤Se含量主要受母岩及成土母质控制,震旦系蓝田组,寒武系荷塘组、杨柳岗组等含炭质泥页岩、炭质硅质泥岩分布区,二叠系、三叠系、石炭系、寒武系、奥陶系等灰岩分布区土壤Se含量高,燕山期中酸性侵入岩、第四系分布区土壤Se含量低。不同成土母质中碳酸盐岩类、浅色碎屑岩类、浅变质岩类母质土壤Se含量高于晚更新世黄土、河流冲积物以及酸性岩类母质Se含量;不同土壤类型中石灰岩土、粗骨土、石质土、红壤Se含量高于水稻土、黄褐土、潮土Se含量。土壤Se含量与V、Cd、Ba、Ag、Zn、Mo、U、Ni、Sb、P、S以及有机质等理化指标相关性较好,土壤全量硒与有效硒相关性较好。区内...     

云南省盈江县旧城—姐冒地区铅地球化学特征及风险评价

基于云南省盈江县旧城—姐冒地区4 706件土壤表层样品和9条土壤垂向剖面,开展土壤Pb地球化学特征研究,并结合"全国第二次土地调查"图斑进行土壤Pb引发人体健康风险评价。结果表明:研究区表层土壤Pb平均含量为43.40 mg/kg,其背景值是全国土壤A层平均值的1.55倍,样品超标率为3.10%;表层土壤Pb元素空间分异明显,分布特征受成土母质和人为活动等因素共同影响;残坡积土壤剖面中Pb含量较多继承了成土母质的物质组成,表现出由表层向深层轻微富集的特征,不同成土母质发育的土壤中Pb含量特征整体表现为:花岗岩板岩片麻岩、变粒岩碎屑岩;第四系冲积土壤剖面中叠加有明显的人为活动影响,Pb含量表现出由深层向表层富集的特征;研究区土壤Pb引发人体健康风险的可能性整体较小,在目前的土地利用和耕作方式下,基本可以得到安全利用。     

南京市溧水区表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

锗(Ge)是一种生命所必需的微量元素,对人体具有广泛的保健功效。富Ge土壤具有广阔的开发利用价值,但目前我国对土壤Ge的研究程度相对较低。选择南京市溧水区为研究区,在土地质量地球化学调查的基础上,对研究区表层土壤Ge的含量及空间分布特征进行研究,分析地质背景对土壤Ge分布的影响。结果表明,南京市溧水区表层土壤Ge平均含量为1.40 mg/kg,土壤Ge含量主要受控于地质背景,空间分布也与地质背景高度吻合。土壤Ge含量高值区主要为侏罗系大王山组出露区,岩性主要以粗安质、安山质火山岩为主,第四系沉积物分布区土壤Ge含量相对较低。土壤中Ge含量与pH值关系不显著,与土壤中有机质含量呈一定的负相关关系,与Cr、Co、Ni、As呈明显的正相关关系。土地质量地球化学评价结果表明研究区土壤Ge丰富的面积为84.18 km²,占全区总面积的10.84%,全区基本没有Ge缺乏的地区。研究探讨了南京市溧水区表层土壤锗含量、空间分布特征及其影响因素等,可为我国土壤锗的生态地球化学研究提供基础资料,对于富锗土壤资源的科学开发利用具有指导意义。     

广西北部湾沿海经济区富硒土壤地球化学特征

通过对广西北部湾沿海经济区土壤硒含量调查,研究了土壤总硒含量的分布特征、成因来源及其与土壤理化性质的关系。研究结果表明,表层土壤总硒含量为(0.06~0.90)×10-6,平均值为0.44×10-6,深层土壤总硒含量为(0.07~0.92)×10-6,平均值为0.44×10-6,研究区表层和深层土壤分别有62.2%和64.5%属于富硒土壤。表层土壤总硒对深层土壤总硒具有一定的继承性,土壤总硒主要受控于成土母质。相关分析表明,土壤中总硒含量与C、Org C、Al2O3、TFe2O3等呈显著性正相关,说明土壤中有机碳、铁锰氧化物对硒的地球化学行为有重要影响。研究区生态环境质量优良,具有开发富硒农产品的潜力。     

云南典型地质高背景区土壤重金属含量特征及污染风险评价

云南峨眉山玄武岩和碳酸盐岩分布区为典型重金属地质高背景区,选取云南鲁甸县典型地质高背景区为研究对象,采集1406件表层土壤样品,系统研究土壤中重金属含量特征,评价土壤重金属污染风险,重点探讨不同地质岩性对土壤重金属含量的影响,分析土壤重金属的来源。结果表明:(1)表层土壤中Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni含量均超出云南省背景值,土壤重金属含量明显受成土母质影响,碳酸盐岩明显富集Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn,飞仙关组碎屑岩明显富集Cr、Cu、Ni、Cd,玄武岩明显富集Cu、Cd、Zn、Cr,均为典型的地质高背景区;(2)表层土壤重金属综合评价等级以风险可控为主,碳酸盐岩、飞仙关组碎屑岩和玄武岩土壤中污染风险较高的重金属元素主要为Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni,且明显受玄武岩岩浆活动影响;(3)主成分和空间分析结果显示,地质高背景区土壤重金属高含量主要为成土母岩中重金属高含量及其风化成土过程中次生富集作用导致,人为影响相对较小。     

广西全州县富硒土壤地球化学特征

依据广西全州县土地质量地球化学调查数据,研究了表层土壤中硒的总体分布特征、受控因素及生态效应。结果表明,广西全州县存在大面积的富硒土壤,土壤硒平均含量为0.60×10~(-6),足硒和富硒土壤面积分别占17.38%和81.88%。土壤硒含量的分布明显受成土母质、土壤质地、pH值等影响,主要受控于成土母质,具有明显的继承性。研究区土壤环境质量良好,富硒农产品丰富,富硒土地资源具有良好的开发前景。     

安徽江淮地区土壤微量元素分布特征及成因分析

多目标区域地球化学调查作为生态地球化学调查的基础工作,以快速查明表层土壤及其背景地球化学元素分布为目的.本文以安徽江淮地区多目标区域地球化学调查结果为基础,对安徽江淮地区耕地土壤及其母质中主要元素分布特征及其成因进行了分析研究,结果得出:(1)大多数地区表层土壤微量元素含量与深层具有一致性和继承性;(2)各地土壤微量元素分布特征主要受成土母质类型控制,说明其成因与成土母质和成土过程等因素有关;(3)耕地土壤微量元素含量的变异受施肥、灌溉和耕作方式等人为因素影响较大,且存在较大的地区差异性.     

广西武鸣县典型土壤剖面Se的地球化学特征及其影响因素研究

以广西武鸣县典型的碳酸盐岩成土剖面和陆源碎屑岩成土剖面为研究对象,研究了不同成土母质在成土过程中Se元素与其形态在垂向上的迁移变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩在成土过程中,土壤Se含量均继承了成土母质的特点,且前者在表层明显富集,而后者相对较稳定,算术平均值分别为0.55 mg/kg和1.43 mg/kg。前者的水溶性总硒含量高于后者,平均含量分别为3.48 μg/kg和1.81 μg/kg,但均以硒酸态硒为主,其次是亚硒酸态硒和腐殖酸结合态硒。成土剖面上,土壤Se含量及其形态影响因素研究表明,碳酸盐岩成土剖面上,Se的含量与形态主要受土壤TOC含量和pH值影响;陆源碎屑岩成土剖面上,影响Se的含量及其形态的因素较多,土壤pH值、TOC、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃含量以及土壤质地等均对其有不同程度的影响。     

广西百色市不同成土母质地区富硒土壤标准探讨

成土母质是土壤形成的基础,是影响土壤硒含量的最重要因素,不同成土母质形成的土壤硒含量有明显差异性,不同成因类型的富硒土壤生产出的农产品富硒程度也不同。依据广西百色市凌云县、田阳区、右江区和德保县的土地质量地球化学评价数据,以评价区不同成土母质类型为切入点,探讨不同成土母质类型下适合百色市发展富硒水稻产业的富硒土壤标准。结果表明：评价区土壤硒含量平均值为0.51 mg/kg,硒资源丰富。通过不同成土母质富硒率对比,发现当碎屑岩地区土壤硒含量达到0.24 mg/kg时,水稻籽实富硒率为72.7%,建议以此作为百色市碎屑岩地区的富硒土壤标准值,为当地土地区划利用、发展富硒水稻产业提供建议。     

华东多目标区域地球化学调查区土壤常量元素地球化学特征

为了研究土壤常量元素来源及分布特征,分析了华东多目标地球化学调查区表层土壤和深层土壤常量元素质量分数的关系,以及不同成土母质发育的土壤常量元素质量分数之间的相互关系。结果显示：在该地区表层土壤和深层土壤中,常量元素存在显著相关性,质量分数比值为0.75～1.04,说明该区域表层土壤常量元素与深层土壤属于同一物质来源,主要来源于成土母质;常量元素在不同地质单元区土壤质量分数的高低及变异系数的大小除了成土母质原因,元素自身地球化学性质也是其主要影响因素;元素之间相关性及因子分析很好地区分出了在该地区成土过程中元素共生组合特征,即CaO-MgO-Na₂O、Al₂O₃-TFe₂O₃-K₂O、SiO₂3个组合。通过分析可以得出在该地区表层土壤常量元素对成土母质有良好继承性,因此能够利用表层土壤元素组合特征和质量分数高低在一定程度上辨别该地区土壤的成土母质岩性、来源和土壤机械组成。     

Spatial distribution characteristics and main controlling factors of germanium in soil of northern Dabie Mountains,China

With the increasing application of germanium (Ge) elements in modern industry, military and medical health industries, especially with the growing demand for Ge-rich agricultural products, the study of Ge-rich soil has become particularly important, but the enrichment pattern and control factors of Ge-rich soil are still not well understood due to the high dispersion and high migration of Ge-rich soil. In this paper, 495 surface soil (0–20 cm) and 149 deep soil (150–200 cm) samples were collected from the northern foothills of Dabie Mountain using a double-layer grid layout, and the spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics of Ge were studied by high-resolution method, and the controlling factors affecting the distribution of Ge-rich soil was analyzed by geo-statistics and spatial analogy. The results show an average Ge content of 1.34 mg/kg for the surface and 1.36 mg/kg for the deep soil. In the assessment grade classification of surface and deep soil for Ge, the abundant and sub-abundant grades account for 37.97% and 31.70%, respectively, covering 752 km² and 634 km². Surface Ge-rich regions are distributed in concentrated strips in the north-central part of the studied region, and there is no clear pattern in the spatial distribution of deep soils. In the areas under study, such as Fenlukou, Dingji, and Jiangjiadian, the surface soil is very rich in Ge and has a high enrichment factor, which is valuable for agricultural development. In surface soils, river deposits and shallow metamorphic rock parent materials have the highest content of Ge, while in deep soils, the highest content has been found in the parent material of moderately acidic rock. Both surface and deep soils have the highest Ge content in purple paddy soils and plain areas. The source of Ge in the soils of the study area is most influenced by the lithology of the soil-forming parent material, while the distribution of Ge in the surface soils is jointly influenced by pH, SiO₂, TFe₂O₃, and Al₂O₃ in the soil. This study has implications for understanding the enrichment pattern of Ge in soil and its controlling factors as well as for the development of Ge-rich agricultural products.     

华北某些地区石炭—二叠系成岩作用及成岩阶段的研究

成岩作用及成岩阶段的确定是储集层评价的重要依据。作者应用铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜的观察,x射线衍射分析及包体测温等方法,对华北一些地区石炭一二叠系砂岩的成岩作用及成岩阶段作了系统的研究。从太原组到上石盒子组,由于沉积环境、岩石类型的差异,它们经历了不同的成岩作用过程。太原组石英砂岩以石英增生与胶结作用为主;山西组长石砂岩及长石石英砂岩以长石及石英增生、碳酸盐胶结交代作用为主;上、下石盒子组粘土含量较高的岩屑砂岩以压实作用、粘土矿物的转化作用为主。 成岩阶段的确定主要根据自生石英中包裹体测温、镜煤反射率测定及粘土矿物的演变等。研究结果得出石炭一二叠系经历的古地温为100—150℃,有机质处于成熟期,粘土矿物转化为以伊利石为主,混层矿物中伊利石达80％,可见研究区内石炭一二叠系的成岩阶段处于中成岩期的晚期。其原始孔隙基本消失,代之以一定次生孔隙。     

碳酸盐岩酸不溶物作为贵州岩溶区红色风化壳主要物质来源的证据

贵州岩溶区红色风化壳是中国南方红色负化壳的重要组成部分，本文根据部分红色风化壳剖面野外特征、矿物学、地球化学及土壤物理学等的研究结果，对其物源及成因进行了探讨。各剖面，尤其邻近剖面显著的矿物学、地球化学差异排除了远程风成沉积物、火山灰、上覆或者高处碎屑岩层作为统一且重要物源的可能。极低的石英含量表明贵州常见的长石石英砂岩不是其主要物源，具有中稀土（MREE）富集的特征也排除了粘土岩、页岩作为主要物源的可能。风化壳剖面间的差异性均可从基岩酸不溶物的差异性得到很好解释，表明它们是下伏碳酸盐岩风化、酸不溶物（准）原地堆积的结果。部分剖面甚至显示了典型风化壳剖面的一些特征，具有正常风化序列的剖面结构特征。     

广西红黏土矿物成分分析

黏土矿物成分对其工程力学性质具有显著的影响。目前,在黏土矿物种类鉴定方面已有一些成熟的方法技术,而对黏土的矿物成分定量分析尚没有成熟的方法。本文基于X射线衍射试验、全化学元素分析、Bogue法和K值法,对广西武鸣、桂林两地红黏土的矿物成分进行了定性鉴定和定量分析。研究结果表明:(1)桂林、武鸣两地红黏土的主要矿物均为高岭石、三水铝石、针铁矿,桂林红黏土还含有一定量的石英。(2)武鸣红黏土的矿物成分及其含量依次为:高岭石(74.0%)、三水铝石(12.53%)、针铁矿(2mm, 2.22%)、针铁矿(2mm, 8.37%)。(3)桂林红黏土的矿物成分及其含量依次为:高岭石(56.59%)、三水铝石(11.44%)、针铁矿(15.61%)、石英(12.45%)。     

REE Mineralization of Weathered Crust and Clay Sediment on Granitic Rocks in the Sanyo Belt,SW Japan and the Southern Jiangxi Province,China

Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry and mineralogy have been studied in the weathered crusts derived from the Early Yanshanian (Jurassic) biotite granites of Dabu and Dingnan, as well as in the Indosinian (Permian) muscovite–biotite granite of Aigao in southern Jiangxi province, China, and the weathered crusts and clay sediments on biotite granites in the Sanyo belt, SW Japan, that is, Okayama, Tanakami, and Naegi areas. In all of the weathered crusts, biotite and plagioclase commonly tend to decrease toward the upper part of the profile, whereas kaolinite and residual quartz and K‐feldspar increase. The weathered crusts of the Dingnan granites and some Naegi granites, which are characterized by the enrichment in light REE (LREE) in C horizons, have higher total REE (ΣREE) content than the parent REE‐enriched granites. Weathering of LREE‐bearing apatite and fluorocarbonates in the Dingnan granites and allanite and apatite in some Naegi granites may account for the leaching of LREE at the B horizons. The leached LREE must result in subsequent enrichment of LREE in the C horizons. The enrichment is probably associated with mainly adsorption onto kaolinite and partly formation of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals. In Japan it was found that REE mineralization occurs not in the weathered granitic crusts but in reworked clay sediments, especially kaolinite‐rich layers, derived mainly from the weathering materials of REE‐enriched granitic rocks. The clay sediments are more enriched in LREE, which likely adsorbed onto kaolinite. Concentration of heavy REE within almost all the weathered crusts and clay sediments, however, may reflect mainly residual REE‐bearing minerals such as zircon, which originated in the parent granitic rocks. The findings of the present study support the three processes for fractionation of the REE during weathering: (i) selective leaching of rocks containing both stable and unstable REE‐bearing minerals; (ii) adsorption onto clay minerals; and (iii) presence of possible secondary LREE‐bearing minerals.     

Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.     

The Mount Saddleback bauxite deposit, southwestern Australia

Bauxite within the laterite horizon was first identified as being of economic significance in the Mt. Saddleback area of Western Australia in the 1960's. The Mt. Saddleback bauxite is derived from a mafic volcanic (greenstone) parent material and has high Fe and low silica contents compared with other bauxite in the region. It occurs as two distinct lithological units, a hard, massive, Fe-rich layer (hardcap) overlying a more friable, nodular earthy horizon (B zone). The bauxite averages 6 m in thickness and is underlain by a deep clay horizon. The major minerals of the bauxite are gibbsite, goethite and hematite with kaolin increasing with depth towards the base of the B zone. Minor components are quartz and anatase with traces of corundum, boehmite and maghemite in hardcap.     

Geochemistry and detrital modes of Proterozoic sedimentary rocks,Bayana Basin,north Delhi fold belt: implications for provenance and source-area weathering

Bayana Basin, sited along the eastern margin of the north Delhi fold belt of the Aravalli Craton, contains an ～3000?m-thick sequence comprising one volcanic and seven sedimentary formations of the Delhi Supergroup. The sedimentary units are the Nithar, Jogipura, Badalgarh, Bayana, Damdama, Kushalgarh, and Weir formations in order of decreasing age. Petrographic study of the sandstones as well as major and trace elements (including rare earth elements) and bulk-rock analyses of the shales and sandstones allow the determination of their provenance, source-rock weathering, and basinal tectonic setting. The sandstones are quartz rich and were derived mainly from exhumed granitoids typical of a craton interior. Geochemical patterns of the sandstones and shales are similar. However, trace element abundances are low in sandstones, probably due to quartz dilution. The coarser clastic Damdama and Weir sandstones, which occur at higher stratigraphic levels, have strikingly low trace element concentrations compared with the underlying Bayana and Badalgarh sandstones. All samples show uniform LREE-enriched patterns with negative Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*?=?0.16–0.23) and are similar to those of post-Archaean Australian shales (PAAS). However, the (La/Yb) _n ratios (averages 11–18) of all the sedimentary units are higher than those of PAAS, except for the Bayana Sandstone, which has low values (average 6.77). The chemical index of alteration (70–78) and the plagioclase index of alteration (87–97) values and the A–CN–K diagram suggest moderate to intense weathering of the source area.

The provenance analyses indicate that basin sedimentation was discontinuous. It received input from a terrain comprising granitoids, mafic rocks, sedimentary sequences, and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suites. The Nithar and Badalgarh sandstones received input from a source consisting predominantly of granitoids. The succeeding Damdama and Weir sandstones received debris from granitoids and TTG in different proportions. The Kushalgarh shale was possibly derived from a source consisting granites and mafic rocks with a TTG component. The pre-existing sedimentary formations also contributed intermittently during the different phases of sedimentation.

Bulk-rock geochemical data suggest Mesoarchaean gneisses and late Archaean granites of BGC/BGGC (Banded Gneissic Complex/Bundelkhand Granitic Gneiss Complex) basement as possible source terrains. These data indicate deposition in a continental rift setting. The coeval formation of many rift-related Proterozoic sedimentary basins in the BGC/BGGC terrain suggests that the North Indian Craton underwent major intracratonic extension during Proterozoic time, probably triggering the break up of Earth's first supercontinent.     

Mineralogy and organic petrology of oil shales in the Sangkarewang Formation, Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Ombilin Basin is filled by late Eocene to early Oligocene marginal fan deposits (Brani Formation) and lacustrine shales (Sangkarewang Formation), unconformably overlain by a late Oligocene to early Miocene fluvial sequence (Sawahlunto and Sawahtambang Formations) and capped by an early to mid-Miocene marine sequence (Ombilin Formation). Significant oil shale deposits occur in the Sangkarewang Formation, intercalated with thin laminated greenish-grey calcareous sandstones. X-ray diffraction shows that the sediments consist mainly of quartz, feldspar, carbonates and a range of clay minerals, together in some cases with minor proportions of sulphides, evaporites and zeolites. Feldspar and non-kaolinite clay minerals decrease up the sequence, relative to kaolinite, suggesting a changing sediment source as the basin was filled. Calcite, thought to be mainly of authigenic origin, is also more abundant in the middle and upper parts of the sequence.The organic matter in the oil shales of the sequence is dominated by liptinite macerals, particularly alginite (mainly lamalginite) and sporinite. Cutinite also occurs in some samples, along with resinite and traces of bituminite. The dominance of lamalginite in the liptinite components suggests that the material can be described as a lamosite. Samples from the Sangkarewang Formation have vitrinite reflectance values ranging between 0.37% and 0.55%. These are markedly lower than the vitrinite reflectance for coal from the overlying Sawahlunto Formation (0.68%), possibly due to suppression associated with the abundant liptinite in the oil shales.Fischer assay data on outcrop samples indicate that the oil yield is related to the organic carbon content. Correlations with XRD data show that, with one exception, the oil yield and organic carbon can also be correlated directly to the abundance of carbonate (calcite) and inversely to the abundance of quartz plus feldspar. This suggests that the abundance of algal material in the lake sediments was preferentially associated with carbonate deposition. High yields of oil are noted in some samples, as a percentage of the organic carbon content. This may indicate that partial generation of hydrocarbons from the material has already taken place, in association with thermal maturation of the Sangkarewang succession.     

石英砂岩的硅质胶结作用及其对储集性的影响

作者应用阴极发光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及包体测温等手段,对华北太原组石英砂岩的硅质胶结现象、形成温度、物质来源及其对储集性的影响作了研究。结果表明:太原组石英砂岩有两期硅质胶结,第二期规模大;其形成温度为130°-140℃;砂岩处于中成岩阶段晚期;硅质胶结作用是使该砂岩丧失良好储集性能的主要因素。