柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组页岩储层特征

岩心观察和岩石薄片鉴定显示,柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组存在层状-非层状泥页岩、层状-非层状灰质泥页岩、泥灰岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩5种岩相。总有机质含量（TOC）为0.2%~1.4%,有机质以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,普遍处于成熟阶段。泥页岩矿物成分以碎屑石英和粘土矿物为主,并含有不等量的方解石、白云石、长石、黄铁矿等;发育原生孔隙、有机质生烃形成的孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙、粘土矿物伊利石化体积缩小形成的微孔隙及微裂缝5种页岩气储集空间类型。研究表明,储集空间发育主要受岩相类型、矿物成分、成岩作用、有机碳含量和有机质成熟度的影响。虽然研究区泥页岩中有机质含量普遍较低,但有机质普遍处于成熟阶段,储层中发育多种储集空间类型,并富含脆性矿物和富伊利石的粘土矿物。因此,柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组泥页岩为良好的页岩气储集层,具有一定的页岩气勘探前景。     

黔北凤冈地区龙马溪组页岩储层储集空间划分与演化过程分析

页岩储集空间的研究是页岩油气研究的核心内容之一,页岩孔隙和裂缝很大程度上影响了页岩储层的储集能力和渗流特征。采用薄片观察、常规扫描电镜观察、氩离子抛光(FIB)、场发射电子显微镜(FESEM)实验,并结合能谱分析(EDS)等技术手段系统分析了研究区龙马溪组页岩储层的储集空间的成因、大小、形态、分布、连通性等特征,以页岩中储集空间的成因及孔隙发育位置特征为依据,分析了页岩储集空间划分方案,将研究区龙马溪组页岩储层储集空间划分为无机孔、有机孔、裂缝三个大类。结合页岩成岩过程,考虑机械压实、热演化机制、黏土矿物转化、溶蚀作用等因素,定性探讨了页岩储层孔隙的形成演化过程。研究区龙马溪组页岩储层主要储集空间为黏土集合体内矿片间孔隙、黏土絮体间孔隙、粒内有机质纳米孔及裂缝。有机质纳米孔隙是页岩演化到一定阶段的产物,并不是所有页岩储层中都会发育有机质纳米孔隙,且有机质纳米孔的形成和保存受多种因素的影响。     

页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析:以上扬子地区龙马溪组为例

运用扫描电镜、氩离子抛光场发射电子扫描显微成像与核磁共振测试技术,对渝东南地区Y1井龙马溪组页岩的微米级孔隙、纳米级孔隙和微裂缝发育特征3个层面分别进行定量表征。结合总有机碳含量、有机质显微组分及成熟度、黏土矿物及全岩X射线衍射分析等测试数据,对孔隙发育特征主控因素进行分析。对页岩微米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量和伊利石含量,具有抑制作用的因素有碳酸盐含量和埋藏深度;对有机质纳米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有有机质成熟度和伊蒙混层含量,具有抑制作用的因素为方解石含量;对微裂缝发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量、有机质成熟度和总有机碳含量,具有抑制作用的因素是碳酸盐含量。     

富有机质泥页岩微纳米孔隙系统演化特征及模式研究新进展

富有机质泥页岩孔隙系统演化特征及其模式的研究有助于完善页岩油气微纳米储层地质理论,进一步揭示页岩油气富集成藏机理,并促进页岩油气综合地质评价与勘探开发.通过综述富有机质泥页岩孔隙系统特征及发育演化影响因素,简述了泥页岩复杂孔隙系统研究发展历程,分析了自然成熟序列泥页岩和模拟序列泥页岩孔隙系统演化特征,总结了国内外富有机...     

湘中涟源凹陷下二叠统梁山组页岩气勘探前景

基于涟源凹陷二叠系梁山组泥页岩野外露头、钻井等资料,通过有机地化分析测试、X-衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、等温吸附等实验测试分析,系统研究了梁山组泥页岩的地质及地化特征、矿物组成、孔隙结构及吸附性能等。研究结果表明,梁山组有效泥页岩单层厚度为6.15～35.18m;有机质丰度较高,多数大于1%,平均为1.77%;有机质类型主要为I型,岩石热解峰温Tmax(450～533℃)和镜质体反射率(1.51%～1.83%)表明泥页岩属于高成熟阶段富有机质泥页岩。泥页岩矿物组成以石英为主,黏土矿物含量次之,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,有利于改善泥页岩储集性能。孔隙类型多样,有机质孔、粒间孔、粒内孔及微裂缝为页岩气赋存提供空间。页岩吸附气含量达0.65m3/t,具有一定的气体吸附能力。总体上梁山组泥页岩在涟源凹陷普遍发育且规模较大,特别是向斜区南部是页岩气有利勘探区。     

渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩储层特征

以渝东北地区浅海陆棚相沉积的五峰组-龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩石薄片鉴定、矿物含量分析、扫描电镜、物性分析、有机地球化学分析等手段,剖析了泥页岩的岩相学、矿物学特征、储集空间类型。结果表明,五峰组-龙马溪组主要有炭质页岩、泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、硅质岩、泥灰岩和斑脱岩6种岩相类型。黑色页岩的有机质类型为Ⅰ型干酪根,有机碳含量较高,TOC普遍大于2%,最大达7.56%,平均为3.09%;有机质成熟度比较高,Ro值为1.65%~2.33%,基本上处于高成熟-过成熟阶段。矿物成分以石英矿物和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要为伊利石和伊蒙间层。扫描电镜下观察,微孔隙主要包括矿物晶间孔、晶内孔、微裂缝以及有机质内微孔等。平均孔隙度为2.90%,平均渗透率为0.005×10-3μm2。     

沁水盆地榆社-武乡区块煤系页岩气储层特征评价

通过对沁水盆地榆社-武乡区块石炭-二叠系山西组-太原组富有机质泥页岩展布特征、地球化学特征以及储层特征进行分析认为,研究区富有机质泥页岩十分发育,连续性较好。TOC含量集中分布于1.5%~2.5%,干酪根以III型为主,热演化程度为高成熟—过成熟阶段,为好-优质的烃源岩。泥页岩矿物成分以黏土矿物和石英为主,黏土矿物主要为高岭石和伊蒙混层。页岩孔隙类型以黏土矿物粒间孔和有机质孔最为发育。泥页岩具有良好的吸附性能,页岩比表面积和孔隙体积有很好的正相关关系,表明研究区页岩具有较好的储集性能。优选的山西组-太原组页岩气有利区分布于研究区的北部及中部偏南一带,有利区内泥页岩累计厚度均在50m以上,TOC含量大于2%,构造较为简单,埋深适中,有利于页岩气的勘探与开发。     

和什托洛盖盆地石炭系太勒古拉组泥页岩岩矿特征

和什托洛盖盆地上石炭统太勒古拉组具有页岩气勘探潜力。为详细了解太勒古拉组泥页岩岩矿特征及其对页岩气勘探开发的影响,采用X射线衍射仪定量分析法,对其中的泥页岩岩矿特征进行了较全面的系统分析,结果表明太勒古拉组泥页岩具以下特征:(1)脆性矿物百分含量均值超过50%,表明可压裂性较好;(2)黏土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主,且随着伊利石含量的增多,伊/蒙间层含量大致呈相应降低的规律;(3)太三段泥页岩黏土矿物组合为高岭石+伊蒙混层+绿泥石+伊利石,加之其有机质镜质体反射率深部平均为1.15%,地表平均为1.20%,表明太三段已进入中成岩阶段;(4)黏土矿物、石英+长石及碳酸盐岩含量与井深相关性较差;盆地西南缘及东南缘脆性矿物含量略高于南缘,盆地北缘脆性矿物含量略低于盆地南缘,黏土矿物反之;(5)该组沉积于滨海环境,与川南筇竹寺组和龙马溪组海相泥页岩的形成环境不同。     

萍乐坳陷上二叠统乐平组泥页岩储层特征

为了探讨萍乐坳陷地区乐平组泥页岩的储层特征,以野外地质调查、老井复查资料及样品的分析测试结果为基础,对研究区泥页岩的分布特征、地球化学特征、矿物组成特征及微孔隙特征等进行了较深入分析。结果表明:乐平组泥页岩在研究区分布广泛,平均厚度在100 m以上。泥页岩的有机碳含量较高,介于0.21%~23.4%,平均为1.74%,Ro为0.7%~4.06%,平均为1.88%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段,干酪根类型以II2型为主。泥页岩中脆性矿物含量较高,以石英为主,平均为47.94%,表明泥页岩具有好的压裂潜力。黏土矿物含量中等,平均为34.93%,主要为伊利石和伊蒙混层。泥页岩的孔隙度平均为3.5%,渗透率平均为0.01×10-3μm2,反映了乐平组泥页岩储层物性较好。扫描电镜下观察泥页岩微孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔。孔隙形态呈较开放状态,以细颈状墨水瓶孔和四边开放的平行板状孔等为主。进一步分析表明乐平组泥页岩微孔隙发育主要受有机碳含量和石英矿物含量控制,有机碳含量越高,微孔和中孔越发育,石英含量则对宏孔贡献明显。     

海相、海陆过渡相页岩矿物组成对页岩孔隙分形特征的影响

贵州地区海相和海陆过渡相富有机质页岩普遍发育,但页岩矿物组成差异大,页岩孔隙结构复杂,为定量研究矿物组成对页岩孔隙结构的影响,以低温氮气吸附和X衍射实验为基础,利用FHH模型计算孔隙分形维数并研究矿物组成对其影响。结果表明,海相页岩的分形维数D1为2.322～2.756,D2为2.756～2.914;海陆过渡相页岩的D1为2.538～2.814,D2为2.751～2.922,说明海相和海陆过渡相页岩的孔隙结构较复杂,海陆过渡相页岩的储集性较好,而海相页岩的储集性能变化较大,影响因素复杂。海相页岩孔隙的D2与有机质丰度呈"先正后负"的关系,与黏土矿物含量、石英含量呈"先负后正"的关系,与黄铁矿含量呈正相关;D1的影响因素复杂,与矿物组成不具有明显的相关性。海陆过渡相页岩孔隙分形维数与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、黄铁矿含量呈正相关关系,与石英含量呈负相关。有机质丰度和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙结构的最主要的因素。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.