琼东南盆地崖城地区流体包裹体特征和油气充注期次分析

储层流体包裹体研究是油气充注期次分析的重要手段。对琼东南盆地崖城地区下第三系崖城组和陵水组砂岩储层5口钻井岩芯样品进行包裹体镜下显微观察、荧光分析和伴生盐水包裹体均一温度测量,表明该区下第三系主要发生过两期油气充注:第一期充注油气主要发淡黄色荧光,以液态烃包裹体和气液两相烃包裹体为主,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度主要分布在130~160℃,根据区域埋藏热演化史推断油气充注时间为晚中新世-早上新世。第二期充注油气主要发淡蓝色荧光,以气态烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气液固三相烃包裹体为主,伴生盐水溶液包裹体的均一温度范围为160~190℃,充注时间应为第四纪。     

松辽盆地齐家地区高台子致密油层包裹体古流体压力特征及其地质意义

流体包裹体热动力学（PVTx）模拟应用包裹体组分、均一温度和气液比,结合模拟软件可以恢复包裹体被捕获时的古流体压力,以松辽盆地齐家地区高台子致密油层为例,应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜、显微荧光和显微测温等分析,划分了油气充注幕次并恢复了各幕次流体古压力,该应用有效区分了不同幕次流体古压力特征。研究结果表明:齐家地区高台子油层存在两期油气充注,第1期发生在晚白垩世嫩江晚期（79~75 Ma）,主要充注发黄色荧光的原油,古流体压力为16.13~16.97 MPa;第2期发生在晚白垩世明水期（69~65 Ma）,主要充注发黄绿色、蓝绿色荧光颜色的原油,古流体压力为22.14~26.13 MPa。研究结果有助于深化勘探区油气成藏规律的认识。      

利用流体包裹体研究白云凹陷东北部储层烃类流体充注历史

<正>通过白云凹陷东北部流体包裹体研究,确定烃类流体充注和聚集时间。研究结果表明,珠江组和珠海组经历了2期油充注和多期天然气充注。通过单个油包裹体显微荧光观察,可以分为发蓝绿色和黄绿色荧光的2期油包裹体。通过显微测温分析,与发蓝绿色荧光的油包裹体伴生的同期盐水包裹体,其平均一温度为95.3℃,经埋藏史投点,其充注时间约为11.5~0Ma。与发黄绿色荧光油包裹体伴生的同期盐水包裹体,其平均均一温度为168.5℃,其过高的均一温度为深部高温流体向上运移产生。由薄片岩相学观察可知,     

准噶尔盆地北三台地区侏罗系储层流体包裹体研究

北三台地区侏罗系储层经历了多次构造运动的改造.对研究区11口井101块流体包裹体样品的系统分析结果表明,该区侏罗系储层具有多期次的油气充注特征.流体包裹体的均一温度和油包裹体的荧光颜色(强度)等测试结果表明,研究区侏罗系储层经历过4期热流体活动,捕获了3期油包裹体和1期天然气包裹体,分别对应地质历史时期3次油充注和1次天然气充注过程.3期油包裹体的均一温度分别为40～65,65～80,80～120℃.油包裹体和盐水包裹体均一温度以及盐水包裹体盐度的统计结果表明,第2期和第3期热流体活动占主导地位.结合埋藏史分析可知,油充注发生于燕山期,天然气成藏发生在喜山早期.研究区现今油气与古油气无论在油气组分还是在成熟度方面都存在明显的差异,这种差异性与油气早期成藏后期遭受改造破坏有关.综合研究区烃源岩的生、排烃史,侏罗系储层埋藏史以及构造活动演化史的分析可知,燕山晚期是北三台地区侏罗系储层的主成藏期,燕山晚期充注的油气是现今油气的主要来源.     

泌阳凹陷北部缓坡带核桃园组油气运聚成藏过程

为了深入了解油气分布规律,利用流体包裹体显微荧光光谱和显微测温以及一维盆地模拟的埋藏热历史,结合地震构造属性和沉积相分析,对泌阳凹陷北部缓坡带核桃园组油气运聚成藏过程进行了研究。结果显示北部缓坡带核桃园组第三段储层检测到橙黄色、黄绿色和蓝绿色3种颜色荧光油包裹体,反映了3幕不同成熟度的原油捕获。油包裹体的丰度和伴生盐水包裹体均一温度和埋藏史曲线表明,北部储层共存在两期三幕充注事件:第一期规模小,发生于断陷末期的相对低成熟度发橙黄色荧光油,第二期发生在中新世构造抬升期的相对高成熟度的黄绿色和蓝绿色荧光油。流体包裹体古压力模拟显示第二期油气充注时储层是超压状态,推测与当时的构造挤压有关。超压持续作用以及北部地层抬升造成与深凹带源岩增加的流体势差为第二期油气提供了强有力的动力;频繁的断层活动,特别是走滑断裂使得单一的砂体顺层输导转变为砂体顺层输导+断裂垂直输导的复合立体运移输导体系,使得原油以高效率运移到凹陷北部缓坡带。这对精细理解构造抬升控制油气大规模运聚具有重要的意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组低渗透油藏成藏期次研究

主要对陇东地区延长组流体包裹体特征进行了研究,结合烃源岩生烃史、原油成熟度,综合分析研究区的成藏期次。流体包裹体镜下观察与荧光特征显示陇东地区延长组存在两期油气包裹体：第一期油气包裹体在单偏光下呈灰褐色或深褐色的液烃包裹体,丰度较低,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃;第二期油气包裹体以气液烃包裹体为主,液烃表现为无色或淡黄色的单偏光特征与浅黄色至蓝绿色的荧光特征,丰度较高,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃与100~120 ℃。结合烃源岩生烃史与原油成熟度认为,陇东地区延长组存在三期成藏：距今约为140~130 Ma的早期低熟油小规模充注时期;发生于120~100 Ma,与烃源岩生烃高峰期相对应的中期成熟度大规模成藏期;距今约为100~40 Ma的晚白垩世构造抬升调整成藏时期。     

运用方解石中流体包裹体最小均一温度确定塔河油田奥陶系油气成藏时间:来自激光原位方解石U-Pb年龄的证据

碳酸盐矿物中的同期烃类包裹体共生盐水包裹体均一温度变化范围较大,导致采用流体包裹体均一温度结合储层埋藏史和热演化史确定的油气成藏时间具有多解性.以塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏为例,基于方解石脉体中发育的流体包裹体岩相学、荧光分析和显微测温,结合激光原位方解石U-Pb定年结果,提出利用同期烃类包裹体共生盐水包裹体最小均一温度确定油气成藏时间,并确定塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层油气充注期次和时间.塔河油田奥陶系储层共存在4期油充注,第1期至第3期油充注时间分别与3期方解石脉体形成时间一致,第4期油充注发生于3期方解石脉形成之后.对发育原生烃类包裹体的方解石脉进行激光原位U-Pb同位素绝对定年,结果指示采用同期油包裹体共生盐水包裹体最小均一温度确定的油气充注时间与方解石脉形成时间一致,说明采用同期盐水包裹体最小均一温度确定的油气充注时间更可靠.运用同期油包裹体共生盐水包裹体最小均一温度得到,塔河地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏4期油气充注时间分别对应加里东、海西、印支和燕山构造运动时期.      

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系成岩流体演化与油气成藏时期的耦合关系

尽管流体包裹体均一温度-埋藏史投影法已被广泛地应用于油气成藏时期确定,但对于多旋回叠合盆地仍存在不确定性,即同一个均一温度可对应两个或者两个以上埋藏深度.为减少这种多解性,对研究区63件样品进行了岩石学观察、碳氧同位素测试和流体包裹体系统分析测试,运用成岩序列约束及流体包裹体均一温度和捕获压力双参数来约束确定油气成藏年龄.在确定油包裹体及其同期盐水包裹体的均一温度、油包裹体的气泡填充度和包裹体油组分基础之上,利用PVTsim热动力学模拟软件恢复油包裹体最小捕获压力.将油包裹体捕获压力和其同期盐水包裹体均一温度投影到埋藏史图上来求取油气充注年龄,再把充注年龄标注在同一时间轴上进行油气成藏期次划分和成藏时期确定.结果表明,塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系存在3期油充注:第一期发生在加里东晚期447.1~444.0 Ma;第二期发生在海西晚期295.0~274.7 Ma;第三期发生在喜山期14.7~8.8 Ma.第一期和第二期充注的油气在构造"跷跷板"运动过程中发生了破坏或调整,第三期充注油气才可能是勘探的现实目标.      

运用流体包裹体确定羌塘盆地昂达尔错地区中侏罗统布曲组油气成藏期次和时期

对羌塘盆地昂达尔错地区中侏罗统布曲组储集层流体包裹体样品进行荧光观测、显微测温、测盐等系统测试分析,识别出两期流体包裹体。第一期流体包裹体主要分布在裂缝充填的方解石脉中。第二期流体包裹体分布在方解石晚期微裂隙中。通过对与烃类共生的盐水包裹体进行均一化温度测试,两期流体包裹体的均一温度分布在64~198 ℃范围内,总体呈现出两个明显的温度峰区：80~130 ℃、130~180 ℃。分析认为,研究区存在两期规模较大的油气运移。第一期以成熟度较低的油气充注为主;第二期以高成熟度的油充注为主。结合研究区储层埋藏史得出,研究区主要的油气成藏期发生在距今100～156 Ma,即晚侏罗世至早白垩世。     

油气充注成藏贡献度及其意义

油气成藏过程常伴随着多幕次的油气充注, 通过流体包裹体方法确定的油气成藏时期大都包含了一个油气藏形成过程中多幕次的油气充注.然而, 不是所有的充注幕次都对现今的油气藏具有贡献.因而确定哪一幕油气充注对现今油气成藏的贡献程度最大, 才是准确厘定油气成藏时期的前提.油包裹体是油气充注的直接证据, 当其他因素影响较小时, 油包裹体荧光颜色的改变反映的是其成熟度的变化, 也是其源岩热演化程度改变的响应.油包裹体成熟度可以通过已知油藏油的微束荧光光谱参数和原油API度关系来定量表征, 古油气成藏贡献度分析就是建立在油包裹体API度预测的基础上.在每一幕原油充注时期内, 成岩矿物捕获的油包裹体API度频率分布符合正态分布趋势, 理论上, 当有几幕原油充注时, 原油API度分布就存在几个正态分布趋势.通过对比油包裹体API度频率分布直方图与油藏现今流体API度, 可以比较出哪一幕原油充注对现今油气聚集的贡献度最大, 从而为油气成藏过程分析和油气充注PVTx(压力-体积-温度-组分)史恢复提供更好的约束条件.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.