内蒙古哈达阳镁铁-超镁铁质岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征:对嫩江—黑河地区晚泥盆世俯冲背景的制约

哈达阳地区出露的镁铁-超镁铁质岩石,分布于嫩江—黑河构造带哈达阳构造混杂岩中,岩石类型主要为角闪辉长岩和角闪石岩,呈异地岩块产出。笔者对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及全岩地球化学研究,获得角闪石岩和角闪辉长岩中锆石的加权平均206Pb/238U年龄分别为(362.09±0.55)Ma(n=26)和(363.4±1.2)Ma(n=33),属晚泥盆世,为该构造带内迄今报道的最古老的镁铁-超镁铁质岩年龄。岩石地球化学特征研究表明,角闪石岩低Ti(Ti O2=0.65%~0.97%)、低K(K2O=0.04%~0.12%)和高Mg(Mg O=20.42%~24.07%)、高Fe(TFe O=10.25%~11.46%);LREE和HREE分馏较为明显((La/Yb)N=2.35~3.97),Th、Hf、Ce、Nb富集和Ba、Sr、K、Zr亏损,Zr/Nb=10.04~17.12。角闪辉长岩高Ti(Ti O2=1.30%~5.04%)、高Na(Na2O=2.92%~3.14%)、相对高K(K2O=0.31%~0.45%),Mg相对偏低(Mg O=5.94%~8.25%),LREE和HREE分馏也较为明显((La/Yb)N=1.90~3.23),Zr、Nb亏损,明显富集Th、Sr。分析认为,哈达阳镁铁-超镁铁质岩具有火山弧型玄武岩特征,形成于板块消减带之上的岛弧及前弧盆地,大约363 Ma时嫩江—黑河构造带已经进入了板块俯冲阶段,这为贺根山—扎兰屯构造带东延及大兴安岭北段晚古生代的古亚洲洋构造域演化提供了新的年代学证据。     

大兴安岭嘎仙蛇绿混杂岩中超镁铁质岩地球化学、年代学特征及其地质意义

嘎仙蛇绿混杂岩位于新林-嘎仙-吉峰蛇绿混杂岩带中段。岩石主要由镁铁-超镁铁质岩石组成,呈构造岩块的形式与变质细碎屑岩基质混杂产出。对超镁铁质岩系统的岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究结果表明,超镁铁质岩石SiO_2含量平均值为44.87%,Mg~#平均值为87.06,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为649.6±4.2 Ma,时代为新元古代。稀土元素配分曲线总体呈平坦型,具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)向洋岛玄武岩(OIB)过渡的趋势。样品亏损Nb、Ta、Ti元素,相对富集Th、U、Zr、Hf元素,具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征。在Nb/Yb-Th/Yb构造环境判别图解中,样品点落入E-MORB和OIB交汇部位。通过与区域构造带岩石组合和地球化学特征对比,认为嘎仙超镁铁岩岩浆源区可能为受俯冲流体交代的富集地幔,属俯冲型(SSZ)蛇绿岩,其就位机制与持续洋内俯冲有关。     

Late Jurassic intraplate extension in southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Beidashan mafic rocks in AlxaSCIEI北大核心CSCD

阿拉善地块北缘晚中生代(晚侏罗世-早白垩世)时期发育有广阔的伸展盆地体系,其形成可能与陆内伸展作用有关。本文首次在阿拉善地块西北缘北大山陶来地区识别出一套晚侏罗世镁铁质-超镁铁质岩,对其进行系统的岩石学、年代学和地球化学研究,从而为该地区陆内伸展提供岩浆作用方面的证据。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,北大山陶来地区角闪辉长岩形成时代为155.7±4.6Ma(MSWD=1.5),即晚侏罗世。角闪辉长岩显示出高铝基性岩的地化特征,如低SiO 2(48.0%~52.5%),高Al 2O 3(15.3%~18.2%)、MgO(8.78%~10.6%)和CaO(12.8%~16.7%)。此外,它们还显示出高的Mg#(72~82)、Cr(295×10^(-6)~960×10^(-6))和Ni(97.4×10^(-6)~186×10^(-6)),N-MORB型和平坦的HREE配分形式、Eu正异常,较高的Nb/La比值,这些都表明其可能为软流圈地幔减压熔融产生的原始岩浆与壳幔过渡带中含斜长石堆晶岩相互作用后分离结晶的产物。富铝和富钙源区以及岩浆中高的水含量抑制斜长石早期成核与生长共同控制了高铝角闪辉长岩的形成。辉长岩表现出N-MORB型全岩地球化学特征和板内成因岩浆锆石特征(高Nb/Hf及低Hf/Th、Th/Nb),均揭示了阿拉善西北缘陶来地区晚侏罗世镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体是板内岩石圈伸展作用的产物。在古亚洲洋最终碰撞闭合后伸展基础上,蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合与古太平洋俯冲后撤叠加作用引发了岩石圈伸展,并沿中亚造山带南缘多个古生代缝合带产出了194~124Ma多期镁铁质-超镁铁质岩。     

东天山四顶黑山地区545Ma层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体的发现及其大地构造学和成矿学意义

在东天山四顶黑山地区元古代深变质地层中发现层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体,研究了它的产状、岩石类型、结构构造、矿物组成、稀土微量元素地球化学、年代学等特征及其发现的地质意义。层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩为后侵位的镁铁质杂岩体和花岗岩所穿切与破坏,其正堆晶结构发育,并可划分出两个结晶与演化旋回。四顶黑山层状钱铁质-超镁铁质岩的稀土微量元素含量和配分结构与该地区镁铁质杂岩、及图拉尔根镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体明显不同,具低∑REE、正δEu 异常、高 Sr 低Rh、高 Nb/U 值、及 Nb、Zr 和 Hf 亏损等地球化学特征,该特征与裂谷成因的攀枝花层状辉长岩和曹家村层状岩体非常相似,这意味着四顶黑山层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩可能也形成于裂谷构造环境。选择层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体下部韵律层顶部辉石角闪石岩、镁铁质杂岩体闪长岩和角闪花岗岩中的角闪石开展~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar 定年,结果显示3种岩体分别形成于545±5Ma、263.8±2.6Ma 和200.8±0.91Ma。四顶黑山545Ma 裂谷成因层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体的发育,意味着早寒武世是天山地区镁铁质-超镁铁质岩型 Cu-Ni 矿的成矿期之一,天山地区在元古宙变质岩为基底的古大陆在早寒武世出现了雏形裂谷构造,545Ma可能是古天山洋形成的初始期。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆质量平衡与成矿过程

金川铜镍硫化物矿床及其与附近的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的成因关系对成岩成矿理论研究及找矿具有重要意义。通过对镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的岩石学、年代学、岩石地球化学、同位素地球化学研究,获得金川附近的茅草泉镁铁-超镁铁质岩体中单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为(832.5±1.5)Ma,与金川超镁铁质岩体中锆石U-Pb年龄(831.8±0.6)Ma在误差范围内一致。岩石地球化学数据显示,金川岩体与茅草泉岩体都属于亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列,微量及稀土元素配分曲线平行,变化趋势相似,属于右倾型,具有Nb、Ta负异常;Cu/Zr比值显示过渡变化特征,Cu/Ni比值都小于1,原始地幔标准化的铂族元素配分曲线平行过渡。同位素地球化学数据显示,样品具有高正εSr(t)值,低的εNd(t)值,较低的206Pb/204Pb值,指示岩浆源区为EMⅠ型富集岩石圈地幔。多种方法证明了金川、茅草泉岩体具有同期同源岩浆演化特征,茅草泉小岩体群可能是金川母岩浆先期侵入岩相,为金川矿床的形成贡献了亲铁元素与橄榄石成分。     

新疆贝勒库都克A型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及锡成矿

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区是一个重要的锡成矿带,分布有多种类型花岗岩。贝勒库都克岩体位于锡成矿带中部,由黑云母正长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成。本文通过精确的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得贝勒库都克含锡黑云母正长花岗岩年龄为283±2Ma,MSWD=0.14(95%置信度),时代属于早二叠世,这与东准噶尔后碰撞深成岩浆活动的范围(330~265Ma)相吻合。岩石地球化学研究表明,贝勒库都克岩体富硅(SiO2=75.25%~76.67%),低铝(Al2O3=11.91%~12.86%),贫镁(MgO=0.02%~0.18%)和钙(CaO=0.39%~0.89%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=8.08%~8.97%),K2O>Na2O,NK/A=0.86~0.95(平均0.92),A/NCK=0.97~1.02,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,Ba,Nb,Sr强烈亏损,δEu=0.01~0.11,其FeOt/MgO(12.71~84.51,平均34.55)和10000Ga/A1(2.97~4.20)值大,HFSE元素(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=191.8×10-6~353.3×10-6)含量高,明显不同于典型的I型和S型花岗岩,基本属于典型的铝质A型花岗岩。年代学和地球化学综合研究表明,贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩是壳幔混合成因,是准噶尔地区后碰撞幔源岩浆底侵作用导致大陆地壳垂向生长过程的记录者。贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩Sn的含量高(6.0×10-6~19.5×10-6,个别为80.0×10-6),铝质A型花岗岩是成矿热液的直接母体,而富Sn的流体相最终形成了贝勒库都克锡矿床,锡矿与铝质A型花岗岩是同期地质事件的产物。     

北祁连西段双龙镁铁质-超镁铁质岩地球化学特征及构造意义

北祁连西段双龙一带出露的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩主要由蛇纹石化二辉橄榄岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩及玄武岩组成,这些岩石单元与构造卷入的前寒武纪变质岩系和深海沉积的硅质岩一起构成蛇绿混杂岩带。辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为464±2 Ma(MSWD=1.3)。Zr/TiO_2-Nb/Y图解显示辉绿岩为拉斑玄武岩系列,玄武岩为碱性系列,两者均具有低的MgO和相容元素Cr、Ni含量,指示在岩浆作用过程中发生过橄榄石、辉石的分离结晶作用。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图显示,辉绿岩呈平坦型,(La/Yb)_N=1.35~1.45,无Eu异常(δEu=1.0~1.1),以及Lu/Yb(~0.15)、Zr/Y(~2.5)、Y/Tb(~39)比值等均类似于N-MORB;但它们又相对富集Ba、Sr,亏损Nb、Ta、Pb,以及Nb/U(~21)、Zr/Nb(~16)、Th/Ta(~5.7)比值则显示了岛弧玄武岩或弧后盆地玄武岩的特征,推测辉绿岩应源于受俯冲流体交代的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物。玄武岩地球化学特征明显不同于辉绿岩,表现为相对富集LREE,~8.48,轻微负Eu异常(δEu=0.91),以及Zr/Y(~8)、Y/Tb(~30)、Ta/Yb(~0.6)、Th/Yb(~2.5)比值等类似于OIB,指示玄武岩应源于富集地幔部分熔融的产物,但岩石又表现出富集Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr、Zr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P,以及Th/Ta(~4.8)、Zr/Nb(~14)、Nb/Yb(~10)、Nb/U(~11)比值又具有岛弧或弧后盆地玄武岩的亲缘性,显示了玄武岩应源于地幔深部流体交代的石榴石二辉橄榄岩或尖晶石+石榴石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,表明早古生代北祁连古大洋在俯冲闭合过程中具有洋岛或海底高原的增生作用。结合区域地质背景,利用全球大数据建立的构造判别图解综合研究认为,北祁连西段熬油沟-玉石沟-双龙-小龙孔-卡瓦-东沟等镁铁质-超镁铁质岩共同构成一条重要的SSZ型蛇绿岩带,为北祁连古大洋向南俯冲形成的弧后盆地的残留体。     

江南造山带西南段宰便辉绿岩年代学、地球化学及其构造意义SCIEI北大核心CSCD

宰便地区位于江南造山带西南段,发育有一系列新元古代镁铁质-超镁铁质火成岩。然而,其成因与构造背景仍存在广泛争议。因此,本文选择江南造山带西南段宰便辉绿岩为研究对象,系统开展岩石学、地球化学、Nd-Hf同位素和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。研究结果表明,辉绿岩具有高Mg^(#)(50~69)、高Al_(2)O_(3)(13.94%~18.63%)、低钾(0.03%~0.33%)、低磷(0.04%~0.28%)特征,显示为低钾拉斑系列岩石特点。同时,岩石整体相对富集Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb和Y等高场强元素,Eu具有微弱负异常特征。辉绿岩的Nb/Ta、Zr/Nb比值揭示了母岩浆在岩浆侵位过程中未发生地壳混染。3件样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为820.7±3.0Ma、821.1±9.2Ma和823.1±9.5Ma,表明岩浆侵位时代为新元古代早期。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-13.6~7.7之间,Hf的t_(DM2)值介于1214~2547Ma之间,结合全岩地球化学特征,揭示其原始岩浆可能源于富集地幔,并伴有一定的亏损地幔参与。综合前人和本次研究的地质、地球化学和年代学数据,本文认为江南造山带西南段宰便地区在新元古代早期处于板内构造环境。     

南祁连大道尔吉早古生代弧后盆地型蛇绿岩的年代学、地球化学特征及意义

大道尔吉蛇绿岩是中祁连地块和南祁连褶皱带之间蛇绿混杂岩带的重要组成部分。出露的岩石单元包括地幔橄榄岩、镁铁–超镁铁质堆晶杂岩和玄武安山岩。其中镁铁–超镁铁质堆晶杂岩包括三个堆晶旋回,单个堆晶旋回底部为含铬尖晶石纯橄岩,向上逐渐变为透辉石岩(辉石橄榄岩)→辉长岩等。堆晶杂岩中辉石橄榄岩Sm-Nd同位素等时线年龄为441±58 Ma,为加里东中期岩浆活动的产物。地球化学特征显示:地幔橄榄岩MgO(40.41%~40.96%)、Cr(3590×10~(–6)~7340×10~(–6))、Ni(1480×10~(–6)~1710×10~(–6))含量高,而Al_2O_3(0.35%~0.59%)、TiO_2(0.03%~0.04%)和∑REE(0.81×10~(–6)~1.84×10~(–6))含量低,具亏损地幔岩的特征;镁铁–超镁铁质堆晶杂岩的主量元素变化大,重稀土元素富集,正Eu异常(δEu=1.22~2.15);玄武安山岩SiO_2为54.90%~57.76%,MgO为3.50%~5.45%,TiO_2为0.72%~1.12%,Na_2O/K_2O1,∑REE为24.9×10~(–6)~53.4×10~(–6),LaN/YbN=1.0~1.7,具平坦稀土配分模式,与E-MORB相似,同时富集Ba、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti等高场强元素,具弧后盆地火山岩地球化学特征。综合区域地质、岩石组合和地球化学特征,认为大道尔吉蛇绿岩属构造肢解的蛇绿岩残片,具有俯冲带(SSZ)型蛇绿岩的特征,形成于弧后盆地环境,为奥陶纪柴北缘洋向中祁连地块俯冲,引起弧后扩张形成。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。