Improving Conservation of Cranes by Modeling Potential Wintering Distributions in China

Habitat management is essential for the conservation of wildlife, especially cranes. Here, we collected occurrence data at wintering grounds for four cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus, Grus monacha, Antigone vipio and G. grus) and analyzed associated environmental variables to model and project overall potential wintering habitat using Maxent. ENMTools was used to calculate the degree of niche overlap among cranes. Results showed that lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are main habitats for the four focal species. Inland water and coastal wetlands in Jiangsu are also potential wintering areas. G. grus spreads over central and eastern China. The four cranes show tight niche overlap in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Poyang Lake is one of the most important habitat sites for all four cranes, according to modeling and niche overlap results. Poyang Lake is cut into a dozen nature reserves, but a bigger nature reserve or system would be more effective for cranes. The conservation of these four crane species will be improved on the basis of this study.     

鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白鹤、东方白鹳和小天鹅种群数量与分布

2007-2009年期间的2个越冬期,对鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区白鹤Grus leucogeranus、东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana和小天鹅Cygnus columbianus种群数量和分布进行了监测与研究,结果表明这3个物种的数量一般都在12月达到最高,而10月由于候鸟刚刚迁来以及翌年3月已有部分候鸟迁离,故这2个月份鸟类数量相对较少。保护区的9个湖泊中,沙湖是白鹤、东方白鹳和小天鹅极重要的栖息地,而大湖池是东方白鹳和小天鹅极重要的栖息地。监测发现蚌湖已成为白鹤和东方白鹳重要的栖息地,建议将该湖划为保护区的核心区以加强白鹤等濒危物种的保护。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程水位调控方案的探讨

利用历史水文资料、越冬候鸟分布调查资料及基础地理数据等, 从鄱阳湖形态的历史演变和鄱阳湖越冬候鸟生境保护的角度, 探讨鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的水位调控方案。研究得到以下结论和建议:(1) 在维持鄱阳湖形态不变的情况下, 为有效保护越冬候鸟生境不受水利枢纽工程水位调控的影响, 工程调控水位不宜超过12 m, 但由于低水位运行不利于水利枢纽工程工程效益的发挥, 而高水位运行不利于越冬候鸟栖息地的保护, 为调和工程效益和候鸟保护之间的矛盾, 建议实施适当退田还湖, 以促进鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的规划实施;(2) 根据地形、越冬候鸟分布范围、圩堤内居民点分布以及圩堤内土地利用现状, 提出了约640 km²实施退田还湖范围;(3) 以退田还湖为前提, 按照“调枯不调洪”原则, 提出鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的水位调控方案, 为工程的推进和实施提供参考。     

The Impact of Climate Change on the Viticultural Suitability of Maipo Valley,Chile

This study uses the case of the Maipo Valley in Chile to examine how climate change will affect viticultural suitability. Using a geographic information system analysis of topographic, soil, land use, and climate data, a baseline assessment of viticultural suitability in the Maipo Valley was performed. The impact of climate change on viticultural suitability was modeled by overlaying downscaled global circulation model temperature data for two emission scenarios. The findings of this study suggest that the capacity of vineyard managers in the Maipo Valley to cultivate high-quality traditional grape varietals from cooler grape maturity classes might be limited in the future.     

Impact of Land Use Changes on Habitat Quality in Altay Region

Altay region is located in the northern part of Xinjiang, and has complex and diverse internal geomorphic types, undulating terrain and a fragile ecosystem. Studying the impact of land use changes on habitat quality is of great significance to regional ecological protection and development, rational planning and utilization, and ensuring the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Based on the InVEST model, combined with land use panel data and topographic relief data of the Altay region, this paper studied the habitat quality from 1995 to 2018. The results show that cultivated land, water area and construction land increased gradually from 1995 to 2018, while grassland and unused land decreased. Forestland remained stable in the first five periods, but increased significantly in 2018. During 1995-2018, all land use types were transferred, mainly between cultivated land, forestland, grassland and unused land in the flat and slightly undulating areas. Poor habitat quality was dominant during 1995-2018. Habitat quality decreased significantly in 2015, which was related to the rapid expansion of cultivated and construction land as threat sources, as well as the decrease of forest and grassland as sensitive factors. However, habitat quality improved significantly in 2018, because a large amount of cultivated land and unused land were converted into forest land and grassland with high habitat suitability. Land use type has an important influence on habitat quality. The distribution characteristics of habitat quality for topographic relief types from good to bad were: large undulating area>medium undulating area>small undulating area>flat area>slightly undulating area. The findings of this study are of great significance for coordinating social, economic, and ecological development in this region and in similar areas.     

GIS based ecotourism potential assessment in Munessa Shashemene Concession Forest and its surrounding area,Ethiopia

This study aims to understand GIS based ecotourism potential of Munessa Shashemene Concession Forest and its surrounding area in Ethiopia. Landsat images from 2009/2010 and 2013 were used to drive baseline data including land cover, land use, stream and road. Elevation based agro-ecology and slope map were derived from SRTM DEM. Rapid wild animals survey, identifying the location of known historical, cultural and unique features were carried out in the filed with the help of key-informants. A suitability model was designed in GIS environment to assess the suitability of an area for tourism considering suitability factors such as land cover types, wild animal zone, unique features, topography and distance to a road. The result showed areas which are highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, or unsuitable for tourism. The old giant, Podocarpus (Podocarpus falcatus) trees that serve as habitat of the endangered and endemic mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), were identified as very high suitable areas for tourists. The highly suitable areas include forest area along the lake which is seasonally visited by mountain nyala and areas of plantation forest that are found adjacent to natural forest. These areas follow remnants of the natural forest and found along boundary between the mid-highland and the highland agro-ecologies. The agricultural land use types consisting of maize/haricot-bean and wheat/barley were evaluated as marginally suitable, nevertheless these could be considered as potential for agri-tourism. The study revealed that the concession area is found to be a suitable area with its huge potential for ecotourism development.     

Using MaxEnt Model to Predict Suitable Habitat Changes for Key Protected Species in Koshi Basin,Central Himalayas

Because of its landscape heterogeneity, Koshi Basin (KB) is home to one of the world’s most abundant, diverse group of species. Habitat change evaluations for key protected species are very important for biodiversity protection in this region. Based on current and future world climate and land cover data, MaxEnt model was used to simulate potential habitat changes for key protected species. The results shows that the overall accuracy of the model is high (AUC > 0.9), suggesting that the MaxEnt-derived distributions are a close approximation of real-world distribution probabilities. The valley around Chentang Town and Dram Town in China, and Lamabagar and the northern part of Landtang National Park in Nepal are the most important regions for the protection of the habitat in KB. The habitat area of Grus nigricollis, Panax pseudoginseng, and Presbytis entellus is expected to decrease in future climate and land cover scenarios. More focus should be placed on protecting forests and wetlands since these are the main habitats for these species.     

城市地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化响应的遥感研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

 快速的城市化对城市环境产生显著的影响,基于遥感定量研究地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的响应,来评估快速城市化对环境的影响,是一种快速、有效的途径。以干旱区典型绿洲型城市——乌鲁木齐为例,将遥感与地理信息系统相结合,利用1990年和2009年两期陆地卫星影像为基础数据进行土地利用/覆被分类,并基于单窗算法定量反演同期的地表温度,从而对快速城市化进程中的土地利用/覆被类型动态变化的空间特征及地表温度对快速城市化的响应情况进行了定量研究。结果显示,在近20 a间,乌鲁木齐城市迅速扩张,土地利用/覆被类型变化显著,城市建设用地增长率高达44.73%;同时城市的快速发展使地表温度提高了近6 ℃。研究表明,温度变化格局,尤其是增温区的空间分布与城市扩张的空间格局基本一致,说明地表温度对城市的土地利用/覆被变化产生了显著的响应。     

太行山淇河流域土地利用变化对生境的影响

山地作为陆地表面的特殊地域单元,地形起伏较大,生态系统较为脆弱,对全球变化信号有放大作用。因此,研究山地土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡区域生态保护与发展及土地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST模型,结合土地利用数据,并从地形起伏度视角,对太行山淇河流域2000-2015年生境质量进行研究。结果表明：①2000-2015年期间,淇河流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地面积逐渐减少,草地、建设用地面积逐渐增加。②流域整体生境质量较好,平均生境质量指数均超过0.7,且2015年有明显提升。③淇河流域的生境质量变化受地类变化影响较大。耕地、草地、建设用地由于受到过人为干扰的影响,其生境出现不同程度的退化;采伐、毁林开荒等行为导致林地的生境也开始缓慢退化,但由于林地的植被覆盖度较高,抗干扰能力较强,加上逐渐开始对其进行恢复,生境质量水平依然较高。④该流域生境质量在地形起伏度上的分布特征表现为平坦区和微起伏区以一般等级生境质量为主,小起伏区和中起伏区则以高度重要和极重要等级生境质量为主。     

郑州黄河湿地大鸨越冬情况及保护对策

从2007年到2009年以样线法和样方法研究了郑州黄河湿地自然保护区内的大鸨越冬情况。结果表明,郑州黄河湿地是大鸨稳定的越冬栖息地,且存在数量较多的种群,期间有24次监测记录,监测到的最大种群数量为96只。作为大鸨的越冬栖息地,保护区应努力做好生境保护,加强科研监测,做到可持续发展。     

GEO-Environmental Suitability Evaluation of Land for Urban Construction Based on A Back-Propagation Neural Network and GIS: A Case Study of Hangzhou

Evaluating the geo-environmental suitability of land for urban construction is an important step in the analysis of urban land use potential. Using geo-environmental factors and the land use status of Hangzhou, China, a back-propagation (BP) neural network model for the evaluation of the geo-environmental suitability of land for urban construction was established with a geographic information system (GIS) and techniques of grid, geospatial, and BP neural network analysis. Four factor groups, comprising nine separate subfactors of geo-environmental features, were selected for the model: geomorphic type, slope, site soil type, stratum steadiness, Holocene saturated soft soil depth, groundwater abundance, groundwater salinization, geologic hazard type, and geologic hazard degree. With the support of the model, the geo-environmental suitability of Hangzhou land for urban construction was divided into four suitability zones: zone I, suitable for super high-rise and high-rise buildings; zone II, suitable for multi-story buildings; zone III, suitable for low-rise buildings; and zone IV, not suitable for buildings. The results showed that a BP neural network can capture the complex non-linear relationships between the evaluation factors and the suitability level, and these results will support scientific decision-making for urban-construction land planning, management, and rational land use in Hangzhou.     

基于利益相关者视角的待复垦矿区土地再利用适宜性评价

土地适宜性评价是确定废弃矿区土地再利用方向的重要决策依据。在充分考虑废弃矿区破损现状和自然条件的基础上,将废弃土地相关利益群体的判断纳入土地再利用方向适宜性评价中,有利于提高废弃土地再利用的可持续性和土地利用效率。该文从利益相关者角度判断废弃矿区的土地再利用方向,从矿区土地破损现状、自然条件、社会条件及经济条件四方面设置了20个指标,构建矿区土地适宜性评价指标体系,并根据已完成复垦矿区的土地利用现状确定10种土地再利用方向;选择土地利用评价专家、区域管理者及邻近居民3类利益相关群体组成决策组,依据指标体系判断矿区土地再利用方向适宜性,运用PROMETHEE排序法分别计算3个评价单元内不同土地利用方向的偏好指数并进行排序。综合3类决策主体的评判结果,评价单元Ⅰ(废弃矿区挖损区)适合复垦为鱼塘、水库及生态公园等,评价单元Ⅱ(废弃厂房压占区)、Ⅲ(尾矿堆压占区)均适合复垦为农用地,但耕地、林地和草地的优先序不同。     

Use a Spatial Analysis Model to Assess Habitat Quality in Lashihai Watershed

Habitat quality assessments are of great significance for protecting biodiversity. This study analyzes the changing habitat quality of Lashihai watershed based on SPOT satellite images. We extracted the land use data for Lashihai watershed in Yunnan province for the years 2000 and 2015, and then used an InVEST model to evaluate habitat degradation, habitat quality and habitat scarcity in the study area from 2000 to 2015. Spatial statistical methods were used to determine changes to spatial dynamics. Results indicate that the number of areas with habitat degradation was generally small, and that both the number of areas with habitat degradation and the degree of degradation had fallen noticeably during the fifteen-year study period. In general, the quality of habitats was maintained or improved, while the quality of habitats decreased in only a few areas. The scarcity of habitats for cultivated land had increased, the tension between people and land use was relatively prominent. The reason habitat quality in Lashihai watershed has improved can be attributed to three factors: 1) The policy of returning farmland to forests since 2000 has been well implemented and has achieved remarkable results. Loss of forests from logging and deforestation has basically been eliminated, and great progress has been made restoring the ecological environment. 2) High background value of quality habitat suitability benefits from the research area’s high vegetation coverage. 3) The development of the local tourism economy has transformed the area’s ecological advantages into an economic bonus, greatly increasing the income level and living standards of residents. At the same time, the ecological resource bonus has increased the enthusiasm of residents for ecological protection and has helped to promote the protection of local eco-systems, both reducing ecological degradation and improving habitat quality. At the same time, increasing conflicts between land and people should be addressed. Support is needed to promote development of the ecological economy while continuously reducing ecological degradation and further increasing residents’ income. There must be less reliance on industry and less pressure on both land and people, all the while ensuring that the local economy and ecology can more forward together in a sustainable way.     

宁德市东湖湿地鸟类资源调查与保护

2003年3月-2004年4月,在宁德三都湾东湖湿地及其周边地区进行了10次湿地鸟类资源连续调查。调查表明:宁德东湖湿地生物多样性丰富,特别是湿地水禽种类繁多,数量巨大,发现鸟类12目26科80种,计20119只。宁德东湖湿地是福建省鸟类资源的重要分布区,是各类水禽的理想栖息地、越冬地和迁徙地,但存在因开发建设湖面缩小、市区大量生活污水污染水质、湖体淤积、陆地化过快等问题。为此,保护和恢复东湖湿地、建立湿地公园已是势在必行。     

基于PLUS和InVEST模型的渭河流域土地利用与生境质量时空变化及预测

生境质量是关系人类福祉和实现可持续发展的重要基础,对区域生态保护和土地资源可持续利用具有重大意义。以渭河流域为研究对象,基于2000、2010年和2020年的土地利用数据,应用斑块生成土地利用变化模拟（Patch-generating land use simulation,PLUS）模型、生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估（Integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs,InVEST）模型预测并评价了土地利用与生境质量时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 2000—2020年渭河流域建设用地和草地面积逐年增加,林地面积略微增长,耕地面积持续减少;2020—2050年土地利用变化趋势同2000—2020年基本一致但剧烈程度显著下降,建设用地扩张趋势减缓,耕地减少幅度下降,草地面积占比超过耕地跃居流域第一。（2） 2000—2020年流域内生境质量两极分化趋势明显,低生境质量和高生境质量区域面积有所增加,中等生境质量的面积减少,整体生境质量水平呈上升趋势;2020—2050年生境质量水平继续保持逐年上升趋势但增幅放缓,生境质量变化强度下降,低生境质量区域面积逐渐减少,中等生境质量面积保持稳定,高生境质量面积有所增长。研究结果可为渭河流域土地资源可持续利用和高质量发展提供相应科学依据和决策参考。     

Spatial conflict measurement in resource-based cities and spatial responses北大核心CSCD

科学诊断资源型城市空间冲突等级,厘清空间冲突变化与土地利用间的复杂关系,对城市转型发展、区域资源合理利用具有重要意义。论文基于山东省新泰市资源型城市特征,以生态系统服务价值和土地利用为视角,从空间压力、空间暴露性和空间风险响应维度构建空间冲突测度模型,并运用地理加权回归模型探讨了空间冲突的变化与土地利用调整间的关系。结果表明:(1)2009—2020年,新泰市空间冲突指数保持稳定,变化量仅为0.0018,且不同冲突等级的变化趋势不同;空间冲突格局呈圈层分布,由中心向四周等级逐渐减弱。(2)2009—2020年,新泰市平均土地利用动态度为23.14%,空间布局差异性显著,土地利用特征以耕地林化、土地整治、建设用地及生态用地扩张为主。(3)地理加权回归模型分析显示,土地利用动态度与空间冲突指数变化呈显著相关(P<0.01,R^(2)=0.8517),平均系数值为0.1381,且以正相关为主,表明新泰市土地利用调整对空间冲突的抑制产生了积极影响。研究可为区域土地合理利用、空间冲突治理及空间结构优化提供科学依据。     

Relative importance of climate,topography, and habitats for breeding wetland birds with different latitudinal distributions in the Czech Republic

Given species' vulnerability to climate change, land use change, and habitat loss, it is pertinent to examine how the distribution of a particular species is related to those factors. We assessed the use of climate, habitat, and topography data for modeling the distributions of 14 central European wetland birds, and compared the relative importance of these factors among bird groups with differing latitudinal distributions in Europe. We used the Third Atlas of Breeding Birds in the Czech Republic as a source of species distribution data. Variables were derived from Corine Land Cover, WorldClim, and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data. Hierarchical partitioning and multiple logistic models identified climatic, topographical, and habitat predictors as important determinants of distribution for each of the species under study. However, the relative contributions of particular variables differed among the species. Climatic, topographical, and habitat factor groups also differed in their importance to latitudinal species groups. Our results indicated that wetland birds with range margins close to the Czech Republic were potentially limited by two different factors: climate conditions impact the southerly distributed species and the availability of suitable habitat affects the northerly distributed species. The accuracy of the study models varied from fair to high (the area under curve values was 0.60–0.89) and revealed negative correlations with the relative occurrence area. In this study, we propose that any difference in model performance is more attributable to data characteristics than to a species' geographical characteristics.     

Crops,trees, and birds: Biodiversity change under agricultural intensification in Uganda's farmed landscapes

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 115–130, 2006

This paper examines the relationship between the intensity of agricultural land use and the abundance and richness of trees and birds in a humid tropical developing region where natural vegetation is being rapidly converted into farmland under market and population pressures. We analysed survey data on land use, birds and woody plants collected in 14 study sites situated within smallholder cropland and commercial plantations in southern Uganda. Commercial plantations had very few trees and only 10% of the original bird species. Land use intensification in smallholder systems also showed losses in bird abundance and species richness, but not nearly as much as in plantations. In both systems the impact of intensification was much bigger on the specialised and threatened birds compared to the less specialised species. This argues strongly for ‘species-sensitive’ conservation policies combining protected areas with land use regulation in areas undergoing intensification. We also found a much higher loss in bird biodiversity during the first phases of land use intensification (when larger tracts of forest are cleared) than in later phases characterised by clearing of smaller patches of vegetation and improved management of farm trees. This suggests high pay-offs to geographical targeting of conservation efforts in farmed landscapes.     

基于土地利用格局重建的区域生境质量时空变化分析

区域生境质量决定了区域内生物多样性状况,是生态系统服务功能和生态系统健康程度的重要体现,生境质量变化研究对区域生态安全具有重要的意义,重建区域生境质量空间格局可以还原历史时期的生态环境本底,为揭示区域生态环境质量演变规律提供科学支撑。选取高程、坡度、坡向、GDP、人口、温度、降雨量、河流距离、城市距离和海岸线距离10个土地利用变化驱动因子,构建CA-Markov模型参数,模拟得到历史土地利用空间数据。在此基础上,运用InVEST模型重建泛长三角地区生境质量空间格局,并对计算得到的生境退化度指数和生境质量指数进行等级划分与统计分析。结果表明：① 土地利用模拟精度验证结果显示Kappa系数为0.88,土地利用空间格局重建方法可行,可以在此基础上开展生境质量模拟研究。② 泛长三角地区1975—2010年生境退化度逐期上升,生境退化等级在空间分布上呈圈层递变分布规律。生境质量则表现为逐期下降,高值区主要分布于山区,低值区大部分位于建成区;1975—2010年期间,低值区逐渐向周边高值区域演变,生境高值区域趋于破碎化。③ 1975—2010年生境质量时空变化特征表明：生境质量差等级区域,其生境难以修复,维持原状居多;生境质量较差等级区域易继续恶化,且易发生在建成区周边区域,占比为研究区总面积的6.40%;生境等级为良好和优等的区域,其生境等级易转换为差等和较差等级,使得该区域的生境破碎化,该类型的面积占比为研究区总面积的5.68%。④ 1975—2010年期间,研究区土地利用变化显著,对生境质量造成了巨大的影响;研究区生境质量逐期变差,其生境质量等级位于较差及以下区域面积占比均达到了60%以上,建设用地为生境质量最大的威胁因子。