1982年8月—1983年7月青藏高原地面热源强度跃变事实及其现象

1、地面热源强度资料及其计算 地表热量平衡方程为 B=P+LE+H(1)其中B为净辐射值,P为感热,LE为潜热(或蒸发凝结热),H为土壤热通量。 或 B-H=D+LE(2)B-H即为地面热源强度或地面加热强度。其中B-H>0,地面为热源;B-H<0,地面为冷源。依据相似理论,用通量廓线关系计算了拉萨、那曲、改则三站的感热和潜热通量值,辐射平衡用实测值,地表热通量则用5cm,10cm深度的土壤热通量外推得到。从而由(2)式可得到上述三站的地面热源强度。具体计算方法及其计算误差详见[2]。     

1983年夏季甘孜地区土壤热通量的测量、计算及某些特征

本文根据1982年8月—1983年7月青藏高原热源科学考察期间,甘孜考察站1983年夏季各深度的土壤热通量实测资料,得到了较为准确的确定地表面土壤热通量的计算方法,并对土壤热通量的几种常用计算方法的计算结果进行了比较,进而讨论了土壤热通量时空变化的一些特征。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域土壤热通量比较

选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区和北缘过渡带肖塘地区2个观测站,2013年土壤热通量观测资料,初步分析了两地区不同下垫面的土壤热通量变化特征。结果表明:(1)在日变化尺度上,2个站都有明显的日变化特征,1月塔中站土壤热通量日平均变化幅度小于肖塘站,4月2个站的土壤热通量变化幅度较为接近;7、10月塔中站土壤热通量变化幅度明显高于肖塘站。(2)不同天气条件下,2个站的土壤热通量变化都有很大差异。晴天,塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量变化都呈现出单峰型,变化幅度较一致,日较差分别为119.7 W·m~(-2)和119.1 W·m~(-2);沙尘暴天气,土壤热通量受云层的影响,变化波动较大,塔中站变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为83.6 W·m~(-2)和133.1 W·m~(-2);降水天气,塔中站和肖塘站变化幅度都很剧烈,日较差分别为70.6 W·m~(-2)和66.6 W·m~(-2)。(3)年变化尺度上,塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量都在7月达到最大值,分别为7.7 W·m~(-2)和4.2 W·m~(-2),在11月出现最小值分别为-5.3 W·m~(-2)和-10.2 W·m~(-2)。塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量年总量差异很大,塔中站为16.8 W·m~(-2),能量由大气向土壤传递,土壤为热汇,而肖塘站则为-34.9 W·m~(-2),能量由土壤向大气传播,土壤表现为热源。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域土壤热通量变化比较

选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区和北缘过渡带肖塘地区2013年土壤热通量观测资料,初步比较分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠两种下垫面的土壤热通量变化特征。结果表明：(1)在日变化尺度上,两个站点都有明显的日变化特征,1月份塔中站土壤热通量日平均变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为58.9 W.m2和72.4 W.m2,4月份两站土壤热通量变化幅度较为接近,日较差分别为88.1W.m2、100.1 W.m2。7、10月份塔中站土壤热通量变化幅度明显高于肖塘站,日较差分别为99.0 W.m2、53.7W.m2,100.3 W.m2、73.3W.m2。(2)不同天气条件下两个站点土壤热通量变化都有很大差异。晴天,塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量变化都呈现出单峰型,变化幅度较一致,日较差分别为119.7 W.m2、119.1 W.m2。沙尘天和雨天受云层或降水的影响土壤热通量变化波动较大,沙尘天塔中站变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为83.6 W.m2、133.1 W.m2;雨天塔中站和肖塘站变化幅度都很剧烈,日较差分别为70.6 W.m2、66.6 W.m2。(3)年变化尺度上,塔中站土壤热通量在7月份达到最大值(7.7 W.m2),在11月出现最小值(-5.3 W.m2),肖塘站7月份出现最大值(4.2 W.m2),11月份出现最小值(-10.2 W.m2)。塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量年总量差异很大,塔中站为16.8 W.m2,能量由大气向土壤传递,土壤为热汇,而肖塘站则为-34.9 W.m2,能量由土壤向大气传播,土壤表现为热源。     

青藏高原西部土壤热量的传输及其参数化方案

青藏高原土壤热通量虽然在热源强度或热量平衡总量中所占比例不大,但它是地面热量平衡方程闭合的一个重要因子。以1997年9月至1998年12月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河两个自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的地下2.5 cm和7.5 cm深度的土壤热通量,分析了浅层土壤热通量、土壤温度梯度和土壤热储存量的月变化和季节变化特征,并对一整年的这3个量进行了日变化的合成分析。进一步利用土壤热通量与同期不同深度土壤温度进行了拟合分析,得出了高原西部利用地温计算土壤热通量的参数化公式。     

一次春季冷空气过程中东海海域海气通量与界面热交换分析

利用船测资料分析一次冷空气过程中东海海域海气通量特征及海洋表面热收支变化特征。2017年5月5日20时—6日14时冷空气过境期间,动量通量平均值为0.22 N·m-2。感热和潜热通量的平均值分别为27.17 W·m-2和90.25 W·m-2,是春季整个观测期间（2017年4月20日—5月26日）平均值的2.8倍和1.1倍。冷空气爆发当天,净热通量为-12.73 W·m-2,海洋失热。白天海表面热收入58.36 W·m-2,影响海面热收支变化的主要是净辐射通量和潜热通量。夜间海表面热支出156.89 W·m-2,海洋作为热源向大气释放潜热99.79 W·m-2,占海洋释放能量过程的63.61%,向大气释放感热27.11 W·m-2,占海表释放热量的17.28%,海表面损失的热量主要以潜热的形式向大气传输。     

盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究

利用2005年7月盘锦芦苇湿地生长旺季的小气候梯度系统30 min观测资料和开放式涡动相关系统10Hz原始观测资料,比较并分析了廓线法、波文比能量平衡法与涡动相关法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量。结果表明:廓线法与波文比能量平衡法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量与涡动相关法得到的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量具有较好的相关性,但是涡动相关法存在能量不平衡。分析盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量的日变化发现,能量平衡各分量基本上以正午为中心,呈倒“U”型分布。用波文比法计算得到的芦苇湿地生态系统日感热通量最大值为164.25 W.m-2,日潜热通量最大值为294.18 W.m-2。降雨之后,芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量都有所增加,尤其是潜热通量增加显著,且峰值出现时间提前。     

高原地区NCEP热通量再分析资料的检验及在夏季降水预测中的应用

青藏高原对周边地区的天气气候有重要影响,为了寻求表征高原热力作用的新的、长时间序列的资料源,本文首先用高原地区NCEP1982～1994年间逐月月平均2.5.× 2.5.Lat./Lon.的地面热通量再分析格点资料对照实测值等进行了检验,然后用EOF分析方法分析了高原地面热源强度的空间分布特征,最后利用再分析资料和降水量实测资料,初步分析了高原地面热源强度对我国夏季降水的影响.主要结果如下:(1)高原地区的地面热通量再分析资料能较好地反映该区热源强度的年及年际变化特征,该再分析资料是可用的;(2)高原地区地面热源强度的分布存在较大的区域性差异;(3)高原西北、东北及西南区早春(2～4月)、夏季(6～8月)的地面热源强度分别与南疆、河西及长江流域的夏季降水存在反相关关系.     

高原东南缘大气近地层湍能特征与边界层动力、热力结构相关特征

基于云南省大理2008年3、5、7月GPS加密探空试验时段(14和02时)资料,结合边界层铁塔综合观测资料,采用温度梯度法、逆温强度法和涡动相关法分别计算高原东南缘对流边界层(convective boundary layer,CBL)及稳定边界层(stable boundary layer,SBL)顶高度,通过计算获取感热通量、潜热通量、湍流动能、切变项以及浮力项与大气动力、热力过程垂直相关特征综合分析,可发现湍能方程中浮力项、感热、潜热通量与NCEP再分析资料计算获取的大气视热源相关特征显著,这某种程度反映了高原东南缘近地层大气湍流动量、热量输送对低层大气视热源Q_1的重要贡献。低层视热源Q_1亦表现出与湍能方程分量类似的日变化周期,此特征反映了高原东南缘大气热源变化与下垫面水热过程及其湍流输送日变化密切相关;浮力项与湍能等项对大气低层热源与涡动特征、热力混合结构的形成有重要作用;低层大气视热源、水汽汇均与边界层高度有显著相关,综合分析结果某种程度描述了青藏高原东南缘近地层湍流动量、热量输送状况与低层大气热源,热力混合边界层结构的综合相关物理图像,初步探索了高原东南缘对流活跃区大气湍流运动与大气动力、热力过程相互作用特征。研究表明近地层湍流通量变化某种程度可反映未来局地大气视热源垂直结构变化的"强信号"特征。本文上述研究结论也可启发我们进一步关注近地层湍流通量异常变化特征及其对局地降水过程大气热源结构演变的影响问题。     

1982—1983年冬季青藏高原地面加热场各分量的谱分析

本文所用资料为1982年11月1日至1983年2月28日青藏高原热源考察资料，改则、拉萨、那曲，甘孜四站的地面热源各分量进行最大熵谱分析。结果表明：地面热源各分量有准两周和准一周周期，由夏至冬地面热源各分量的周期转长。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS LATE OR EARLY ONSET

The characteristics of atmospheric heat source associated with the summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (SCS) are studied using ECMWF reanalysis data from 1979 to 1993. A criterion of the SCS summer monsoon onset is defined by the atmospheric hea…     

若尔盖高原典型年份植被覆盖变化对2010年区域气候影响的数值模拟

利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,采用1981年、1990年、2000年、2010年卫星遥感地表分类数据,模拟分析了黄河源区若尔盖高原典型年份真实地表植被覆盖变化对2010年区域气候的影响。得到以下主要结论:1)对于地表能量,植被覆盖变化对潜热影响较显著,较为显著的气候响应是地表温度的变化,且局地地表温度变化较区域平均温度变化明显。2)蒸腾效率和反照率会改变地表温度,但它们的相对重要性随季节和地点而变化,在夏季,若尔盖高原蒸腾效率改变对温度的影响大于反照率的作用。3)植被覆盖度变化在低层对温湿度均有影响,在中高层仅对温度有较小扰动。     

Local and Global Similarity in Turbulent Transfer of Heat, Water Vapour, And CO 2 in the Dynamic Convective Sublayer Over a Suburban Area

We investigated the ‘local’ and ‘global’ similarity of vertical turbulent transfer of heat, water vapour, and CO₂ within an urban surface layer. The results were derived from field measurements in a residential area of Tokyo, Japan during midday on fair-weather days in July 2001. In this study, correlation coefficients and quadrant analysis were used for the evaluation of ‘global’ similarity and wavelet analysis was employed for investigating ‘local’ similarity. The correlation coefficients indicated that the transfer efficiencies of water vapour and CO₂ were generally smaller than that of heat. Using wavelet analysis, we found that heat is always efficiently transferred by thermal and organized motions. In contrast, water vapour and CO₂, which are passive quantities, were not transferred as efficiently as heat. The quadrant analyses showed that the heat transfer by ejection exceeded that by sweep, and the ratios of ejection to sweep for water vapour and CO₂ transfer were less than that for heat. This indicated that heat is more efficiently transferred by upward motions and supported the findings from wavelet analysis. The differences of turbulent transfer between heat and both CO₂ and water vapour were probably caused both by the active role of temperature and the heterogeneity in the source distribution of scalars     

RESEARCH ON INTERANNUAL CHANGE ABOUT TELECONNECTION OF GENERAL CIRCULATION IN SUMMER DURING 1980s OVER THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

In the paper the 5°×10°latitude-longitude grid point data of daily 500 hPa geopotential height over the NorthernHemisphere(NH)in summer(June—August)during 1980s are used.The base point(20°N,120°E)is selected to calcu-late point correlation between the base point and other grid points.We find that the summer heat source anomaly of thetropical western Pacific causes anomaly of summer general circulation over NH and teleconnection of general circula-tion similar to PNA pattern forms from East Asia to North America.The teleconnections show great interannualchanges.     

西太平洋热带海域动量、感热和潜热等湍流通量的观测研究

本文根据中国科学院“实验3号”科学考察船1986年10月至12月在菲律宾以东60多万平方公里辽阔的西太平洋热带海域6个连续测站上(146°E,0°;145°E,0°;150°E,0°;140°E,5°N;145°E,5°N;150°E,5°N),使用我国自行研制的小型系留气艇探测系统观测到的大气温度、湿度、气压和风等廓线资料,利用相似理论的通量-廓线关系,给出这一海域的动量通量(特别是曳力系数C_D)、感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明,这一海域上的曳力系数值C_D=(1.53±0.25)×10~(-3);该海域总是将其贮存的热量以感热形式特别是以潜热形式输送到大气中(其中感热输送仅占10％,其余主要为水汽潜热输送),使该海域成为地球上不可多见的热源。     

The atmospheric heat budget over the western part of the Tibetan plateau during Monex, 1979

The atmospheric heat source strength over western Tibet has been computed for the period beginning with the last ten days in May, 1979 and extending through August, 1979. Our results show a significantly smaller heat source than that obtained by other authors. The discrepancy is mainly due to adjustments in the dray, coefficient suggested by observations and numerical modeling experiments. We subdivided western Tibet into northern and southern parts. In the north sensible heating, SH, provides the dominant input into the atmospheric heat source, whereas in the southern part latent heat, LP, offers a significant contribution after the start of the rainy season.Detailed heat budget calculations were also carried out over limited regions of southwestern Tibet which hau good station coverage. During periods with area-averaged rainfall ≤1 mm/day an atmospheric heat source maximum was located over southwestern Tibet near the 500 hPa level, while a heat sink dominated the upper troposphere in a layer of subsidence. When rainfall exceeded 4 mm/day, ascending motions and heal sources prevailed throughout the troposphere with maxima near 400 hPa. Time series analyses of the heat sourcs components show that the total atmospheric heat source is strongly modulated by the release of latent heat. Atmospheric radiational cooling reveals a phase shift in its relation with precipitation. During the first part of the observation period a correlation of that cooling exists mainly with the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere, during the last part with the net radiation at the ground.     

中国地表热源与南方涛动的相关分析

利用地表热源的气候学计算方程，建立了中国４７个站地表热源的时间序列，分析了中国地表热源的多年变化规律，进而又分析了中国地表热源与南方涛动指数间的交叉谱，指出中国地表热源与南方涛动指数之间各地都在９年，３年的准周期上有显著相关。这表明中国各地地表热源与南方涛动指数的联系，可能存在某种共同的物理过程。     

1986年10—12月西太平洋热带及其邻近海域的大气加热场分析

本文利用1986年10—12月西太平洋的考察资料和世界月平均气候资料详细地计算了西太平洋、太平洋中部热带及其邻近地区整层气柱的辐射和热量收支。主要结果是:(1)西太平洋和太平洋中部赤道及其热带海域10—12月整层气柱是一个范围很大的强热源区,而与之相邻的赤道南北两侧的副热带海域则是较强的冷源区。我国南海也有独立的热、冷源中心。(2)上述热源区主要是降水潜热很大造成的,而冷源则是由于整层气柱辐射支出多形成的。(3)热源区的月际变化明显。     

ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SUMMER RAINFALL IN CHINA AND THE ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCES OVER THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

The relationships between the summer rainfall in China and the atmospheric heat sources over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the western Pacific warm pool were analyzed comparatively, using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis daily data. The strong (weak) heat sou…     

1998年夏季HUBEX/GAME期间热量和水汽收支(英)

By using the high-resolution GAME reanalysis data, the heat and moisture budgets during the period of HUBEX/GAME in the summer of 1998 are calculated for exploring the thermodynamic features of Meiyu over the Changjiang-Huaihe (CH) valley. During the CH Meiyu period, an intensive vertically-integrated heat source and moisture sink are predominant over the heavy rainfall area of the CH valley, accompanied by strong upward motion at 500 hPa. The heat and moisture budgets show that the main diabatic heating component is condensation latent heat released by rainfall. As residual terms, the evaporation and sensible heating are relatively small. Based on the vertical distribution of the heat source and moisture sink, the nature of the rainfall is mixed, in which the convective rainfall is dominant with a considerable percentage of continuous stratiform rainfall. There are similar time evolutions of the main physical parameters(〈Q1〉,〈Q2〉,and vertical motion ω at 500 hPa).The time variations of〈Q1〉and〈Q2〉are in phase with those of -ω500, and have their main peaks within the CH Meiyu period. This shows the influence of the heat source on the dynamic structure of the atmosphere. The wavelet analyses of those time series display similar multiple timescale characteristics. During the CH Meiyu period, both the synoptic scale(～6 days) and mesoscale (～2 days and ～12 hours) increase obviously and cause heavy rainfall as well as the appearances of the maxima of the main physical parameters. Among them, the mesoscale systems are the main factors.