大功率压电换能器的设计

为了解决截渗墙等形体复杂的混凝土结构及岩体的质量检测问题，开展了声波相控震源初步研究工作.声波相控震源的设计和制作需要发射功率比较大，余震比较短的发射换能器.设计制作这类换能器除了选择电－声转换系数比较大的压电材料和几何尺寸外，还有一个重要因素就是换能器背衬的设计.将所测介质与换能器合在一起，本文用一维多层介质声波传播的物理模型进行研究，用所测介质位移的透射系数分析换能器背衬参数对换能器发射效率的影响.计算了背衬参数改变时位移透射系数随频率的变化曲线.在1kHz附近，背衬长度对透射系数影响比较大.以计算结果为指导，设计制作了四个大功率压电换能器，在黄河堤防截渗墙进行了实验，测量波形中有多个幅度比较明显的后续波，为进一步分析截渗墙特征提供了基础.     

双向地震作用下地铁车站改进截断墙抗液化上浮机制研究

截断墙法能减小地震过程中因地基液化导致的地下结构上浮，但难以防止地震结束后由超孔压消散引起的结构上浮。此外，已有研究未考虑竖向地震对抗上浮效果的影响。因此，在截断墙的基础上增设抗拔梁与碎石土层，采用有限元-有限差分耦合方法，分析了改进截断墙的最优参数设计及在双向地震下的响应规律。结果表明：设置碎石土层在震后的抗浮效果明显，抗拔梁的搭接长度为1.5 m时足以防止结构上浮；强震下截断墙法只能在一定程度上抑制结构上浮，在震后的上浮量也较大，而改进的截断墙法在震中能有效地抑制结构上浮，在震后结构基本不上浮；设置改进的截断墙能在一定程度上减轻地震过程中车站结构所受的内力。     

瑞雷面波在防渗墙无损检测中的应用

瑞雷面波均匀介质理论和弹性层状介质中的频散理论都是在半无限弹性空间基础上进行的，本文通过理论分析将瑞雷面波引申在水平方向宽度有限的墙状介质中应用，结合室内实验和防渗墙施工问题，得出一套完整的无损检测技术，用以控制防渗墙施工质量。     

大型高能工业CT在固体火箭发动机检测方面的应用

随着国内大型高能工业CT技术的进步,这种直观、可靠和快捷的无损检测技术正逐步应用于航天飞行器固体发动机的装药质量检测.本文主要介绍了大型高能工业CT在固体火箭发动机装药质量检测方面的应用现状、适用范围及工艺特点.     

堤防防渗芯墙质量检测技术及效果

简要阐述了长江堤防检测方法产生的历史背景和现状,具体介绍了CSAMT法的基本原理、“K”剖面法资料处理的计算公式以及CSAMT法在堤防防渗芯墙质量检测中的试验效果及应用效果,并指出在工作中应该注意的问题。     

一种钢筋混凝土非线性宏观单元——简体墙单元

高层结构一般都要设置复杂的钢筋混凝土抗震墙，如何模拟这些复杂墙体的力学性能就成为高层结构弹塑性分析的关键。本文在粱柱单元、单片墙单元的基础上提出了一种简体墙单元，并将此单元应用于高层混凝土结构推覆分析中。单元考虑了材料非线性，并采用较为精确的方法考虑了结构的二阶效应。理论与试验结果对比分析表明，简体墙单元具有精度高。计算稳定和自由度少等特点，为复杂体型高层结构的弹塑性分析提供了有力保证。     

超声地震模型试验在甬江隧道水底基础质量检测中的应用

超声地震模型试验工作，作为工程多波地震勘探的重要手段，已被用于解决复杂的工程质量检测．本文介绍了这一技术在甬江隧道水底基础质量检测中的应用．研究模型的材料取材于施工现场．其实验结果成功地用于现场检测中．      

12层异形柱小型混凝土空心砌块组合结构拟动力试验研究

异形柱小型混凝土空心砌块组合结构以其先砌墙后浇注、墙与柱马牙槎连接和墙内有暗梁的特点，使其有别于普通异形柱结构，将其用于小高层中的抗震能力值得研究，本课题通过12层1／3.2比例模型的拟动力试验，探讨了这种新型结构体系的受力特点、动力特性，为其在工程实践的应用提供试验基础。     

工程锚杆锚固质量动测技术

结合锚固体系的锚杆动力学及弹性波运动学理论,分析和评述了锚固体系的振动特征和锚固体系中弹性波传播的能量衰减规律,以及锚杆锚固质量检测的方法、技术与特点;并通过工程检测实例进一步说明,锚杆锚固质量动测技术是一种方便易行,测试精度能满足现场技术要求的方法,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

组合墙结构房屋抗震性能的振动台试验研究

通过三个组合墙模型房屋的振动台试验，分析了组合墙结构体系房屋的动力性能和抗震能力，比较了底一层和底两层框架组合墙房屋和普通组合墙房屋的抗震性能。结果表明，八层组合墙房屋的抗震能力远远超过设计能力，可用于八度地区，底框架组合墙房屋的抗震性能优于普通组合墙房屋，底两层框架组合墙房屋也优于底一层框架组合墙房屋。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.