南海北部深水盆地浅水流的地球物理特性及识别

浅水流(Shallow Water Flow,SWF)是深水环境海底浅部地层中超压的砂体流动,是对深水钻井最具破坏力的一种地质灾害,严重制约深水油气开发.为有效预测和防治浅水流,需要对浅水流地球物理特性进行研究,并在研究区内加以识别.本文借鉴国外主要深水盆地对浅水流问题的研究经验,对南海北部深水盆地潜在浅水流区域采取以属性判定、超压分析为主,振幅识别为辅的方法进行预测.精细层序地层学解释发现,南海北部深水盆地存在上新世以来的古珠江深水水道沉积体系和第四纪水道,这些水道砂体疏松未固结、孔隙度大、有效应力低、几乎表现出流体特性.基于遗传算法的混合反演方法发现,研究区存在典型的AVO响应,横波速度极低,低频特征明显,振幅强度弱,连续性较好,存在极性反转,高泊松比和高纵横波速度比.研究结果表明,南海北部陆坡具备浅水流发生的潜在条件,深水水道发育区为潜在的浅水流危险区,浅水流具有独特的地震响应特征,泊松比高达0.49,纵横波速度比约为3.5~9或更高,SWF层位对地震属性的敏感度V_P/V_S>AVO响应>泊松比.     

地球物理技术在降低水合物钻井风险中的应用

在海洋深水钻井工程中,天然气水合物诱发的钻井风险问题正越来越引起重视,而地球物理技术在降低水合物钻井风险过程中发挥着不可替代的作用.本文首先介绍了含水合物地层的岩石物理性质,然后详细阐述了深水钻探过程中钻遇含水合物地层可能引发的各种风险,包括天然气水合物的分解以及在井筒中形成天然气水合物可能诱发的工程事故和技术问题,并对地球物理技术在降低钻井风险过程中的应用进行详细介绍,可以为我国的海洋深水钻井工程提供一定的参考.     

流花深水区块典型滑坡特征的研究与认识

近几年在南海东部500～1400m水深范围的126km2深水区块勘探开发项目中,利用深拖工程物探新技术进行了荔湾、流花等深水场址共1800km测线的调查研究.本文研究的流花深水区位于单斜型陆坡带向断阶型陆坡带转折区域,工区内海底陡坡、陡坎、滑塌体、海底峡谷等非常发育,是南海东部深水区具有代表性的典型滑坡区.通过运用深拖新技术的作业方法来解释分析和研究该区的滑坡特征,有效提升资料研究评价的准确性和可靠性,同时提高对该区不稳定性海底的认识,为以后在类似区域进行深水海底灾害地质研究提供参考和借鉴.     

全三维地震解释技术在南海西部深水区峡谷水道研究中的应用实践

南海西部深水区具有丰富的天然气资源,但由于领域广,水深大,地震和钻井资料少,整体勘探程度较低.2010年LSA井的钻探成功,正式拉开了南海西部深水勘探的序幕.LSA井钻探的有利目标为中央峡谷水道砂,为了快速客观的评价水道型目标的分布范围与油气关系,结合地震资料特点采用全三维地震解释技术.该方法是一种能有效地将地质知识应用于地震解释的综合解释方法,它可以使解释人员从不同属性的三维数据体中快速获取各种信息,对局部构造、断裂系统、砂体、沉积相带展布等进行系统研究和成图,取得一系列重要成果,从而大大缩短了解释周期,直观地展现了主要目的层段局部构造和断裂系统发育特征,有效地预测了中央峡谷水道砂体发育情况,迅速准确地指导油气勘探开发.     

海洋深水水道地震综合解释技术研究——以南海北部陆坡区更新统深水水道为例

深水沉积是深水油气勘探的重要领域.本文利用南海北部陆坡区三维地震资料,应用三维可视化、相干处理、沿层切片及波形分类等地震技术,识别和刻画南海北部陆坡区更新世深水沉积水道的展布、演化特征及有利砂体分布位置,初步总结出一套适合深水沉积水道的地震识别和描述方法.该水道呈南西-北东方向展布、具蛇曲形态,水道主体以泥岩充填为主,水道侧向加积及堤坝部位是有利的储集部位.     

天然气水合物诱因的深水油气开发工程灾害风险——以墨西哥湾深水钻井油气泄漏事故为例

随着深水油气资源的大力开发,与水合物有关的海洋工程安全问题日益增多.天然气水合物分解使得海底地层产生超孔隙压力,同时导致沉积物结构强度下降,容易引发气体泄漏、海底滑塌等工程事故,增加了海洋深水工程的灾害风险.2010年4月20日在美国墨西哥湾海域作业的BP公司“深水地平线”钻井平台爆炸并沉没,这一事故引发了墨西哥湾海域...     

南海琼东南高压盆地压力结构与油气成藏关系

南海琼东南盆地为典型的高温超压盆地,在中深层高温超压地层中发育多个大型勘探目标,是中国南海勘探主战场.琼东南盆地存在多种超压成因,使得不同构造位置的压力结构不同,不同的压力结构其压力成因存在差异,并且压力结构与油气的成藏也具有非常密切的关系,而且地层压力结构与钻井安全息息相关.为了提高压力预测精度和钻井安全,研究琼东南高压盆地压力结构与油气成藏关系是十分有意义的.快速沉积的欠压实泥岩排水不畅是超压的主要成因,同时还存在断裂系统泄压、大型沉积体疏导泄压和侧向砂体传递增压等多种成因.本文首先总结不同位置的压力结构,其次分析不同压力结构的成因,最后在超压与油气聚集分析的基础上,总结超压与油气聚集成藏的关系,分析认为崖城凸起砂体泄压型低压带和大崖城区异常高压带是琼东南盆地最有利的勘探区带.     

砂岩型铀矿地震勘探中若干问题研究

相比于常规的石油和煤炭地震勘探,砂岩型铀矿地震勘探过程中存在着诸多难点问题:勘探目标层埋藏深度浅,一般小于1000 m,浅层地震资料信噪比低,且易受采集噪声的影响;目标层砂体与围岩的物性差异小,致使有效的地震信息较微弱;砂泥薄互层多,砂岩型铀矿往往存在于"泥砂泥"、"煤砂泥"等互层结构的砂体之中,且含矿砂层厚度通常较小,在十米至几十米不等,识别难度较大.据此,开展了大量的地震数据采集、处理和解释技术试验以及应用研究工作,基本明确了从采集面元优化、精细叠前去噪和速度分析方面解决目标层埋藏深度浅所致问题;从采集覆盖次数优化和保幅处理方面解决物性差异小所致问题;从采集的激发和接收参数的优化、提频处理以及波阻抗反演方面解决砂泥薄互层所致问题.实际应用效果证明采用的技术方案具有一定的针对性,是砂岩型铀矿地震勘探有效可行的技术手段.     

无井条件下建立碎屑岩储层地震地质模型研究

常规的储层建模以井数据为基础,建立孔隙度、渗透率和含油饱和度等储层属性参数模型,并通过油田开发生产数据进行拟合,得到最佳地质模型.在南海西北部深水区无井控制的情况下,针对中央峡谷浊积水道储层,采用确定性建模与连续型随机建模相结合的方法,建立碎屑岩储层地震地质模型,应用地震正演模拟和相似性分析方法,确定浊积水道砂体最佳模拟参数.文章首先分析了碎屑岩储层特征,应用连续型随机建模的方法模拟储层空间分布.然后分析实际地震、地质资料,应用层序地层学思想,对研究区划分沉积体系域,建立层序地层格架;基于波阻抗和多种地震属性,采用人机交互的方法对浊积水道储层框架结构进行精细解释,建立储层结构模型;将储层结构模型与砂泥互层随机介质进行"交"、"并"运算,利用连续型随机模拟方法对储层内部介质进行精细刻画,建立中央峡谷浊积水道随机介质储层模型;通过对模型正演模拟、常规处理和相似性分析等建立最佳储层模型.文章研究了在无井条件下建立储层地震地质模型的方法,揭示南海西北部深水区中央峡谷浊积水道储层的空间展布和内部结构特征.     

琼东南盆地深水区速度研究及速度建模思考

南海西部深水区领域广,水深大,地震和钻井资料少,研究基础薄弱,主要探区以合作为主,勘探程度高,而自营区勘探程度较低.虽然琼东南盆地深水区具有巨大的天然气资源,但是由于面积较大、三维地震资料较少和钻井成本较高,整体勘探程度比较低,若要完成速度分析及速度建模工作是十分困难的.由于深水区有其自身的区域背景,速度研究问题与浅水区存在较大的差异,经过近些年深水区速度研究认为主要存在三方面的问题:如何确定深水区待钻井速度误差校正量、斜坡区速度研究及时深转换方法存在问题和如何优选速度建模方法.针对具体问题,经过大量研究采用针对性的思路方法提出相应的解决对策,并将其形成流程应用于钻井生产实际,取得较好的预测效果和较高的精度.     

Drilling and Constructing Monitoring Wells with Hollow-Stem Augers Part 1: Drilling Considerations

Hollow-stem augers are a widely used drilling method for constructing monitoring wells in unconsolidated materials. The drilling procedures used when constructing monitoring wells with hollow-stem augers, however, are neither standardized nor thoroughly documented in the published literature.
Variations in drilling procedures and techniques may occur as a result of the: (1) type of auger drill equipment and formation samplers used; (2) hydrogeologic conditions at the site, especially where heaving sands occur; and (3) known or suspected presence of contaminated zones, where there is a potential for the vertical movement of contaminants within the borehole.
In a saturated zone in which heaving sands occur, changes in equipment and drilling techniques are required to provide a positive pressure head of water within the auger column. This may require the addition of clean water or other drilling fluid inside the augers.
When monitoring the quality of ground water below a known contaminated zone, hollow-stem auger drilling may not be advisable unless protective surface casing can be installed. Depending on the site hydrogeology, conventional hollow-stem auger drilling techniques alone may not be adequate for the installation of the protective surface casing. A hybrid drilling method may be needed that combines conventional hollow-stem auger drilling with a casing driving technique that advances the borehole and surface casing simultaneously.     

A Model for Deepwater Oil/Gas Blowouts

When gas is released in deepwater, the high pressure and low temperature can convert the gases into hydrates, which are buoyant. As these hydrates travel upwards they will encounter regions of lower pressure and can decompose into free gas. The presence or absence of hydrates has a significant impact on the behaviour of the jet/plume due to the alteration of the buoyancy. The free gas may dissolve in water. This paper describes a computer model developed to simulate the behaviour of oil and gas released from deepwater locations in the ocean. The model integrates the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of the jet/plume with kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrate formation/decomposition. Model formulation and comparison of results with laboratory data for hydrates is presented. Scenario simulations show the behaviour of oil/gas under different deepwater conditions.     

Types and Usages of Drilling Fluids Utilized to Install Monitoring Wells Associated with Metals and Radionuclide Ground Water Studies

Evaluation for metal and radionuclide contamination associated with selected inactive uranium mill tailings repositories required the installation of monitoring wells in both shallow unconfined and deep artesian aquifer systems. To prevent ionic exchange between the dissolved cationic metals and the cations in bentonitic drilling fluids, organic-based fluids were used during the drilling and installation of monitoring wells. Experience gained at three western U.S. sites involving inactive uranium mill tailings indicates organic drilling fluids can be used to advance drill holes in soil materials ranging from saturated silts and fine sands to unsaturated gravels. However, it has been determined that certain types of these organic fluids can clog very narrow screen slots and remain present in well discharge, even after several hours of well cleaning. Certain types of organic drilling fluids appear to be preferable for these types of water chemistry studies.     

Ellog Auger Drilling: Three-in-One Method for Hydrogeological Data Collection

The Ellog auger drilling method is an integrated approach for hydrogeological data collection during auger drilling in unconsolidated sediments. The drill stem is a continuous flight, hollow-stem auger with integrated electrical and gamma logging tools. The geophysical logging is performed continuously while drilling. Data processing is carried out in the field, and recorded log features are displayed as drilling advances. A slotted section in the stem, above the cutting head, allows anaerobic water and soil-gas samples to be taken at depth intervals of approximately 0.2 m. The logging, water, and gas sampling instrumentation in the drill stem is removable; therefore, when the drill stem is pulled back, piezometers can be installed through the hollow stem. Cores of sediments can subsequently be taken continuously using a technique in which the drill bit can be reinserted after each coring. The Ellog auger drilling method provides detailed information on small-scale changes in lithology, sediment chemistry, and water, as well as gas compositions in aquifer systems–data essential to hydrogeological studies.     

Applications of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling in Ground Water Exploration and Monitoring

Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling uses flush-threaded double-wall drill pipe and high-pressure air to provide continuous return of formation and water samples. Cuttings and formation waters are not contaminated with drilling additives or mixed with other borehole material. Up-hole velocity of about 70 ft/sec provides reliable logging of water, mineral or contaminant-bearing strata. Water samples representative of specific strata may be airlifted or bailed to the surface.
In the percussion hammer system, dual-wall drill pipe is advanced through chiefly unconsolidated material by the percussion action of an above-ground pile hammer. The borehole is drilled and temporarily cased in one pass. Wells or monitoring devices are installed as the drill pipe is hydraulically retracted during construction. A rotary head may be adapted as an option to allow dual-wall rotary drilling into consolidated or crystalline formations through a percussion hammer drill string temporarily left in place as a conductor.
The complex geology and variety of geoenvironmental problems in southern California has provided a testing ground for dual-wall drilling on hazardous material site investigations. Several case histories have demonstrated the capabilities and versatility of this method, including: (1) the installation of 4-inch and 6-inch diameter gasoline monitoring and recovery wells through gravels and cobbles at a filling station where hollow-stem auger drilling failed; (2) the confirmation of a dry borehole initially drilled by direct rotary at a landfill; and (3) multiple installations of monitoring devices through municipal refuse at a city of Los Angeles landfill.     

欠压实超压层自然电位测井响应机理研究

以欠压实超压层为研究对象,利用双水模型和热动力学理论,推导了欠压实超压泥质砂岩、泥岩的薄膜电位方程,分析了压实作用对薄膜电位造成的影响以及欠压实超压泥质砂岩储层自然电位的响应特征.理论研究表明:压实作用对泥岩薄膜电位影响显著,对于盐水泥浆,泥岩薄膜电位随压实系数的变大而增加,淡水泥浆条件下,泥岩薄膜电位随压实系数的变大...     

The Resonant Sonic Drilling Method: An Innovative Technology for Environmental Restoration Programs

The resonant sonic drilling method offers unique capabilities to the environmental restoration market. By using a drill head that imparts high-frequency, high-force vibrations into a steel drill pipe, continuous, relatively undisturbed cores can be taken through virtually any formation. The resonant sonic method requires no mud, air, water, or other circulating medium for penetration: drills very fast; easily drills at any angle through formations such as rock, clay, sand, boulders, permafrost, or glacial till; and yields no cuttings in the drilling process. Case histories of projects using the method demonstrate excellent results but also indicate several problem areas with the method in its present state. Expanding research efforts to further develop the resonant sonic drilling method should help solve current drawbacks, and could produce a drilling technology for environmental work that significantly changes the way monitoring wells are drilled and constructed.     

The influence of drill cuttings on physical characteristics of phytodetritus

Sinking of aggregated phytoplankton cells is a crucial mechanism for transporting carbon to the seafloor and benthic ecosystem, with such aggregates often scavenging particulate material from the water column as they sink. In the vicinity of drilling rigs used by the oil and gas industry, the concentration of particulate matter in the water column may at times be enriched as a result of the discharge of ‘drill cuttings’ - drilling waste material. This investigation exposed laboratory produced phytoplankton aggregates to drill cuttings of various composition (those containing no hydrocarbons from reservoir rocks and those with a <1% hydrocarbon content) and assessed the change in aggregate size, settling rate and resuspension behavior of these using resuspension chambers and settling cylinders. Results indicate that both settling velocity and seabed stress required to resuspend the aggregates are greater in aggregates exposed to drill cuttings, with these increases most significant in aggregates exposed to hydrocarbon containing drill cuttings.