Effect of Aspect Ratio on the Monotonic Shear Behaviour: Micromechanical Interpretations

The effect of aspect ratio on the mechanical behaviour and micromechanics of two different assemblies during drained triaxial shearing are reported in this paper. Discrete element simulations are done on two different sets of assemblies—first assembly consists of particles with aspect ratio 1.0 and second assembly consists of particles with aspect ratio 1.5. A log normal distribution of particle size is adopted for both the samples. The constitutive behaviour of the assemblies and the evolution of the microstructure of the samples under shearing are closely examined and is related to the aspect ratio of the particles constituting the assembly. The spherical harmonic distributions of contact forces and contact normals along with 3-D histograms are plotted to give quantitative information of the variation of these parameters as the loading progresses. The results indicate that as the aspect ratio increases, there is an increase in the maximum deviatoric stress at the macroscopic level. At the microscopic level, the values of the anisotropic coefficients which are representative of the microparameters also show an increase in the magnitude for the assembly with higher aspect ratio particles.     

控制应力路径散体材料真三轴试验强度特征的离散元模拟与细观机制分析

通过一系列真三轴离散元数值试验,模拟了不同应力路径下的等b试验中散体材料的强度特征。根据模拟结果详细地分析了三维应力条件下中主应力和应力路径对散体材料峰值强度的影响,研究了峰值摩擦角、峰值应力比的变化规律,并根据真应力的概念和组构张量的演化结果分析了散体材料的强度成因。研究表明,在不同类型的数值试验中峰值偏应力随b参数的变化规律不同,但采用初始围压归一化后的应力-应变曲线规律一致。峰值强度线的斜率只与b值有关而与应力路径无关,且随着b值的增加,峰值应力比qf /pf逐渐减小,数值模拟结果与室内试验结果吻合较好;随着应变的发展,数值试样的组构也随之发生变化,产生了明显的应力诱发各向异性;散体的强度为颗粒摩擦及材料各向异性共同作用的结果;理论上,组构比-应力比坐标系中破坏点位置仅取决于颗粒摩擦角 ,而数值模拟结果与理论值的差异源于颗粒间咬合和滚动摩擦的影响,其影响与颗粒表面摩擦系数有关,也受空间应力状态的影响。     

抗转动对颗粒材料组构特性的影响研究

颗粒材料大多由不规则形状的颗粒组成,如砂土、谷物等,抵抗转动是不规则形状颗粒的固有特性。已有研究表明,颗粒抗转动特性对其宏观力学特性有显著影响。因此,在颗粒材料的细观数值模拟中或采用非圆颗粒,或在圆颗粒离散元模拟中采用考虑抗转动的接触模型。采用有限元-离散元耦合方法（FDEM）和离散元方法（DEM）分别对椭球形状颗粒和具有抗转动能力的圆球颗粒进行三轴剪切数值模拟,指出了采用抗转动接触模型考虑颗粒形状影响的局限性,并基于颗粒的局部排布结构揭示了形状影响的细观来源。峰值内摩擦角和剪胀均随着转动摩擦系数和形状偏离圆球程度而单调增加,但颗粒形状对它们的影响呈现出明显的收敛趋势。细观组构分析也表明,虽然颗粒形状和转动摩擦都能显著增强组构各向异性,但是组构各向异性的演化模式有明显的区别。造成以上结果的差异在于其抵抗转动的影响机制不同。转动摩擦是通过限制颗粒转动,增强了颗粒间的稳定承载能力,而非圆颗粒是通过咬合作用形成稳定的局部排列结构。由于椭球颗粒腹部比端部能够传递更大的接触力,颗粒受剪切后发生转动,颗粒长轴倾向于正交大主应力方向,呈现交错排列,颗粒间相互锁定。     

基于抗转模型的颗粒材料宏−细观关系研究

接触模型的宏?细观参数标定是成功使用离散元方法的关键。在离散元的接触模型中线性接触模型与抗转线性接触模型均可用于模拟砂性土的力学行为,其中抗转线性接触模型在模拟密砂的剪胀性方面具备优势。采用抗转线性接触模型对室内密实砂土三轴试验进行了离散元模拟,验证了抗转线性接触模型的可靠性;进而系统分析了颗粒间摩擦系数、刚度比和抗转动系数等细观参数与砂土峰值内摩擦角、残余内摩擦角、峰值剪胀角等宏观参数的相关关系并进行了验证;揭示了偏应力作用下,细观参数对密实砂土试样内部剪切带宽度与倾角变化的影响规律,提出了考虑剪胀角的剪切带倾角经验公式。通过研究建立了抗转线性接触模型宏?细观参数的量化关系并给出了标定参数的具体流程图,提出了快速标定宏观参数的方法并应用实例进行了验证,为采用抗转线性接触模型精准模拟密实砂土的力学特性提供依据。     

Effect of particle friction and polydispersity on the macroscopic stress–strain relations of granular materials

The macroscopic mechanical behavior of granular materials inherently depends on the properties of particles that compose them. Using the discrete element method, the effect of particle contact friction and polydispersity on the macroscopic stress response of 3D sphere packings is studied. The analytical expressions for the pressure, coordination number and fraction of rattlers proposed for isotropically deformed frictionless systems also hold when the interparticle coefficient of friction is finite; however, the numerical values of the parameters such as the jamming volume fraction change with varying microscopic contact and particle properties. The macroscopic response under deviatoric loading is studied with triaxial test simulations. Concerning the shear strength, our results agree with previous studies showing that the deviatoric stress ratio increases with particle coefficient of friction μ starting from a nonzero value for μ = 0 and saturating for large μ. On the other hand, the volumetric strain does not have a monotonic dependence on the particle contact friction. Most notably, maximum compaction is reached at an intermediate value of the coefficient of friction μ ≈ 0.3. The effect of polydispersity on the macroscopic stress–strain relationship cannot be studied independent of initial packing conditions. The shear strength increases with polydispersity when the initial volume fraction is fixed, but the effect of polydispersity is much less pronounced when the initial pressure of the packings is fixed. Finally, a simple hypoplastic constitutive model is calibrated with numerical test results following an established procedure to ascertain the relation between particle properties and material coefficients of the macroscopic model. The calibrated model is in good qualitative agreement with simulation results.     

基于复杂网络的岩土颗粒材料分散性失稳先兆研究

岩土颗粒材料在达到Mohr-Coulomb塑性极限之前可能已经发生了没有明显局部损伤的全域准均匀破坏,即分散性失稳。近年来,网络科学工具在颗粒材料环境中的应用为研究其失稳破坏现象提供了有趣新颖的洞见。采用离散单元法对不同初始密实度的颗粒体系进行等体积应变加载路径的数值试验,发现初始状态越松散的颗粒体系越有可能发生分散性失稳;采用网络科学的理论和方法分析颗粒接触网络的拓扑结构特性和演化规律,发现颗粒材料分散性失稳的结构根源是颗粒接触网络完全崩塌。将颗粒体系划分为强、弱接触系统以构建强接触子网络、弱接触子网络和强−弱接触子网络,研究颗粒接触网络及其3个子网络的特征量演化,结果表明：当颗粒材料开始处于不稳定状态时,易受扰动的弱接触系统的部分接触先失效,导致强接触系统失去其稳定支撑作用而降低承载能力。随着加载的继续,系统通过非局部的自组织过程导致接触结构的全面崩塌,最终触发整体分散性失稳。因此,先于整体失稳的部分弱接触的失效,可视为颗粒材料分散性失稳的关键性临界征兆。     

颗粒滚动-滑动转换机制及摩擦系数的试验研究

颗粒间的滑动、滚动摩擦对其微观、宏观动力特性有很大的影响。在颗粒流体动力学研究中,对颗粒介质的滑动摩擦已有深刻的认识,而对滚动摩擦及其与滑动摩擦间相互关系的研究还需进一步深入。滚动摩擦的影响因素较多,且作用机理复杂,至今没有形成统一的理论。通过颗粒滑动–滚动摩擦试验,分析了颗粒表面粗糙度和形状对颗粒摩擦力的影响,初步研究了颗粒滚动–滑动摩擦的转化机制。试验结果表明：颗粒在不同的粗糙度和不规则形态影响下表现出滑动或滚动的不同运动形式,并呈现出一定的转化特性。该试验还进一步测定了颗粒滑动、滚动摩擦系数,定性地分析了颗粒的表面粗糙度和几何形态对它们的影响。     

颗粒物质在等比例应变加载下的分散性失稳模式

由地下水引起的静力液化可能是边坡失稳的隐含机制之一,松砂在不排水剪切条件下可能发生静力液化,密实的颗粒集合体在特定的应变路径下也会出现相似的现象,即试样整体发生急剧的失稳,应力状态尚处于峰值强度线以内。该种失稳模式称为分散性失稳,是为了强调失稳模式中没有出现应变局部化或者剪切带。采用连续-离散耦合分析方法,研究由不规则形状颗粒组成的密实集合体在等比例应变加载路径下的力学特性。根据Hill的材料失稳理论,当试样的应力增量 和应变增量 对应的2阶功 为负时,试样即发生不可逆的整体失稳破坏。以根据不同等比例应变路径得到 曲线为界,在 平面内将试样的应力状态分为剪缩区、剪胀-稳定区和剪胀-非稳定区,连接不同围压下试样发生分散性失稳时的应力状态形成失稳线发现,峰值强度线高于临界状态线,临界状态线高于失稳线。     

使用颗粒流方法研究单轴压缩条件下石灰岩中的荷载传递机理

研究荷载在岩石中的传递机理对岩石工程性质研究具有重要意义。本文以石灰岩试样为例,使用颗粒流方法来研究这一传递机理。研究试样大小为50 mm× 50 mm,岩石成分使用圆盘颗粒集合体来表征,颗粒间的接触模型采用平行连接模型,岩石的弹性模量、峰值应力和泊松比分别为44.24 GPa、101.05 MPa和0.267;将大于平均接触力的力链作为强力链,得到了外部荷载下试样中的强力链分布情况,研究了试样局部孔隙率、配位数等细观参数对接触力大小的影响,探讨了颗粒摩擦系数不同时外荷达到峰值应力后颗粒的接触力分布情况。结果表明,在全部颗粒接触点中,只有19.8%接触点的接触力大于平均接触力,但这些接触点应变能却占总应变能的75%;当法向接触力与切向接触力比值大于3.5时,试样峰后应力主要由法向接触力控制;与样品破坏前相比,破坏后样品中的局部孔隙率变化不大,只减少了0.002。     

Modeling the particle breakage of rockfill materials with the cohesive crack model

A practical combined finite–discrete element method was developed to simulate the breakage of irregularly shaped particles in granular geomaterials, e.g., rockfill. Using this method, each particle is discretized into a finite element mesh. The potential fracture paths are represented by pre-inserted cohesive interface elements (CIEs) with a progressive damage model. The Mohr–Coulomb model with a tension cut-off is employed as the damage initiation criterion to rupture the predominant failure mode occurs at the particle scale. Two series of biaxial tests were simulated for both the breakable and unbreakable particle assemblies. The two assemblies have identical configurations, with the exception that the former is inserted with CIEs and is breakable. The simulated stress–strain–dilation responses obtained for both assemblies are in agreement with experimental observations. We present a comprehensive study of the role of particle breakage on the mechanical behavior of rockfill materials at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. The underlying mechanism of particle breakage can be explained by the force chain in the assemblies.     

Micromechanical Modelling of Granular Materials: Effect of Particle Size and Gradation

In this paper the effects of maximum particle size, particle gradation/sorting and fabric on bulk mechanical behaviour of granular materials such as coarse grained soils and rockfills are investigated" from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, using numerical" simulations based on Discrete Element Modelling (DEM). Hydrostatic compaction and biaxial tests on 2-dimensional assemblies of discs with varying particle sizes and gradations were modelled using DEM. An examination of the constitutive behaviour of granular media considering" the particulate nature of the medium has been attempted to explain the effect of particle size and gradation. Simulation results on perfectly parallel graded assemblies indicate that with increase in the size of the particles, a marginal increase (or no increase) in the angle of internal friction is observed during biaxial loading conditions. A change to a wider gradation (keeping the minimum grain size the same) results in a decrease in the angle of internal friction and an increase in volumetric strain to a considerable extent. Based on micromechanical force and fabric parameters, the basis for the physical behaviour was established. This helps in understanding the physics of parallel gradation techniques.     

轨道交通振动下南京片状细砂的有效应力路径及破坏模式

以南京片状结构细砂为研究对象,采用英国WFI动静多功能三轴仪,研究了饱和南京片状结构细砂在列车振动荷载作用下静偏应力水平、循环应力比对其动力特性的影响;把振动孔压的发展与应力路径相联系,分析了循环荷载作用下不同阶段南京片状结构细砂所处的初始压密状态、压缩状态和膨胀状态的发生和发展过程;同时,根据静偏应力与循环偏应力的大小,视有无偏应力反向,南京片状结构细砂的破坏模式可分为循环活动性和塑性应变累积破坏,并对其循环活动性的机制进行了初步探讨。     

基于细观统计的砂土摩擦特性与破坏机制研究

砂土是一种典型的颗粒材料,其力学特性和变形机制是细观颗粒在荷载作用下的宏观表现,鉴于砂土具有显著的颗粒性和碎散性,使得对其进行细观颗粒层面的研究非常必要。将土颗粒简化为空间椭球体,假设方向角满足正态分布规律,应用细观统计的方法,从颗粒层面对砂土的摩擦特性和破坏机制进行研究。砂土剪切面上的摩擦特性主要是颗粒在剪切荷载作用下,克服垂直于剪切面应力抬升所遇到的阻力。颗粒运动方向与剪切面滑移方向的夹角可视为单个颗粒的摩擦角,颗粒摩擦角满足与方向角同样的正态分布规律;砂土的剪切破坏是颗粒重排列和应力重分布的过程,该过程中一部分颗粒摩擦角不断弱化,而承载颗粒数量逐渐增多,土体内部应力分布渐趋均匀;随着垂直于剪切面荷载的增大,砂土内摩擦角随之弱化减小,内摩擦角与荷载之间具有对应关系,可进行量化计算。     

Role of particle crushing on particle kinematics and shear banding in granular materials

The paper provides an in-depth exploration of the role of particle crushing on particle kinematics and shear banding in sheared granular materials. As a two-dimensional approximation, a crushable granular material may be represented by an assembly of irregularly shaped polygons to include shape diversity of realistic granular materials. Particle assemblies are subjected to biaxial shearing under flexible boundary conditions. With increasing percentage of crushed particles, mesoscale deformation becomes increasingly unstable. Fragmented deformation patterns within the granular assemblies are unable to form stable and distinct shear bands. This is confirmed by the sparsity of large fluctuating velocities in highly crushable assemblies. Without generating distinct shear bands, deformation patterns and failure modes of a highly crushable assembly are similar to those of loose particle assemblies, which are regarded as diffuse deformation. High degrees of spatial association amongst the kinematical quantities confirm the key role that non-affine deformation and particle rotation play in the generation of shear bands. Therefore, particle kinematical quantities can be used to predict the onset and subsequent development of shear zones, which are generally marked by increased particle kinematic activity, such as intense particle rotation and high granular temperature. Our results indicate that shear band thickness increases, and its speed of development slows down, with increasing percentage of crushed particles. As particles crush, spatial force correlation becomes weaker, indicating a more diffuse nature of force transmission across particle contacts.     

复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性研究

饱水作用对砂岩变形及强度特征影响显著,考虑岩体实际赋存环境,为了解复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机及SEM电镜扫描技术,对饱水砂岩进行循环荷载作用后卸荷破坏试验,研究不同影响因素作用下的疲劳损伤特征,重点分析了加载频率、上限应力等因素对卸荷变形、强度及细观损伤特征的影响规律。研究表明,根据试验设计方案获得的饱水砂岩应力-应变曲线大致可以划分为5个典型阶段,其中,同一应力状态下,疲劳损伤阶段轴向不可逆应变在等速变形阶段的应变速率随加载频率的增大迅速增加,这表明上限应力的“门槛值”极有可能是变化的,且与加载频率及循环次数密切相关;同时,卸围压变形破坏阶段的总应变及围压卸荷量均随加载频率（或上限应力）的增大而减小,与该阶段持续时间随加载频率（或上限应力）的变化规律一致。不仅如此,通过分析饱水砂岩破坏面细观损伤特征发现,加载频率与上限应力作用下的细观损伤特征差异显著,其中破坏面微裂隙面积占比随加载频率增大而减小,上限应力则恰好相反。     

粗粒土的离心模型试验与数值模拟

岩土工程数值计算中粗粒土常采用邓肯-张本构模型,为了验证该模型在轴向加载、卸载、侧向加载等复杂应力路径条件下的适用性,进行了粗粒土的三轴试验获取其力学特性及本构模型参数;根据相似性原理制作了堆石坝的离心模型试样,并采用与三轴试验同样级配与粒径的粗粒土进行复杂应力路径的堆石坝离心模型试验,试验中通过改变离心加速度模拟加载、卸载,利用上游蓄水模拟坝体的侧向加载;采用ABAQUS对离心模型试验进行三维数值模拟,并研究了模型箱侧壁摩擦系数与土体的初始应力对数值结果的影响。通过比较离心模型试验与数值模拟成果,表明土体的初始弹性模量对计算结果影响较大,初始应力应选择自重作用下的应力场;邓肯-张本构模型能较好地描述堆石坝的加载应力路径,而模拟卸载应力路径有一定的差异,需要改进邓肯-张本构模型中卸载模量的确定方法。     

密实散粒体剪切破坏能量演化的离散元模拟

砂土等散粒体在剪切过程中的能量存储及耗散是其宏观力学响应的深层原因,但因量测难度较大而研究较少。将考虑抗转动的接触模型引入离散元软件PFC2D,基于热力学第一定律建立各种能量量测方法,并在平面应变双轴压缩试验中采用该方法统计密实散粒体在剪切过程中的能量演化规律。采取了4种耗散类型,即滑动-滚动（S-R）、滑动-非滚动（S-NR）、非滑动-滚动（NS-R）和非滑动-非滚动（NS-NR）。结果表明：密实散粒体加载时能量耗散以滑动摩擦为主;且小应变加载阶段,外力功主要转化为弹性应变能,但同时也存在均布于试样的耗散能;随着应变的增加,外力功的转化形式逐渐过渡为以耗散能为主,且集中分布在带状区域内;各个加载阶段的摩擦耗散均存在各向异性。     

二维粒状材料双轴压缩试验研究

为了研究粒状材料的各向异性力学行为与细观组构演化之间的关系,采用自主研发的双轴压缩试验系统,以圆形和椭圆形截面的金属棒状材料组成的二维堆积体为试验对象,对不同大主应力方向角?（沉积面与大主应力作用面的夹角）的试样进行了各向等压、常侧向压力、等p剪切3种应力路径试验,并通过分析试样在不同变形阶段的数字照片得到了其细观组构演化规律。发现对于椭圆形截面的试样存在一个卓越剪切方向,随剪应变增大,颗粒长轴呈现出向该方向偏转的趋势,并且在大变形条件下沿该方向形成剪切带;卓越剪切方向与沉积面方向关系不大,而与大主应力作用面方向夹角约为45°+ /2, 为残余内摩擦角;随卓越剪切方向与沉降方向夹角的不同,颗粒偏转程度的不同是导致剪胀特性和峰值强度各向异性的主要原因     

单桩不同加载条件下有限元模拟及侧摩阻力分析

采用弹塑性有限元法,结合岩土体结构特征,应用接触单元模拟桩土之间的不连续面,分别对单桩传统静载加载方式和自平衡加载方式进行数值模拟。自平衡加载方式的数值模拟结果与实际自平衡测试结果吻合较好,说明选取的模型和参数比较合理。进而采用此模型和参数,对传统静载加载方式进行数值模拟,得出桩上部荷载传递过程中桩及桩周岩土体应力及位移,求出各单元的应力应变,确定出桩侧法向应力,结合桩土之间摩擦试验的参数,根据莫尔-库仑理论求出桩侧摩阻力。最后将有限元数值模拟和自平衡实测侧摩阻力值进行对比,验证了在选用合理的模型和物理力学参数的基础上,有限元计算的侧摩阻力值和实测值较吻合,通过有限元方法计算获得的单桩侧摩阻力值具有一定的可借鉴性和实用性。      

循环荷载下砂土液化特性颗粒流数值模拟

利用PFC2D常体积循环双轴试验条件,对砂土在不排水循环荷载作用下的液化特性进行了颗粒流数值模拟,数值模拟按等应力幅加荷方式进行。颗粒流数值模拟的优点在于得到试样液化宏观力学表现的同时,通过不同循环加荷时刻试样内细观组构参量（包括配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、粒间切向接触力）的演化规律,分析砂土液化过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系,从而可进一步探讨砂土液化的细观力学机制。数值模拟研究结果表明,砂土液化现象在宏观力学表现上反映为超静孔隙水压力的累积上升和平均有效主应力的不断减小,在细观组构上对应于配位数的累积损失和粒间接触力的不断减小。砂土液化细观机制分析表明,试样配位数的减少与循环加荷过程中组构各向异性滞后于应力各向异性有关。