中国黄土高原红粘土环境磁学研究进展

黄土高原地区的红粘土沉积序列蕴含着晚新生代气候变化和高原隆升的信息.最近的研究表明,红粘土与上覆的黄土-古土壤序列具有相似的磁学性质,用环境磁学的方法可以成功地提取红粘土中的古环境、古气候信息.文章评述了近年来红粘土环境磁学研究所取得的一系列进展,对黄土高原红粘土的磁学性质、磁学参数的古环境意义以及红粘土磁化率所记录的米兰科维奇气候周期和东亚夏季风的演化历史等问题进行了回顾和讨论.     

1100万年以来中国北方风尘堆积与古气候变化的周期及驱动因素分析

中国北方连续堆积的晚新生代风成红粘土-黄土,是气候干湿变化的良好地质记录.对第四纪黄土的研究,揭示了中国北方干湿的周期变化,但是中新世以来的古气候变化规律及其驱动机制还不清楚.通过对具有代表性的红粘土-黄土序列的粒度测试,并根据独立的古地磁地层年代控制,建立了我国北方1100万年以来气候变化的时间序列.在此基础上,应用传统谱分析和小波变换的方法,对1100万年以来的干湿变化进行了分析,讨论了11～7.3 Ma,8.0～5.0 Ma,5.3～2.5 Ma,2.5～1.2 Ma和1.2～O Ma期间我国北方和亚洲中部干湿变化的周期,发现在不同时间段分别存在着～20 ka的岁差周期、～40 ka的黄赤交角周期和～100 ka的地球轨道偏心率周期,获得了地球轨道运动变化引起太阳辐射变化驱动晚新生代亚洲内陆干湿变化的新证据.同时,还发现风尘沉积的粒度时间序列存在非轨道周期,可能是轨道周期谐振和时间标尺不确定性造成的.地球轨道运动变化引起的北半球太阳辆射量的变化,从而引起北半球冰期-间冰期旋回、西风带位置移动和亚洲季风强度的共同变化,可能控制着晚新生代我国北方粉尘沉积过程和古气候变化.加强粉尘堆积记录和古气候模拟研究,可深入认识我国北方晚新生代干湿变化的规律和机制.     

过去600万年黄土高原夏季风周期的阶段性演化及其强迫因子初探

运用小波分析与传统谱分析技术相结合的手段,对甘肃省西峰的一套黄土-古土壤-红粘土记录过去6Ma夏季风气候代用指标的时间序列进行了周期谱演化分析,初步探讨了晚新生代以来黄土高原风尘记录所反映的周期演化特征.结果表明,轨道尺度的周期随时间演化,在北半球大冰期来临前后具有不同的响应特征.在3.1MaB.P.之前,主导周期以41000a和21000a为主,可视为对轨道要素变化的响应;3.1MaB.P.之后,0.1Ma的周期分阶段地趋于主导地位.其中,3.1MaB.P.,1.2MaB.P.和0.6MaB.P.准0.1Ma周期的出现可以同现有资料所反映的青藏高原加速隆升相对应,可能指示了气候演变中的构造影响.过去6Ma东亚夏季风记录中的准0.1Ma周期除与轨道要素变化的非线性响应有关外,很可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆升效应有关.     

晚中新世-上新世黄土高原佳县红粘土剖面碳同位素记录与C4植被演化

新生代C4植被开始扩张的年代、过程和驱动机制是全球古气候变化研究的焦点问题.中国黄土高原的黄土-红粘土剖面保存了连续的古生态演化记录,是研究这一关键科学问题的理想载体.本文选择黄土高原北部佳县厚达64m的红粘土剖面(8.2～2.7Ma),对190个层位的次生方解石矿物进行了无机碳同位素测试,由此分析了晚中新世-上新世末的C4植被扩张和演化过程.C4植被持续增长与全球冰盖的扩张基本一致,表明气候变冷很可能导致了黄土高原区域气候的干旱化与降雨季节性的增强.C4植被的扩张存在明显的3个阶段,分别以6.6Ma和3.6Ma为界限,每一次扩张增加10％左右,暗示了全球性的构造事件对黄土高原植被演化的控制.此外,佳县红粘土剖面呈现10次持续时间为10 ～ 20万年的碳同位素正漂移事件,平均每40万年发生一次,说明40万年轨道周期也控制着C4植被的演化.     

3Ma以来黄土高原朝那黄土-红粘土序列赤铁矿记录及其古气候意义

土壤和前期研究表明黄土-红粘土序列的赤铁矿含量与环境密切相关,对气候的干湿变化非常敏感,气候越湿热,赤铁矿含量越高.本文研究表明黄土-红粘土样品漫反射光谱一阶导数曲线在555～575nm间的峰面积作为赤铁矿指数可以客观有效地指示赤铁矿含量的高低.通过黄土高原朝那剖面红粘土-黄土序列的系统漫反射光谱分析,建立了3Ma以来黄土高原赤铁矿含量变化记录,揭示赤铁矿含量在约2.5Ma,1.5Ma,0.6Ma和0.15Ma显著阶段性减小,指示了黄土高原阶段性变冷干的演化历史.     

中国东部中新世风尘沉积的发现及其研究意义

黄土高原红粘土古气候与古环境研究取得巨大进展。已知最老的红粘土时代达到22 Ma，在亚洲晚新生代环境演变研究，特别是在指示亚洲内陆干旱荒漠化、高原隆升的环境效应等方面有重要意义。结合野外实地调查和室内粒度、磁化率、扫描电镜和地球化学实验分析结果，对南京附近灵岩山剖面的沉积特征与风尘沉积证据进行了探讨。在灵岩山剖面玄武岩下覆的松散沉积层中有厚度超过4 m的风尘沉积层，时代在12 Ma以前，为迄今中国东部发现的新生代最老的风尘沉积物，是中新世季风气候出现之后的产物，推测与秦安红土剖面记录的15～13 Ma快速强烈粉尘沉积阶段一致，并和南极冰盖15 Ma开始扩大造成的全球降温事件有关联。     

8Ma以来黄土高原风尘堆积的物源变化与上地壳演化的关系

第三纪的红粘土和第四纪黄土同为风成沉积,二者是否有相同的物质来源?长尺度风尘的加积与上地壳演化之间有怎样的联系?二者均是非常重要的科学问题.由于Sr, Nd同位素可以有效示踪沉积岩的物质来源,我们近年研究了8Ma以来黄土高原泾川剖面红粘土-黄土序列《20靘的细粒硅酸盐组分的Sr, Nd同位素变化.结果表明:1)黄土高原的黄土与北太平洋中部的硅酸盐组分的Nd同位素组成非常接近,二者应在一定程度上具有相似的物质来源,即来自蒙古国南部及中国境内的戈壁、沙漠地区,所不同的是前者由近地面风搬运,而后者为远距离输送的风尘;2)Sr同位素在8.00～2.58Ma期间呈现略为增加的趋势,应当与红粘土的来源物质经受了较长时间的化学风化有关,而Sr同位素自2.58Ma以来的显著降低趋势与第四纪时期黄土-古土壤的物质来源和第三纪红粘土不同有关,新构造运动使更多相对年轻的造山带褶皱成山,第四纪冰期来临使更多高海拔的年轻造山带遭受剥蚀而成为黄土的来源物质,这是导致黄土、红粘土物源不同的重要原因.     

塔里木盆地上新世晚期—更新世早期伸展构造:喜马拉雅碰撞造山远程效应的一个构造间歇期

受控于印度-亚洲碰撞的远程效应,中亚地区的晚新生代挤压冲断构造异常发育,同时发育少量区域挤压构造背景下派生的局部伸展构造。以往的研究没有发现晚新生代区域性伸展构造。我们通过认真、系统的地震资料解释,在塔里木盆地发现一系列上新世晚期-更新世早期的正断层。这些正断层主要分布于塔里木盆地西部的阿瓦提坳陷、巴楚隆起、麦盖提斜坡以及塘古孜巴斯坳陷。正断层走向NW-SE和NE-SW,剖面上组合成堑-垒构造,仅塔里木盆地西北缘沿沙井子断裂带分布的上新世晚期-更新世早期正断层带组合成负花状构造,显示出张扭性断层带的特征。根据生长指数计算,正断层活动的起始时间是上新世晚期（ca.3 Ma）,持续演化至更新世早期（ca.2 Ma）,然后停止活动。这些正断层形成于一个弱的区域性伸展构造背景;这期正断层活动代表印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,中亚地区脉动挤压冲断过程中的一个构造间歇期。     

乌江流域中—新生代以来构造运动的碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹证据

通过对乌江河漫滩现代沉积物中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析,得到3个峰值年龄:P1--5.9Ma;P2--27.6Ma;P3--82.3Ma。分析认为,各峰值年龄分布主要受阶段性的构造活动影响,并与中—新生代以来乌江流域发生的重大构造事件的时限相吻合,指示裂变径迹年龄峰值记录了云贵高原东部中—新生代以来构造演化的重大事件。其中,P3峰值年龄主要受控于晚白垩世隆升作用,P2峰值年龄主要受晚渐新世缓慢隆升和断裂构造作用控制,P1峰值年龄主要受控于中—上新世之交发生的区域性构造抬升作用。P1峰值年龄的颗粒数占总颗粒数比重最大,高达40.7%,指示在5.9Ma发生了大规模的区域性构造隆升事件,在如此大规模的地表抬升运动和气候变化的共同作用下,河流的侵蚀能力得到增强,乌江流域的深切河谷地貌应该形成于5.9Ma以后。     

西昆仑山前晚新生代磨拉石时代及意义

西昆仑山前柯克亚剖面晚新生代沉积记录了昆仑山乃至整个青藏高原的隆升过程.古地磁研究结果显示,西昆仑山前磨拉石形成于中新世晚期-上新世早中期,反映西昆仑山-青藏高原在中新世晚期有一次快速的隆升过程.孢粉记录结合区域地质资料分析表明,柯克亚剖面上部厚层砾岩的形成时代应为上新世早中期,而整个磨拉石开始沉积的时代应更早,为中新世晚期.沉积记录和气候变化显示了青藏高原在中新世晚期发生了显著的构造隆升事件.      

SOME EXAMPLES OF TRANSITION SPANS MINERALIZING AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR DYNAMICS

The transitional span is a special environment for deposits. Taking peat, oil-gas, metallic deposits as examples, this paper discusses the spatial-temporal transitional characteristics of mineralization in transitional regions, points out the importance of the mineralization in transition spans, and analyses their dynamics finally.     

SOME EXAMPLES OF TRANSITION SPANS MINERALIZING AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR DYNAMICS

The transitional span is a special environment for deposits. Taking peat, oil-gas, metallic deposits as examples, this paper discusses the spatial-temporal transitional characteristics of mineralization in transitional regions, points out the importance of the mineralization in transition spans, and analyses their dynamics finally.     

Chinese Earth Science at Its Turning Point

Since 2010, China has become the second biggest publisher of scientific research papers in the world, but remains far behind the global leadership with regards to the ability of creative innovation. Just like its economy, Chinese science is at a turning point, and the key is to avoid the “Middle-income trap”. Instead of blindly going after quantity of SCI publications, Earth science in China is to address major scientific problems and to perform transition to a new level of innovative researches. This is a written speech to the 4^th Conference on Earth System Science,Shanghai.     

Calculated optical absorption spectra of Ni2+-bearing compounds

The transition energies responsible for optical absorption spectra can be obtained by crystal-field analysis, but the transition intensities are notoriously difficult to calculate. This paper examines the basic ingredients of the calculation of optical spectrum intensities. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions intensities are evaluated, as well as the direct d(Ni²⁺) to p(O²⁻) electric dipole transitions. All these contributions are shown to be small in the optical range, so that spectral intensities are due to the mixing of odd orbitals with the Ni²⁺ 3d ⁿ states. Received: 11 November 1997 / Revised, accepted: 6 September 1999     

Constructing legitimacy in post-war transition: The return of ‘normal’ politics in Nepal and Sri Lanka?

Bringing together ethnographic evidence from mid-Western Nepal and eastern Sri Lanka, this article explores how political legitimacy is constructed and contested in post-war environments. We posit that in the post-war context there are important changes in the kinds of politics, agenda-setting, players and tactics that are considered acceptable and those that are rendered transgressive, threats to order and stability, or otherwise placed ‘out of bounds’. The art of crafting political legitimacy is defined in sharp contrast to the immediate history of armed conflict. The end of the war and the resumption of supposedly democratic politics thus mark a shift in what is seen as legitimate or normal politics. This shift constrains certain kinds of actors, tactics, and registers and it amplifies others, while being itself a result of political work. We argue that a reduction of the space for dissent, and an increase of the space for politicking are complementary aspects of the redefinition of what constitutes legitimate politics in the post-war context. These adverse political effects are not simply problems of context – post-war environments being non-conducive to democracy – but rather expose the more fundamental fallibilities and contradictions of demarcating a legitimate sphere of democratic politics in particularly visible and precarious ways.     

Understanding youth transition as ‘Becoming’: Identity, time and futurity

Drawing on recent work in psychology, philosophy, and youth geographies, this article responds to calls for theoretical rigour in children’s geographies by developing the concept of becoming for youth transitions research. Becoming has been used by psychologist Gordon Allport (1955) in his work on the processual nature of personal identity, while Elizabeth Grosz (1999) has used the concept of becoming to explore conceptions of time as a lived experience, focusing on the dynamics of time as duration. This article uses the unifying concept of futurity to tie together the works of Allport and Grosz, exploring how the concept of becoming can be used to consider the inherent complexities of contemporary youth transitions. To demonstrate the value of working with these reconceptualizations, examples of becoming will be explored through research with visually impaired young people. This research productively uses narrative and a life mapping technique to capture the messiness of becoming, seeing transition through the scale of a life and important life events.     

Subsurface Characterization Using a Cellular Automaton Approach

In this paper, a random Cellular Automaton model is developed to characterise heterogeneity of geological formations. The CA-model is multilateral and can be easily applied in both two and three dimensions. We demonstrate that conditioning on well data is possible and the method is numerically efficient. To construct the model, the subsurface is subdivided into N cells, with an initial lithology assigned to each cell. Rules to update the current cell states are chosen from a set of rules, independently for each cell. The model converges typically in less than 50 iterations to a steady state or periodic solution. Within one period the realisations exhibit similar statistical properties. The final fraction of the various lithologies can be tuned by choosing the proper initial fractions. In this way, geological knowledge of those fractions can be satisfied.     

水对Wadsleyite和Ringwoodite电导率的影响及地球动力学意义

在Kawai-1000型多顶砧压机上，利用橄榄石相变人工合成地幔转换带矿物wadsleyite和ringwoodite，其含水量从0．03wt％到2．0wt％变化不等。在压力14～16GPa，温度873K-1273K，通过Mo：MoO2固体反应控制氧逸度的条件下，利用阻抗谱分析方法，测量获得了这些样品的电导率。实验结果显示：wadsleyite的电导率与GH^0.66呈正比，ringwoodite的电导率与GH^0.69呈正比，水极大地增强了样品的电导率；在我们的实验条件下，含水wadsleyite和ringwoodite样品的主要电荷栽体是自由质子。另外，结合大地电磁反演获得的电导率结果和我们的实验数据，我们推断中国东北地区地幔转换带中的水含量约为0．1～0．3wt％，远远高于上地幔中的水含量，这或许表明在410km处可能发生了部分熔融。     

Between difference and adjustment - The re-/presentation and implementation of post-socialist (communist) transformation

Since the collapse of the communist regimes some 15 years ago, the at first rather simplistic assumptions about the quite similar nature of the ‘other side’ of the Iron Curtain soon were revealed as such. The conditions in the different countries proved to be much more complex and differentiated, making policies more difficult to target and outcomes to predict than initially presumed and propagated. As it emerged, the process of ‘transition’, has thus emerged as a multidimensional, complex phenomenon of ‘transition’, shaped by a set of overlapping and intersecting variables, pointing to the need for a more detailed understanding and interpretation of the changes observed. And this includes the use of terminology, even such fundamental terms as ‘post-/socialism’ versus ‘post-/communism’ or ‘transition’ versus ‘transformation’. These differences reflect variations in the perception and implementation of post-communist regimes, as viewed and interpreted from both within and without the relevant countries or regions. And this is illustrated by the collection of papers in this special issue.     

Analytical prediction of aggregates' effects on the ITZ volume fraction and Young's modulus of concrete

In order to evaluate analytically the ITZ volume fraction (f_ITZ) in concrete, a three phase model is proposed for the random concrete microstructure using the Voronoï tessellation. Within this model, the ITZ local thickness is a statistical variable depending on the local paste thickness available between each couple of neighbouring aggregates. The f_ITZ is found to not exceed 7% for typical concretes. Then, the concrete Young's modulus is predicted analytically using a four‐phase generalized self consistent model but in which the proposed f_ITZ is considered. It is found that the concrete Young's modulus increases when increasing aggregates volume fraction, aggregates maximum size and the proportion of coarse aggregates and when decreasing the ITZ thickness and Young's modulus. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is discussed based on a comparison between its predictions and three sets of experimental results related to normal and high strength concretes taken from literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.