Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

冀北张家口地区汉诺坝玄武岩中麻粒岩捕虏体的硫化物相

捕虏体麻粒岩是了解下地壳形成和演化的重要样品。汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中的二辉麻粒岩捕虏体样品中富含各种硫化物相,主要类型有:①孤立产出的球状出溶硫化物;②矿物颗粒之间或颗粒内的粗晶硫化物;③次生硫化物包裹体群;④裂隙充填硫化物。电子探针分析表明,硫化物的矿物成分均为贫镍磁黄铁矿,(Ni+Co+Cu)/Fe(原子比)远小于0.2;(Fe+Cu+Co+Ni)/S(原子比)比地幔岩的磁黄铁矿小,多小于0.875,反映了一种S过饱和环境。各种产状的磁黄铁矿中Au、Ag都有一定的含量,其平均值分别为0.19%～0.22%(Au)、0.01%～0.02%(Ag),反映下地壳的麻粒岩化与金矿化的成因联系。磁黄铁矿的Ni、Co、Cu含量与S正相关,说明微量重金属元素与S具有同源的关系,由于地幔去气伴随S而进入下地壳。     

Determination of REE,Ba, Fe,Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites

Precise determination of REE and Ba abundances in three carbonaceous (Orgueil Cl, Murchison C2 and Allende C3) and seven olivine-bronzite chondrites were carried out by mass spectrometric isotope dilution technique. Replicate analyses of standard rock and the three carbonaceous chondrites demonstrated the high quality of the analyses (accuracies for REE are ±1–2 per cent). Certain carbonaceous chondrite specimens showed small positive irregularities in Yb abundance. The Yb ‘anomaly’ (approximately + 5 per cent relative to the average of 10 ordinary chondrites) in Orgueil may relate to high temperature components. The REE pattern of Guareña (H6) exhibits comparatively extensive fractionation (about factor 2) with a negative anomaly for Eu (17 ± 1 percent) compared to the average H chondrite. This could be interpreted in terms of extensive thermal metamorphism leading to melting.Apart from absolute abundance differences, there appears to be small but recognizable fractionation among the average relative REE abundances of Cl, E, H and L chondrites. However, individual chondrites within these groups showed more or less fractionated REE patterns relative to each other. The distinction between H and L chondrites was well demonstrated in Eu-Sm correlation curves and absolute abundance differences of REE and major elements.Si-normalized atomic ratios of the REE abundances in different kinds of chondrites to those in Orgueil (Cl) chondrite were 0.58 (E), 0.75 (H), 0.81 (L), 1.07 (C2) and 1.32 (C3).     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Environmental contamination of Zn,Cd, Ni,Cu, and Pb from industrial areas in Hamadan Province,western Iran

Eleven surface soil samples from calcareous soils of industrial areas in Hamadan Province, western Iran were analyzed for total concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb and were sequentially extracted into six fractions to determine the bioavailability of various heavy metal forms. Total Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb concentrations of the contaminated soils were 658 (57–5,803), 125.8 (1.18–1,361), 45.6 (30.7–64.4), 29.7 (11.7–83.5) and 2,419 (66–24,850) mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The soils were polluted with Zn, Pb, and Cu to some extent and heavily polluted with Cd. Nickel values were not above regulatory limits. Copper existed in soil mainly in residual (RES) and organic (OM) fractions (about 42 and 33%, respectively), whereas Zn occurred essentially as RES fraction (about 69%). The considerable presence of Cd (30.8%) and Pb (39%) in the CARB fraction suggests these elements have high potential biavailability and leachability in soils from contaminated soils. The mobile and bioavailable (EXCH and CARB) fractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils averaged (7.3, 40.4, 16, 12.9 and 40.8%), respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the five metals probably decline in the following order: Cd = Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn.     

Compositional evolution in Ca-amphibole in the Karmutsen metabasites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

Abstract The 6-km-thick Karmutsen metabasites, exposed over much of Vancouver Island, were thermally metamorphosed by intrusions of Jurassic granodiorite and granite. Observations of about 800 thin sections from the Campbell River and Buttle Lake area show that the metabasites provide a complete succession of mineral assemblages ranging from the zeolite to pyroxene hornfels facies around the intrusion. The most important observations are as follows. (1) The compositional change of Ca-amphiboles with increasing metamorphic grade is not straightforward. The tremolite component decreases from the prehnite–actinolite facies to the greenschist facies with a compensating tschermak component increase, but the tendency is not clear thereafter. Instead, the edenite component increases from the amphibolite facies to the pyroxene hornfels facies. (2) The most pargasitic Ca-amphibole occurs in high-Fe²⁺/Mg metabasite from the greenschist/amphibolite transition zone. (3) The reasons for such irregular compositional trends, even in the rather uniform MORB-like composition of the Karmutsen metabasites, are non-ideal solid solutions of Ca-amphibole at low temperature and the effective control by bulk rock composition in the amphibolite facies. (4) The data from this study support, but do not prove, a transition loop for the actinolite–hornblende compositional gap rather than a solvus. If the gap is a solvus, its shape is asymmetric, and is highly dependent on the other compositional parameters such as Fe³⁺/Al and Fe²⁺/Mg. (5) The X_NaA/X_A±X_Ab) ratios between Ca-amphibole and plagioclase are most useful as an indicator of metamorphic grade even within the amphibolite facies, and these change systematically from 0.2 to 0.5 from the greenschist to pyroxene hornfels facies. (6) The compositional trend of Ca-amphibole from the Karmutsen metabasites indicates a typical low-P/T metamorphic facies series on a Rbk–Gln–Tr–Ts diagram.     

Nitrate contamination in irrigation groundwater,Isfahan, Iran

Groundwater is one of the major sources of water in Isfahan. Efficient management of these resources requires a good understanding of its status. This paper focuses on the hydrochemistry and also it wants to assess the nitrate concentration in irrigation groundwater of Isfahan suburb. All the groundwater samples are grouped into three categories, including Na-Cl + Ca-Cl (63 %), Na-SO₄ + Ca-SO₄ (23 %) and Ca-HCO₃ (14 %). According to the EC and SAR, the most dominant classes are C3S1, C4S2 and C4S3. 55 % of samples indicate very high salinity and medium to very high alkalinity that is not suitable for irrigation. 84 % of the groundwater samples show nitrate contents higher than HAV (13 mg l^?), while more than 25 % exceeded the maximum contamination level (44.27 mg l^?) according to EPA regulations. The horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of nitrate in groundwater samples show a surficial origin for nitrate contamination. The high nitrate content can be attributed to the agricultural activities along with domestic sewage and industrial wastewaters in populated area. Based on results, using high nitrate groundwater for irrigation can minimize the requirement for inorganic fertilizers and reduce the cost of cultivation and nitrate contamination.     

Geochemical patterns of arsenic-enriched ground water in fractured,crystalline bedrock,Northport, Maine,USA

High mean As concentrations of up to 26.6 μmol/L (1990 μg/L) occur in ground water collected from a fractured-bedrock system composed of sulfidic schist with granitic to dioritic intrusions. Sulfides in the bedrock are the primary source of the As in the ground water, but the presence of arsenopyrite in rock core retrieved from a borehole with As concentrations in the ground water barely above the detection limit of 2.0 μmol/L, shows that there are complicating factors. Chemical analyses of water from 35 bedrock wells throughout a small watershed reveal spatial clustering of wells with high As concentrations. Stiff diagrams and box plots distinguish three distinct types; calcium-bicarbonate-dominated water with low As concentrations (CaHCO₃ type), sodium-bicarbonate-dominated water with moderately high As concentrations (NaHCO₃ type), and calcium-bicarbonate-dominated water with very high As concentrations (High-As type). It is proposed that differences in recharge area and ground-water evolution, and possible bedrock composition difference are responsible for the chemical distinctions within the watershed. Lack of correlation of As concentrations with pH indicates that desorption of As is an insignificant control on As concentration. Correlations of As concentrations with Fe and redox parameters indicates that reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides may play a role in the occurrence of high As concentrations in the NaHCO₃ and High-As type water. The oxidation of sulfide minerals occurs within the ground-water system and is ultimately responsible for the existence of As in the ground water, but there is no correlation between As and SO₄ concentrations, probably due to precipitation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and adsorption of As under oxidizing conditions.     

Iron, sulfur, and carbon diagenesis in sediments of Tomales Bay, California

Analysis of 3-m sediment cores revealed that profiles of carbon (C), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) varied with relative distance from marine and terrestrial sediment sources in Tomales Bay California. Despite relatively high sedimentation rates throughout the bay (historically 3–30 mm yr⁻¹), sulfate reduction of deposited organic matter led to free-sulfide accumulation in sediments only at the location farthest from terrestrial runoff, the source of reactive iron. Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations in all sediments (<10 μmol g⁻¹) were low relative to concentrations of chromiumreducible sulfide (up to 400 μmol g⁻¹ farthest from the reactive iron source). A calculated index of iron availability, used to describe sediment resistance to build-up of free sulfide, was lowest at this location. Recent, upward shifts in reactive Fe concentration and in the relative contribution of terrestrial orgnic carbon (measured as a shift in δ¹³C of bulk sediment organic matter) in all cores indicated that erosion and transport of sediments from the watershed surrounding Tomales Bay increased after European settlement in the 1850s.     

冀北大滩盆地粗面岩的年代学、地球化学特征及成因研究

丰宁大滩盆地位于西拉木伦河断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山 子铀成矿带西南段,空间上与赋存张麻井大型铀钼矿床的沽源盆地毗邻。大滩盆地张家口组粗面岩-流纹岩组合构成盆地 的主体,是热液型铀矿的主要围岩。粗面岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为140.3 ± 1.4 Ma（2σ, MSWD=1.09）,地质时代属于早 白垩世早期。具有较高的SiO2、K2O+Na2O含量,SiO2=61.6%~63.1%,K2O+ Na2O=9.28%~10.2%,在K2O-SiO2图解中投影点落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,TAS图解上都落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,结合标准矿物Q含量为12.9%~18.4% （小于20%）,属典型的粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,铕负异常不明显,ΣREE=（279~318） ×10-6,δEu=0.77~ 0.88,稀土配分曲线图表现为右倾的轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、 Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素。较低的Ti/Zr（8.40~14.72）、Nb/Ta（14.07~15.26） 比值,较高的Rb/Sr （0.95~1.60）,具有高Sr-Ba 英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素的特征;具有较高的（87Sr/86Sr）i （0.7077~0.7096）、较低的εNd(t)（-12.09~ -10.67）,较大的TDM2 （1911~1796 Ma）,较低的（206Pb/204Pb）t （16.92~17.04）、（207Pb/204Pb）t （15.39~15.42） 和（208Pb/204Pb）t （37.58~37.67）,在（87Sr/86Sr）i -t/Ga和（208Pb/204Pb） t-（206Pb/204Pb）t 图解上投影点位于下地壳和地幔之间,并靠近EMⅠ富集地幔,在εNd(t)-（87Sr/86Sr）i 图解上投影点位于EMⅠ富集地幔演化线上,与汉诺坝二辉麻粒岩包体的区域一致。可见,大滩盆地粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释：古元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔的岩浆与少量古老下地壳物质部分熔融产物混合形成年轻下地壳,早白垩世早期在加厚地壳背景下年轻下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。     

Suspended Matter,Chl-a,CDOM, Grain Sizes,and Optical Properties in the Arctic Fjord-Type Estuary,Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland During Summer

Optical constituents as suspended particulate matter (SPM), chlorophyll (Chl-a), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and grain sizes were obtained on a transect in the arctic fjord-type estuary Kangerlussuaq (66°) in August 2007 along with optical properties. These comprised diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling PAR (K _d(PAR)), upwelling PAR (K _u(PAR)), particle beam attenuation coefficient (c _p), and irradiance reflectance R(−0, PAR). PAR is white light between 400 and 700 nm. The estuary receives melt water from the Greenland Inland Ice and stations covered a transect from the very high turbid melt water outlet to clear marine waters. Results showed a strong spatial variation with high values as for suspended matter concentrations, CDOM, diffuse attenuation coefficient K _d(PAR), particle beam attenuation coefficients (c _p), and reflectance R(−0, PAR) at the melt water outlet. Values of optical constituents and properties decreased with distance from the melt water outlet to a more or less constant level in central and outer part of the estuary. There was a strong correlation between inorganic suspended matter (SPMI) and diffuse attenuation coefficient K _d(PAR) (r ² = 0.92) and also for particle beam attenuation coefficient (c _p; r ² = 0.93). The obtained SPMI specific attenuation—K _d^*(PAR) = 0.13 m² g⁻¹ SPMI—and the SPMI specific particle beam attenuation—c _p^* = 0.72 m² g⁻¹—coefficients were about two times higher than average literature values. Irradiance reflectance R(−0, PAR) was comparatively high (0.09−0.20) and showed a high (r ² = 0.80) correlation with K _u(PAR). Scattering dominated relative to absorption—b(PAR)/a(PAR) = 12.3. Results strongly indicated that the high values in the optical properties were related to the very fine particle sizes (mean = 2–6 μm) of the suspended sediment. Data and results are discussed and compared to similar studies from both temperate and tropical estuaries.     

海南文昌二辉橄榄岩中辉石出溶结构的结晶学取向分析

本文用电子背散射衍射技术(electron backscatter diffraction,EBSD)测试了海南文昌玄武岩中二辉橄榄岩包体中的辉石主晶与其出溶片晶的结晶学取向关系。结合电子探针成分测试,得出:单斜辉石(透辉石)主晶中出溶了两组不同方向的片晶,一组为斜方辉石(顽火辉石-易变辉石)片晶,另一组为单斜辉石(普通辉石)片晶。由于出溶片晶在EBSD测试切面上体现为以线状体,因此需要找到一种方法将线状体所代表的片晶的晶面符号推算出来。本文介绍了一种利用吴氏网进行坐标系旋转的"晶带相交法",该方法可以作图推算出溶片晶的晶面符号。根据"晶带相交法"得出,斜方辉石(顽火辉石-易变辉石)出溶片晶为(100),单斜辉石(普通辉石)出溶片晶为~(401)。根据前人的研究资料,出溶片晶~(401)可能指示最小出溶压力为9.5~12.5GPa。出溶片晶的结晶学取向涉及到主晶与出溶体的晶体结构匹配关系,并且与出溶温度-压力有关,因此出溶片晶的结晶学取向分析具有晶体化学理论意义和反映地质温压过程的实际意义。这种"晶带相交法"可以推广应用于其他矿物出溶结构的结晶学取向研究中。     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Petrology of Ocellar Lamprophyres in South Delhi Fold Belt,Danva, Sirohi District,Rajasthan, India

Ocellar lamprophyres are reported from Danva, in Sirohi district, Rajasthan which lies in the Pindwara-Watera sector of the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB). They intrude mafic metavolcanics and garnetiferous biotite schist of the Ajabgarh Group of the Delhi Supergroup. These lamprophyres are unaltered, show porphyritic and panidiomorphic textures with olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and spinels constituting the phenocryst phase in a ground mass of clinopyroxene, amphibole, mica and analcime. Petrochemically, these lamprophyres can be classified as analcime monchiquite (alkaline lamprophyre), though they have some affinity towards ultramafic lamprophyres and lamproites. Chemistry of the minerals suggests that the clinopyroxenes have a compositional range of diopside and salite, amphiboles are typically kaersutites, biotites are titanium rich and spinels are Al-rich ulvospinels. These minerals plot in discriminant fields of minerals from alkaline and ultramafic lamprophyres.The Danva lamprophyres are characterized by a variety of ocellar features that include (i) porphyritic ocellus with microphenocrysts of kaersutites and biotite in ground mass of analcime, (ii) zoned ocellus with concentric zones of carbonates and analcime and (iii) composite ocellus in which type (i) ocellus enclose the type (ii) ocellus. These ocellar features are interpreted to represent late stage magmatic segregation and magmatic crystallization involving two immiscible magmatic liquids.The Danva lamprophyres are in strike continuity of the Pipela lamprophyres and therefore confirm alkaline magmatism for over 20 kms in SDFB during end-Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal event. The close spatial association of the lamprophyres with Cu-Zn-Au deposits of Danva and Pipela area and the first report of monchiquite with affinity towards ultramafic lamprophyres and lamproites may be significant in gold (and possibly diamond) exploration in the SDFB.     

Dust,clouds, rain types,and climatic variations in tropical north Africa

Dust and processes of raindrop formation in the clouds play a very important role in the climatic evolution of tropical north Africa. Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, pedologic, geomorphologic, and palynologic data converge to show that a major environmental change occurred in tropical Africa about 7000 yr B.P. In the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones (wet tropical zone), from 15,000 to 7000 yr B.P., rivers deposited mostly clay, while from 7000 to 4000 yr B.P. they deposited mostly sand. During the first period, pedogenesis was vertisolic (montmorillonite dominant), associated with pollen belonging mostly to vegetation typical of hydromorphic soils, while during the second period pedogenesis was of ferruginous type (kaolinite dominant) with pollen belonging mostly to vegetation typical of well-drained soils. The great change near 7000 yr B.P. is linked chiefly to a major hydrological change that appears related to a change in the size of raindrops: from fine rains associated with considerable atmospheric dust (raindrop diameter essentially less than 2 mm) to the second period associated with thunderstorm rains (raindrop diameter mostly greater than 2 mm). The size of raindrops is related particularly to cloud thickness and dust concentration in the troposphere. Thunderstorm activity is influenced also by fluctuations of the atmospheric electricity, modulated by the sun.     

Composition,sources, and genesis of granitoids in the Irtysh Complex,Eastern Kazakhstan

Intrusions of the Irtysh Complex are spatially restricted to the regional Irtysh Shear Zone (ISZ) and are hosted in blocks of high-grade metamorphic rocks (Kurchum, Predgornenskii, Sogra, and others) in the greenschist matrix of the ISZ. The massifs consist of contrasting rock series from gabbro to plagiogranite and granite at strongly subordinate amounts of diorite and the practical absence of rocks of intermediate composition (tonalite and granodiorite). The complex was produced in the Early Carboniferous, simultaneously with the onset of the origin of the ISZ itself. The granitoids composing the complex affiliate with diverse petrochemical series (from subaluminous plagiogranite of the andesite series to granite of the calc-alkaline series) and contain similar REE and HFSE concentrations [total REE = 103–163 ppm (La/Yb) _n = 3.59–5.44, Zr (200–273 ppm), Nb (7.6–10.6 ppm), Hf (6.1–7.6 ppm), and Ta (0.68–1.19 ppm)] but are different in concentrations in LILE [Rb (3–9 and 121–221 ppm), Sr (213–375 and 77–148 ppm), and Ba (67–140 and 240–369 ppm)] and isotopic composition of Nd (ɛ_Nd(T) from +5.3 in the plagiogranite to −1.2 in the granite) and O (δ¹⁸O from +9.4 in the plagiogranite to +14.5 in the granite). Data on the geochemistry and isotopic composition of metamorphic rocks of the Kurchum block and numerical geochemical simulations indicate that the granitoids were generated via the melting of a heterogeneous crustal source, which consisted of upper crustal metapelites and metabasites of the oceanic basement of the blocks of high-grade metamorphic rocks. The differences in the chemical and isotopic compositions of the granitoids were predetermined by the mixing of variable proportions of granitoid magmas derived from metapelite and metabasite sources.     

Speciation and Mobility of Selected Trace Metals (As, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in Sediment with Depth in Cam River-Mouth, Haiphong, Vietnam

The speciation and mobility of some selected trace metals (As, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) in sediments with depth was investigated in the Cam River-mouth (Vietnam) by collecting sediment cores and analysing porewater and sediment composition, complemented with single (ammonium-EDTA) and sequential (BCR 3-step) extractions and mineralogical analysis (XRD). All trace metals show overall decreasing trends with depth in porewater as a result of anthropogenic input in upper sediment layers. High porewater concentrations of As, Mn and Pb in oxic and suboxic sediment layers may result in groundwater pollution. Sediment-bound Pb and Mn dominate in the reducible and the acid-soluble fraction, respectively, while Cu and Zn distribute rather evenly between four extracted fractions. The porewater metal speciation, as predicted by a geochemical model Visual MINTEQ version 3.0, indicates that the toxicity of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn (presented by the proportions of free metal ions) decreases with depth, while the toxicity of As increases when As(III) becomes more abundant. The dissolved concentrations of trace metals are not only controlled by the precipitation/dissolution of discrete hydroxide/oxide, carbonate and phosphate minerals, but also by sorption processes on major sorbents (i.e. As on goethite, and Mn and Zn on calcite and dolomite). Sulphide minerals do not show any control even in the anoxic zone most likely because of the low concentration of sulphur.     

Monohydrocalcite,hydromagnesite, nesquehonite,dolomite, aragonite,and calcite in speleothems of the Fränkische Schweiz,Western Germany

The formation of calcite, aragonite, dolomite, hydromagnesite, and nesquehonite in speleothems of a small cave within dolostone may be compared with the formation of these carbonate minerals in much larger environments in which evaporation exceeds precipitation (salt lakes, tropical lagoons, sebkhas etc...). In all cases the formation and diagenetic alteration is mainly governed by the Mg/Ca-ratio of the solutions, from which precipitation (or transformation) takes place.The certain occurrence of monohydrocalcite in the speleothems and in technical incrustations lead to the conclusion, that this very rare mineral precipitates from solutions which are transported as aerosols.     

沂蒙矿种新成员——新矿物钙沂蒙矿亚种的发现及产出特征

沂蒙矿是中国1980年发现的新矿物,采用电子探针对采自山东蒙阴金伯利岩胜利一号小岩管中的沂蒙矿类矿物进行了分析,确定了沂蒙矿的Ca端元矿物--钙沂蒙矿(暂定名),是又一个被确定的新矿物.该新矿物简化的矿物化学式为:Ca0.5～1.0(Fe,Mg,Cr,Ti)14～15O19.钙沂蒙矿与(K)沂蒙矿、富钡沂蒙矿共生,沿镁钛矿-尖晶石出溶体呈板片状条带分布,均为交代成因.3种不同成分的沂蒙矿颗粒均十分细小,颗粒总数达100粒左右,但钙沂蒙矿产出不多.与其他沂蒙矿不同,钙沂蒙矿在结晶学A位置上几乎全为Ca,少有其他大阳离子;在结晶学B位置上二价阳离子(Fe2 、Mg)占三分之二.最后从沂蒙矿晶体结构的角度讨论了钙沂蒙矿在自然界不易产出的原因.     

Variations in water clarity and chlorophylla in Tampa Bay, Florida, in response to annual rainfall, 1985–2004

In the Tampa Bay region of Florida, extreme levels of annual and seasonal rainfall are often associated with tropical cyclones and strong El Niño episodes. We used stepwise multiple regression models to describe associations between annual and seasonal rainfall levels and annual, bay-segment mean water clarity (as Secchi depth [m]), chlorophylla (μg I^?1), color (pcu), and turbidity (ntu) over a 20-yr period (1985–2004) during which estimated nutrient loadings have been dominated by non-point sources. For most bay segments, variations in annual mean water clarity were associated with variations in chlorophylla concentrations, which were associated in turn with annual or seasonal rainfall. In two bay segments these associations with annual rainfall were superimposed on significant long-term declining trends in chlorophylla. Color was significantly associated with annual rainfall in all bay segments, and in one segment variations in color were the best predictors of variations in water clarity. Turbidity showed a declining trend over time in all bay segments and no association with annual rainfall, and was significantly associated with variations in water clarity in only one bay segment. While chlorophylla, color, and turbidity a affected water clarity to varying degrees, the effects of extreme rainfall events (El Niño events in 1998 and 2003, and multiple tropical cyclone events in 2004) on water clarity were relatively short-lived, persisting for periods of months rather than years. During the 20-yr period addressed in these analyses, declining temporal trends in chlorophylla and turbidity, produced in part by a long-term watershed management program that has focused on curtailing annual loadings of nitrogen and other pollutants, may have helped to prevent the bay as a whole from responding more adversely to the high rainfall periods that occurred in 1998 and 2003–2004.